Green Cargo driver idag ett antal terminaler i Sverige i syfte att främja transporter på järnväg och ser möjligheter i att utveckla en av sina terminaler i Göteborg, Göteborg Norra, till en så kallad dry port, alltså en intermodal terminal i inlandet. Detta gav upphov till projektet Terminal Göteborg Norra – en möjlig dry port? med målet att undersöka potentialen och omställningarna med att utveckla befintligt kunderbjudande på Göteborg Norra genom att utreda konceptet dry port samt undersöka efterfrågan på marknaden. Syftet med en dry port är att fungera som en förlängning av hamnen och bör enligt forskare erbjuda samma servicetjänster som en hamn, det vill säga förtullning, säker lagring av både lastade och tomma containrar samt underhåll och städning av containrar. En dry port kan ses som ett bra komplement till hamnar som ligger inne i städer och har problem med begränsade utrymmen i hamnområdet och svårt att expandera då ytan inte längre räcker till. Dessutom kan man minska utsläppen av CO2 genom att få mer gods transporterat på järnvägen. Att utveckla Göteborg Norra, som Green Cargo idag driver i egen regi, skulle innebära att befintliga tjänster behöver kompletteras med de tjänster som fullbordar en dry port. Projektet resulterade i en utredning med potentiella intäkter och kostnader som förväntas uppstå vid ett utvecklande av Göteborg Norra till en dry port. Det visade sig att kostnaderna med att utveckla Göteborg Norra till en dry port är fullt möjliga att tjäna in inom den bestämda tidsramen på två år. Trots det så anser projektet att det finns många delar i utvecklandet som talar emot ett fulländat dry port koncept på Göteborg Norra. Då projektet anser att terminalens läge inte är optimalt för en dry port och att det finns begränsade lagringmöjligheter, oklarheter gällande tulltjänster samt att hamnen inte visar något intresse för att utnyttja tjänsten så är det svårt att motivera omställningen till en fulländad dry port. Däremot finns det en del i dry port konceptet som projektet ser positivt till och det skulle innebära att Göteborg Norra tar emot lastade containrar för transport till hamnen. Då projektets marknadsundersökning visade att många speditörer anser att det är problem med långa köer för att hämta och lämna gods i Göteborgs hamn så skulle Green Cargo kunna erbjuda en tjänst där dessa kunder kan åka till Göteborg Norra och lämna eller hämta sitt gods. Detta under förutsättning att Green Cargo kan erbjuda en billigare lösning och att det inte uppstår köer i trafiken runt terminalen. Klarar Green Cargo detta har de ett bra argument som borde locka både speditörer och Göteborgs hamn att nappa på lösningen.

The use of laser welding in the automotive industry in the past few decades has facilitated joining of hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel sheets at high production rates and low cost. The recent development of tailor welded blanks (TWB) using laser welding allowed combinations of sheet grades and thicknesses to “tailor” the vehicle part for optimized design, structural integrity and crash performance but more importantly, reductions in weight. Welded blanks are further subjected to stamping or stretch forming prior to final assembly. Unfortunately, both welding and stretch forming cause the galvanized coating to deteriorate, and thereby, undermine the long term corrosion protection. Despite existing publications on zinc coated steel and advances in processing techniques, there is a lack of understanding on the influence of laser welding and stretch forming on the corrosion performance of HDG steel. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine how welding speed and biaxial strain affect interstitial-free (IF) and high strength low allow (HSLA) steel coupons when they are subjected to continuous immersion and accelerated corrosion tests. The corrosion rates of the coupons were evaluated using electrochemical techniques and gravimetry. Changes in the galvanized coating were characterized using scanning electron metallography. It was observed that, the original zinc layer transformed into the delta and gamma Fe-Zn intermetallic phases locally in the heat affected zone (HAZ) after laser welding. The resulting microstructure was similar to that of a commercially galvannealed coating and exhibited superior corrosion resistance than that of pure zinc. Linear polarization resistance (LPR) measurements revealed that the zinc coating was able to protect a chemically exposed region of steel in 0.1 M NaCl solution. While the Nd:YAG laser welded coupons with narrow HAZs performed equally well as the non-welded ones, diode laser welded coupons, with a wide locally annealed coating in the HAZ, exhibited a decrease in the peak corrosion rate of zinc. Moreover, minimal amounts of rust were observed on the surface of the HAZ after testing. With biaxial strain, welded and deformed coupons generally demonstrated higher peak corrosion rates than that of undeformed welded ones. When subjected to cyclic corrosion testing according to SAE J2334, rust formed in the exposed region after one 24 hour test cycle due to wet-dry conditions. However, zinc corrosion products on the surface provided substantial corrosion resistance to the remaining zinc coating and to the steel substrate. Gravimetric measurements of welded coupons showed a linear increase in weight gain with increased exposed widths of the steel after 30 cycles but biaxial strain further increased the weight gain on deformed coupons. After 60 cycles, the trend became exponential for both welded and deformed coupons. There was a negligible difference between the corrosion performance of IF and HSLA steel. Using X-Ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, species of both iron and zinc corrosion products were identified. Without the application of paint coatings, zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc hydroxy chloride (ZnCl2[Zn(OH)2]4), and hydrozincite ([ZnCO3]2[Zn(OH)2]3) were responsible for passivating the surface and reducing the overall corrosion rate of the galvanized coating.

