The incidence and consequences of adolescent substance abuse for the health and well-being of adolescents, their significant others and society at large, have become an increasing concern. The early onset of substance use further enhances the potential for addiction, thus emphasizing the need for early identification and intervention. The literature and practice observations suggest that parental management, which includes parenting practices such as parental monitoring, clear rules about substance use and the modelling of protective, constructive behaviours, protects adolescents from the onset of substance use and interrupts the adolescent’s progression to substance abuse. This qualitative study aimed to explore and describe parental management of adolescent substance abuse in the Nelson Mandela Metropole. An exploratory- descriptive and contextual research design was employed in this study. Furthermore, non-probability purposive sampling, in conjunction with snowball sampling techniques, was employed to recruit parents who have or continue to manage their adolescents (between the ages of 13-18 years) substance abuse and the associated impact that it has of on the family in the past year. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with ten parents, and data collection ceased upon reaching data saturation. The generated data was analysed using thematic data analysis. The trustworthiness of the research process and the findings was enriched by engaging in a variety of data verification strategies. The following main themes emerged from the data analysis process: Participants’ perspective of adolescent substance use in their community; Participants’ experiences of their own child’s substance use; Impact of substance use on the family system; Participants’ perspective of their role in managing adolescent substance use; and, Participants’ support needs in relation to adolescent substance use. The findings contribute to a greater understanding of what parents require to effectively prevent and/or manage substance abuse by their adolescent children. The findings furthermore recommend preventive interventions at both primary and secondary level.

Background: Injecting drug users (IDUs) represent considerable group of patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV treatment is an effective tool for reduction of HCV transmissions among IDUs. Nevertheless treatment rate among IDUs is rather insufficient. Treatment uptake, provision and adherence as well as its efficacy in IDUs are determined by number of specific factors. Aims: Mapping an extent of the provision of HCV treatment to IDUs in the Czech Republic, rules and practices for the admission of IDUs into HCV treatment and its provision, describing relevant factors related to drug use. Material and methods: From January to March 2011, a questionnaire survey among centres for treatment of viral hepatitis in the Czech Republic was conducted. 76 identified centres were addressed, of which 45 (59%) responded, and 40 (53%) filled in an online questionnaire. Results: Estimated number of centres treated HCV with combination of pegylated interferon α and ribavirin in the Czech Republic in 2010 was 61, 39 of them treated IDUs. Estimated 780 persons were treated, of whom 370 were (mostly ex-) IDUs. Reported treatment uptake in IDUs was 60% on average (range 0-90%). Treatment is completed by 80% of IDUs on average (0-100%) according to clinicians. Most clinicians reported no difference in the treatment...

Cirurgiões-dentistas são responsáveis pela prescrição de medicamentos, fazendo-se necessário estudos que investiguem o quanto o paciente conhece seu tratamento. Outro aspecto de destaque na odontologia é a automedicação. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e caracterizar o nível de conhecimento dos pacientes em relação aos medicamentos prescritos em serviços odontológicos públicos de Porto Alegre; verificar existência de prescrições verbais; identificar a prevalência de automedicação. METODOLOGIA: A pesquisa seguiu o modelo de estudo transversal. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário preenchido após consulta com o dentista, em dois serviços de urgência odontológica. Para avaliar o nível de conhecimento, utilizou-se um escore cuja pontuação possibilitou a classificação em nível bom, regular ou insuficiente. Para a automedicação, identificou-se a prevalência da prática, classes farmacológicas e medicamentos mais utilizados pelos pacientes, no âmbito odontológico. RESULTADOS: Dos 286 entrevistados, 164 (57%) eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 35 anos e renda familiar de 3,5 salários mínimos. Observou-se um índice de aproximadamente 10% de prescrições verbais, e em relação às prescrições escritas (n=258), identificou-se que 86% dos pacientes sabiam o nome do medicamento, 85% a freqüência de doses, 66% a indicação terapêutica e 65% a dose. Apenas 20% e 9% sabiam informar sobre precauções e efeitos adversos, respectivamente. Através do escore utilizado, 55% da amostra apresentou um nível de conhecimento regular, 34% insuficiente e 11% bom. Encontrou-se uma prevalência de 70% de automedicação, sendo as classes mais utilizadas os analgésicos (52%), antiinflamatórios não-esteróides (14%), relaxantes musculares (11%) e antibióticos (9%). Não houve associação entre a prática da automedicação e variáveis sócio-demográficas. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos pacientes apresenta um nível de conhecimento suficiente a respeito das informações principais do tratamento, porém é necessária uma melhor comunicação entre dentista e paciente a fim de promover o uso racional de medicamentos. A alta prevalência de automedicação e não associação com características sócio-demográficas pode estar relacionada ao problema que geralmente motiva a busca do atendimento de urgência, a dor dental, que requer solução imediata e pode ser, em um primeiro momento, contornada com medicamentos de venda livre. Porém, deve-se ressaltar o percentual expressivo de medicamentos utilizados equivocadamente para tratar afecções bucais. / Dentists are responsible for drug prescribing, hence the importance of studies that aim to evaluate patients’ knowledge regarding their treatment. Another matter of concern in dentistry is the practice of self-medication. OBJECTIVES: To assess and describe the degree of patients’ knowledge regarding their prescribed medicine in emergency dental services located in Porto Alegre, Brazil; verify the occurence of verbal prescribing practice by dentists; assess prevalence of self-medication. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in two emergency services, whose data were collected using a structured questionnaire after dental consultation. In order to evaluate the degree of patient’s knowlegde, a scoring system was used, which each variable was graded. The sum of the points produced three different levels: good, regular and insufficient. Regarding self-medication, the aim was to establish its prevalence and identify the most utilized medications before seeking the dentist. RESULTS: Of the 286 outpatients interviewed, 164 (57%) were female, with a 35 year-old average and family mean income of 3.5 minimal salaries. Around 10% of the patients received verbal prescription and of the 258 who were questioned concerning medication knowledge from written prescriptions, 86% identified correctly the drug’s name, 85% could tell the dose schedule, 66% knew the indication and 65% the correct dosage. Only 20% and 9% were able to inform aspects of precautions and adverse reactions, respectively. From scoring system results, 55% of the patients displayed a regular knowledge, 34% insufficient and 11% a good one. The prevalence of self-medication among patients was 70%, being analgesics (52%), nonsteroidal antiinflammatories (14%), muscle relaxants (11%) and antibiotics (9%) the most utilized groups. There was no association between self-medication and independent variables. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the patients showed a sufficient knowledge level concerning the primary aspects of drug treatment, however a better communication between dentists and pacients is required in order to promote rational drug use. The high prevalence of self-medication and its lack of association with socio-demographic variables might be related to the reason people usually seek the emergency department, that is dental pain, which requires immediate care and may be, on a first attempt, solved with OTC drugs. However, there was an expressive share of medication mistankely used for dental purposes.