Dry forests of the Caribbean islands are regarded as highly disturbed ecosystems and have been characterized as having a high density of small diameter stems, a lower basal area at maturity and a lower species-richness than continental Neotropical dry forests. However, the emerging view regards these ecosystems as phenologically complex, where taxonomic and structural composition is variable over time and space, due to local hydraulic regimes induced by high topographic and climactic variability and varying forms and intensities of disturbance. The former view is derived from a few studies, the majority of which have been conducted in Puerto Rico and from one data review of small 0.1 ha plots representing 4 sites in the Antilles and 25 sits in the continental Neotropics. Overall, little is known about the less-disturbed dry forest formations of the Antilles. Given the emerging view and lack of research in less-disturbed Antillean dry forests, a case study of dry forest structure and composition on the island of St. Lucia is used to examine heterogeneity in dry forest floristic and structural composition on the topographically, floristically and climactically complex island of St. Lucia. Amongst twenty-two 15 x 15 m widely distributed plots, only 11/64 species/genera were found in >50\% of plots and clustering was observed amongst uncommon species, supporting evidence of floristic heterogeneity. Significant differences between the total basal area of each plot (Kruskal-Wallis test, p <0.05) were observed; each plot differed significantly with at least 2 other plots, 6 differed significantly with 10 or more plots, providing evidence for structural heterogeneity. Comparisons were also made with prior research to question generalizations about Antillean dry forests. Amongst large diameter stems, species richness and stem density was higher in this study, when compared to more-disturbed Antillean dry forests. The most speciose dry forest genus was Zanthoxylum, while four families were found to be equally speciose namely, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, Rutaceae and Rubiaceae, highlighting inconsistencies with prior generalizations. Species-richness values reported amongst Neotropical dry forests were highly variable amongst similar regions, let alone the continental Neotropics, relative to the Antillean Archipelago. Stem density and basal area in St. Lucia was similar to ranges reported throughout the Neotropics, further supporting evidence for intra-island structural variability. The intra-region heterogeneity observed in Antillean and Neotropical continental dry forests indicates that results from localized plot-based studies of structure and composition, should not be extrapolated to broad geo-political regions.