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2018-01-10T14:29:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Verano Costa Dutra.pdf: 542166 bytes, checksum: 1c6806c7536a60bb4697dca11753ab6a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2018-01-10T14:29:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Verano Costa Dutra.pdf: 542166 bytes, checksum: 1c6806c7536a60bb4697dca11753ab6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-10T14:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Verano Costa Dutra.pdf: 542166 bytes, checksum: 1c6806c7536a60bb4697dca11753ab6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Faculdade Pitágoras de Guarapari / Introdução: O uso irracional de medicamentos faz parte do processo de medicalização da sociedade, que traz mais danos que benefícios. Nesse contexto, o comércio eletrônico de medicamentos apresenta os riscos adicionais da ausência de orientação de um profissional da saúde e a oferta de medicamentos ilegais. Medicamentos com alto apelo publicitário, como os inibidores da fosfodiesterase 5 (IPDE5), podem representar casos extremos deste problema de saúde contemporâneo. Objetivo: Analisar os sites de venda de IPDE5 em língua portuguesa. Método: Estudo transversal descritivo sobre os anúncios dos medicamentos Viagra® (citrato de sildenafil), Cialis® (tadalafila), Levitra® (vardernafila) (medicamentos legais); e Pramil (citrato de sildenafil) e Eroxil (tadalafila) (medicamentos ilegais). A seleção dos sites foi feita através da ferramenta de busca Google®. Foram coletadas informações gerais sobre os sites e também sua adequação à RDC 44/2009. Resultados: Foram encontrados 497 anúncios, sendo 310 para medicamentos legais e 187 para medicamentos ilegais. Para ambos os tipos, a maioria dos anúncios foi hospedado em sites estrangeiros, e não foi possível identificar a localização do vendedor. Uma minoria dos sites, tanto legais quanto ilegais, apresentava informações sobre indicação, contra-indicação e posologia. As diferenças encontradas na distribuição de todas as variáveis de caracterização dos sites legais ou ilegais não apresentaram significância estatística. Em relação aos apelos publicitários, exceto pela palavra “Segurança”, todas as demais palavras analisadas foram mais frequentes nos anúncios de medicamentos ilegais. Ambos os tipos de sites apresentavam baixa adesão às recomendações da RDC 44/2009. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstra que a adesão à regulação da venda de medicamentos pela Internet no Brasil encontra-se em fase incipiente, sendo que esta investigação, anterior à RDC 44/2009, identificou poucas diferenças entre sites de medicamentos legais e ilegais. Assim, para além do estabelecimento do marco regulatório, intervenções mais gerais no âmbito da Saúde Pública são importantes e necessárias / Introduction: The irrational drug use is part of the process of medicalization of the society, which brings more harm than benefits. In this context, the e-commerce of medications has the additional risks of the absence of orientation from a healthcare professional and the offer of illegal medications. Drugs with high marketing appeal, such as the phosphodiesterasis 5 inhibitors (PD5I), may represent extreme cases of this contemporary healthcare problem. Objective: To analyze sites of e-commerce of PD5I in Portuguese language. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study on the advertisements of the drugs Viagra® (sildenafil citrate), Cialis® (tadalafil), Levitra® (vardernafil) (legal drugs); and Pramil (sildenafil citrate) and Eroxil (tadalafil) (illegal drugs). The site selection was performed by the use of the search engine Google®. General information about the sites as well as its compliance to the RDC 44/2009 was collected. Results: A number of 497 advertisements were found, being 310 for legal and 187 for illegal drugs. For both types, the majority of advertisements were hosted on foreign sites, and it was not possible to identify the vendor location. A minority of sites, both legal and illegal, showed information on indication, counter-indication and way of use. The differences found in the distribution of all legal or illegal site features variables had no statistical significance. Regarding the marketing appeal, except for the word “Security”, all other analyzed words were more frequent on illegal drug sites. Both types of sites showed low compliance to the RDC 44/2009 recommendations. Conclusion: This study shows that the compliance to the ecommerce regulation of medications in Brazil is at its early stages, since this investigation, prior to the RDC 44/2009, showed few differences between legal and illegal drug sites. So, beyond the establishment of the regulation benchmark, more general interventions in the Public Health field are important and needed.

Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a associação transtornos de ansiedade e depressão e do uso de medicamentos com o líquen plano oral (LPO). O grupo de estudo compreendeu pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico de LPO, segundo critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHO, 1978), com ou sem envolvimento cutâneo ou de outras mucosas. Um grupo controle composto por indivíduos sem lesão de líquen plano cutâneo e/ou mucoso, com perfil semelhante ao dos pacientes com LPO em relação ao sexo, idade e cor, foi incluído. Para avaliação de transtornos de ansiedade e depressão foram aplicadas duas escalas de auto-avaliação, respectivamente, o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE-T) e a Escala de Rastreamento Populacional para Depressão - Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), ambas as escalas validadas internacionalmente. O uso diário de medicamentos foi analisado de acordo com os seguintes critérios: (1) classificação de medicamentos de acordo com o código ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical - classificação pela OMS, versão 2007), (2) quantidade de medicamentos utilizados - monofarmacia: 1 medicamento, polifarmacia menor: 2 a 4 medicamentos, e polifarmacia maior: 5 ou mais medicamentos, e (3) uso de medicamentos com potencial de induzir reação liquenóide a drogas. Sessenta e três pacientes LPO (média de idade = 54,2 anos, relação mulher/homem 6:1) e 35 do grupo controle (média de idade = 53,3 anos, relação mulher/homem 4:1) compuseram a casuística de pacientes avaliados. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes (P > 0,05) entre o grupo LPO e o grupo controle com relação aos transtornos de ansiedade e depressão e o uso de medicamentos. Em conclusão, transtornos de ansiedade e depressão e o uso de medicamentos parecem não constituir fatores diretos na etiopatogenia do LPO. Todavia, esses fatores devem ser considerados na avaliação geral do paciente LPO, principalmente em termos de tratamento da lesão oral. / This study was aimed at investigating the possible association of the anxiety and depression disorders and the use of drugs with the oral lichen planus (OLP). The study group included patients with clinical and histopathologic diagnosis of OLP, according World Health Organization criteria (WHO, 1978), with or without skin and others mucosal involvement. A control group composed of individuals without skin and/or mucosal lichen planus, with similar characteristics to the OLP patients in respect to the sex, age and skin color, was included. For evaluation of anxiety and depression disorders a two self-administered scale the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scales were applied, both internationally validated scales. The daily drug intake was analyzed according to the following criteria: (1) classification of drugs according the ATC code (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical - classification by OMS, 2007 version), (2) amount of drugs used - monopharmacy: 1 drug, minor polipharmacy: 2 a 4 drugs, e major polipharmacy: 5 or more drugs, and (3) use of drugs with potential to induce a lichenoid drug reaction. Sixty-three patients (mean age = 54.4 years, ratio female/male = 6:1) and 35 individuals of control group (mean age = 53.3 years, ratio female/male = 4:1) composed the sample of patients evaluated. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences (P> 0.05) between the OLP group and the control group with respect to anxiety and depression and the use of drugs. In conclusion, anxiety and depression disorders and the use of drugs seem to play no direct role in the etiopathogenesis of OLP. However, these factors should be considered for general evaluation of OLP patients, mainly for therapeutic purposes.

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares são atualmente a principal causa de mortalidade no país e também o conjunto de doenças que provoca o maior gasto no sistema de saúde. Dentre elas, há uma que merece especial atenção por estar vinculada a diversas origens e ser fator de agravamento para outras patologias: a hipertensão arterial. O modelo assistencial vigente caracteriza-se por ações curativas, pelo atendimento ao paciente com patologia já instalada e visão extremamente limitada em especificidades dos problemas. O Programa de Saúde da Família propõe um modo diferente de atendimento, estruturada no atendimento ambulatorial contínuo e integral, se valendo da interação com a comunidade o que permite ações mais efetivas na promoção da saúde. A presença de um programa de atenção farmacêutica no PSF promove um maior trânsito, riqueza e percepção de informações a respeito de medicamentos, fazendo com que a terapia medicamentosa seja mais efetiva, com a promoção do uso correto. Objetivos: Desenvolver uma metodologia que permita identificar e analisar práticas terapêuticas medicamentosas anti-hipertensivas (Momento terapêutico ? MT). Estimar resultados e tendências na evolução da pressão arterial dos pacientes hipertensos acompanhados pelo NSF-III. Estimar o nível de adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e a influência desse fator no resultado terapêutico dos pacientes. Casuística e Métodos: População - Indivíduos cadastrados no Núcleo de Saúde da Família III (NSF-III) do PSF de Ribeirão Preto, com diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial e acompanhamento da patologia realizado no referido núcleo. Amostra: prontuários de 73 pacientes. Métodos - Foram coletados dados retrospectivos dos prontuários dos indivíduos, relativos ao período de 1.