Den totala biogasproduktionen i Sverige 2009 var 1,4 TWh och 22 % av biogasen producerades i samrötningsanläggningar. Sedan 2005 är det förbjudet att deponera organiskt avfall, vilket har gjort att produktionen från samrötningsanläggningar har ökat de senaste åren. Den totala biogaspotentialen i Sverige är ungefär 15 TWh och där står lantbruket för över 70 %. Avloppsslam, avfall från livsmedelsindustrin och matavfall står för den resterande delen. Det är även dessa tre råvarugrupper som har störst lönsamhet med dagens teknik. Av dessa råvarugrupper finns den största kvarvarande potentialen hos matavfall. Problemet med matavfall är att det ofta innehåller föroreningar som måste sorteras bort för att inte orsaka driftstörningar. Detta orsakar ofta problem på grund av att organiskt material hamnar i rejektet.    Kungsängens gård är en samrötningsanläggning som producerar biogas från olika typer av organiska restprodukter. Under 2009 behandlades 7 536 ton material, av detta var 58 % matavfall. Av inkommande material sorterades 938 ton ut och lämnade anläggningen som rejekt. Under 2011 förväntas mängden inkommande material öka. Dessutom förväntas andelen matavfall öka till 90 % vilket kommer att ge ännu större rejektmängder. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att genom analyser och satsvisa utrötningsförsök bestämma den kemiska sammansättningen samt metanpotentialen hos de olika rejektfraktionerna från biogasanläggningen Kungsängens gård. En utredning gjordes för att undersöka vilka möjligheter och tekniker som potentiellt skulle kunna användas för att framställa biogas av rejektet och också vilka möjligheter som finns för att effektivisera befintlig utrustning. Resultatet från utrötningsförsöken visade att metanpotentialen för de olika rejektfraktionerna var hög och kan jämföras med vad som kan förväntas av källsorterat matavfall. Om rejektet som producerades under 2010 skulle användas för biogasproduktion skulle denna metanpotential motsvara 10 % av den totala biogasproduktionen vid Kungsängens gård under 2010. Utredningen visar att det bästa alternativet för att röta rejektet i sitt befintliga skick är satsvis torrötning. Osäkerheten kring torrötning är dock stor på grund av att det i Sverige inte finns några torrötningsanläggningar och därmed är kunskapsnivån relativt låg. / The biogas production in Sweden in 2009 was 1,4 TWh and 22 % of the biogas was produced in co-digestion plants. Since 2005 it is prohibited to deposit organic waste and this has resulted in an increased biogas production from this type of waste materials in recent years. The total biogas potential in Sweden is approximately 15 TWh and 70 % of that comes from agriculture wastes. Sewage sludge, waste from food industry and food waste accounts for the rest. It is also these three commodity groups that have the greatest profitability with today's technology. Among these groups, food waste have the largest remaining biogas potential. The problem with food waste is that it often contains impurities that must be sorted out in order to avoid operational problems. The out sorting process often causes problems and typically organic material is lost in the reject fraction. The biogas plant Kungsängens gård is a co-digestion plant that produces biogas from different types of organic residues. In 2009 about 7 536 tons of material were treated, of which 58 % was food waste. Of the incoming material 938 tons were sorted out as reject. In 2011 the amount of incoming material is expected to increase. In addition, the proportion of food waste is expected to increase to 90 %, which will result in even larger amounts of reject. The purpose of this study was to perform analysis and batch digestion experiments to determine the chemical composition and methane potential of the reject from the biogas plant Kungsängens gård. An investigation was also made to examine methods and technologies that potentially could be used to produce biogas from the reject. The results from the batch digestion experiments showed that the methane potential of the different reject fractions was high and it can be compared with what might be expected of source separated food waste. If the reject that was produced in 2010 would be used for biogas production, this methane potential is equal to 10 % of the total production of biogas at Kungsängens gård in 2010. The investigation shows that dry fermentation with a batch system is the only technology that potentially could produce biogas from the reject in its existing form. There are no dry fermentation plants in Sweden and therefore the level of knowledge is relatively low. Because of that it is hard to estimate the profitability and efficiency of dry fermentation plants.

<b>Purpose:</b> Assess the relationship between tear film drying and sensation between blinks. <b>Methods:</b> MATLAB sampled a slitlamp video camera, a potentiometer and a microphone while subjects kept one eye open for as long as possible. 23 subjects rated the intensity of the ocular sensation while video and voice data were collected simultaneously. The tear drying on the cornea was measured. <b>Results:</b> The sensation was triphasic. Two linear functions described the latter 2 parts of the data (r &#8805; 0. 95). The correlation between TBUT and the elbow in the time-discomfort function was 0. 72. Extent of tear film drying was linearly correlated to time (median correlation = 0. 88). The correlation between the discomfort elbow and image elbow was 0. 93 with single data pair for each subject. Analysis of sensation characteristics showed significant differences between itching and burning for both intensity and time (p = 0. 03 and p = 0. 02 respectively). <b>Conclusions:</b> Simultaneous recording of ocular surface appearance, discomfort intensity and attributes of sensation provide novel information about the development of discomfort during ocular surface drying. The rapid increase in discomfort proceeding blinking has been quantified and the relationship between the time course of drying and discomfort is elucidated.