º de julho de 2001 a 30 de junho de 2005. Foram avaliados ?Conduta Diagnóstica? e os valores de pressão arterial. Resultados: Observou-se a redução de MT nos quais nenhum anti-hipertensivos (AH) foi utilizado, redução no uso de um AH isoladamente e aumento no número médio de AH por MT anos após ano (1,35 no Ano 1 até 1,89 no Ano 4). Analisando-se o percentual de MT de acordo com a classe de AH envolvida, verificou-se a predominância de prescrição da classe dos IECA (58,8%), seguida pelos diuréticos (54,4%) e BBloq e BloqCa em proporções próximas (19% e 18,2%, respectivamente). Foram encontradas indicações de uso irregular da medicação nos prontuários de 35 (48%) pacientes. O percentual médio de pacientes com controle de PA adequado foi de 34,2% no geral, 42.1% nos pacientes Aderentes e 25,7% nos Não Aderentes. Conclusões: A metodologia dos momentos terapêuticos se mostrou adequada na caracterização do padrão de prescrição do NSF-III, que segue as recomendações de tratamento de hipertensão baseada nos consensos, ou seja, a terapêutica medicamentosa praticada tende a ser racional. A maioria dos pacientes do PSF que faz acompanhamento em hipertensão arterial apresenta valores de pressão arterial fora dos limites internacionalmente estabelecidos. O presente trabalho também permitiu demonstrar que o problema de adesão ao tratamento no NSF-III é similar ao que já foi descrito na literatura mas a tendência a indiferenciação entre os grupos de pacientes aderentes e não aderentes indica que abordagem do programa tem conseguido resultados positivos / Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the currently leading cause of mortality in Brazil and also the set of illnesses that is the largest expense in health system. Amongst them, there is one that deserves special attention for being tied the diverse origins and to be factor of aggravation for other pathologies: hypertension. The actual model of care is characterized for curative actions and vision extremely limited in specificities of the problems. The Family Health Care Program (FHCP) considers a different way of care, structured in continuous and integral ambulatory care, considering the interaction with community as crucial for more effective actions on health promotion. The presence of a pharmaceutical care program in the FHCP promotes a better flow, quality, and perception of information regarding medicines, making drug therapy more effective with the promotion of the correct use. Objectives: To develop a methodology that allows to identify and analyze therapeutical pratices of antihypertensive drugs (Therapeutic Moment - TM). Esteem results and trends in the evolution of the blood pressure (BP) of the hypertensive patients followed by the NFHCIII. Esteem the level of adherence to the hypertension treatment and the influence of this factor in the therapeutic result of the patients. Casuistry and Methods: Population - Individuals registered in the Nucleus of Family Health Care III (NFHC-III) of the FHCP of Ribeirão Preto, with diagnosis of hypertension and accompaniment of the pathology. Sample: medical records of 73 patients. Methods - Data had been retrospectively collected relative to the period of 1.º of July of 2001 to 30 of June of 2005. Results: It was observed TM reduction in which no antihypertensives (AH) were used, reduction in the use of one single AH and increase in the average number of AH for TM (1,35 in Year 1 up to 1,89 in Year 4). Analyzing the percentage of TM in accordance with the class of AH involved, verified it predominance of prescriptions on the class of ACE (58.8%), followed for diuretics (54.4%), with betablockers and calcium channel blockers in next (19% and 18.2%, respectively). Indications of irregular use of medication in medical records of 35 (48%) patient had been found. Average percentage of the 73 patients with adequate control of BP was of 34,2%, 42,1% in the Adherent group of patients and 25.7% in Not Adherent. Conclusions: The methodology of therapeutic moments showed adequate results in the characterization of the practices of AH prescribing in the NFHC-III. This health care facility follows the recommendations of treatment of hypertension based on the Brazilian guidelines, suggesting that the drug practices tends to be rational. The majority of the patients of the NFHC-III that makes accompaniment in hypertension present values of blood pressure above of the limits internationally established. The present work also demonstrate that the problem of adherence to the treatment in the NFHC-III is similar of the already described in literature but trends of BP reduction values between the groups of adherent and not adherent patients indicates the approach of the program has obtained positive results

Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Research has identified a number of putative risk factors that places adolescents at incrementally higher risk for involvement in alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and sexual risk behaviors (SRBs). Such factors include personality characteristics such as sensation-seeking, cognitive factors such as positive expectancies and inhibition conflict as well as peer norm processes. The current study was guided by a conceptual perspective that support the notion that an integrative framework that includes multi-level factors has significant explanatory value for understanding processes associated with the co-occurrence of AOD use and sexual risk behavior outcomes. This study evaluated simultaneously the mediating role of AOD-sex related expectancies and inhibition conflict on antecedents of AOD use and SRBs including sexual sensation-seeking and peer norms for condom use. The sample was drawn from the Enhancing My Personal Options While Evaluating Risk (EMPOWER: Jonathan Tubman, PI), data set (N = 396; aged 12-18 years). Measures used in the study included Sexual Sensation-Seeking Scale, Inhibition Conflict for Condom Use, Risky Sex Scale. All relevant measures had well-documented psychometric properties. A global assessment of alcohol, drug use and sexual risk behaviors was used. Results demonstrated that AOD-sex related expectancies mediated the influence of sexual sensation-seeking on the co-occurrence of alcohol and other drug use and sexual risk behaviors. The evaluation of the integrative model also revealed that sexual sensation-seeking was positively associated with peer norms for condom use. Also, peer norms predicted inhibition conflict among this sample of multi-problem youth. This dissertation research identified mechanisms of risk and protection associated with the co-occurrence of AOD use and SRBs among a multi-problem sample of adolescents receiving treatment for alcohol or drug use and related problems. This study is informative for adolescent-serving programs that address those individual and contextual characteristics that enhance treatment efficacy and effectiveness among adolescents receiving substance use and related problems services.

Medication adherence is a formidable challenge for the elderly who may have several prescribed medications while dealing with limited incomes and declining health. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the Liberty 6000, an automated capsule and tablet dispenser that provides proper medication dosages and is intended to encourage and track medication adherence. Seven focus groups were assembled; these comprised 49 men and women ages 65 to 98 years of Black, Anglo, and Hispanic descent who met the following criteria: living independently or semi-independently, had suffered one or more impairments, and were taking at least three prescription medications. Each focus group session lasted 90 minutes and was tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim, resulting in about 2,600 lines of text. Each question was designed to be open-ended to avoid introducing any bias that might influence the response. The Health Belief Model conceptually guided the study that addressed perceptions of illness susceptibility and severity, barriers, benefits, and cues to action associated with medication adherence. Main benefits of taking medications included avoiding inherited illnesses (or tendencies for illnesses), and reducing illness symptoms. Barriers to taking medications included forgetting, dexterity problems, and high cost. Benefits of the proposed intervention included reminding, caregiver notification, and providing a printed log of medications taken and missed. Barriers associated with the Liberty 6000 included its relatively large size, the difficulties that confronted older adults when loading the device, and its perceived cost. Using an adoption prediction model proposed a way to overcome barriers and encourage acceptance as well as a strategy to maintain acceptance over time. The model also can be used to evaluate a wide variety of medical devices for elderly people. This study identified the advantages and disadvantages of the Liberty 6000. Findings also suggest areas for further investigation by the nursing community and healthcare policy makers in finding solutions to the myriad problems faced by older people in medication adherence.

How adolescents spend their time is a crucial predictor of their engagement in delinquency. Activities with peers away from direct supervision of adults are of concern as more opportunities and motivation to use marijuana exist in such situations. However, adolescents may vary in their propensity to use marijuana when faced the opportunity. Especially adolescents living with a single parent may have a higher propensity compared to those from two-parent households to use marijuana due to reduced parental monitoring and increased peer attachment. This thesis investigates the moderating effects of family structure on the routine leisure activities and adolescent marijuana use relationship, using data from Monitoring the Future Study 2007, 12th Grade Survey. The results provide partial support for the moderating effects.