The use of laser welding in the automotive industry in the past few decades has facilitated joining of hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel sheets at high production rates and low cost. The recent development of tailor welded blanks (TWB) using laser welding allowed combinations of sheet grades and thicknesses to “tailor” the vehicle part for optimized design, structural integrity and crash performance but more importantly, reductions in weight. Welded blanks are further subjected to stamping or stretch forming prior to final assembly. Unfortunately, both welding and stretch forming cause the galvanized coating to deteriorate, and thereby, undermine the long term corrosion protection. Despite existing publications on zinc coated steel and advances in processing techniques, there is a lack of understanding on the influence of laser welding and stretch forming on the corrosion performance of HDG steel. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine how welding speed and biaxial strain affect interstitial-free (IF) and high strength low allow (HSLA) steel coupons when they are subjected to continuous immersion and accelerated corrosion tests. The corrosion rates of the coupons were evaluated using electrochemical techniques and gravimetry. Changes in the galvanized coating were characterized using scanning electron metallography. It was observed that, the original zinc layer transformed into the delta and gamma Fe-Zn intermetallic phases locally in the heat affected zone (HAZ) after laser welding. The resulting microstructure was similar to that of a commercially galvannealed coating and exhibited superior corrosion resistance than that of pure zinc. Linear polarization resistance (LPR) measurements revealed that the zinc coating was able to protect a chemically exposed region of steel in 0.1 M NaCl solution. While the Nd:YAG laser welded coupons with narrow HAZs performed equally well as the non-welded ones, diode laser welded coupons, with a wide locally annealed coating in the HAZ, exhibited a decrease in the peak corrosion rate of zinc. Moreover, minimal amounts of rust were observed on the surface of the HAZ after testing. With biaxial strain, welded and deformed coupons generally demonstrated higher peak corrosion rates than that of undeformed welded ones. When subjected to cyclic corrosion testing according to SAE J2334, rust formed in the exposed region after one 24 hour test cycle due to wet-dry conditions. However, zinc corrosion products on the surface provided substantial corrosion resistance to the remaining zinc coating and to the steel substrate. Gravimetric measurements of welded coupons showed a linear increase in weight gain with increased exposed widths of the steel after 30 cycles but biaxial strain further increased the weight gain on deformed coupons. After 60 cycles, the trend became exponential for both welded and deformed coupons. There was a negligible difference between the corrosion performance of IF and HSLA steel. Using X-Ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, species of both iron and zinc corrosion products were identified. Without the application of paint coatings, zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc hydroxy chloride (ZnCl2[Zn(OH)2]4), and hydrozincite ([ZnCO3]2[Zn(OH)2]3) were responsible for passivating the surface and reducing the overall corrosion rate of the galvanized coating.

Dry forests of the Caribbean islands are regarded as highly disturbed ecosystems and have been characterized as having a high density of small diameter stems, a lower basal area at maturity and a lower species-richness than continental Neotropical dry forests. However, the emerging view regards these ecosystems as phenologically complex, where taxonomic and structural composition is variable over time and space, due to local hydraulic regimes induced by high topographic and climactic variability and varying forms and intensities of disturbance. The former view is derived from a few studies, the majority of which have been conducted in Puerto Rico and from one data review of small 0.1 ha plots representing 4 sites in the Antilles and 25 sits in the continental Neotropics. Overall, little is known about the less-disturbed dry forest formations of the Antilles. Given the emerging view and lack of research in less-disturbed Antillean dry forests, a case study of dry forest structure and composition on the island of St. Lucia is used to examine heterogeneity in dry forest floristic and structural composition on the topographically, floristically and climactically complex island of St. Lucia. Amongst twenty-two 15 x 15 m widely distributed plots, only 11/64 species/genera were found in >50\% of plots and clustering was observed amongst uncommon species, supporting evidence of floristic heterogeneity. Significant differences between the total basal area of each plot (Kruskal-Wallis test, p <0.05) were observed; each plot differed significantly with at least 2 other plots, 6 differed significantly with 10 or more plots, providing evidence for structural heterogeneity. Comparisons were also made with prior research to question generalizations about Antillean dry forests. Amongst large diameter stems, species richness and stem density was higher in this study, when compared to more-disturbed Antillean dry forests. The most speciose dry forest genus was Zanthoxylum, while four families were found to be equally speciose namely, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, Rutaceae and Rubiaceae, highlighting inconsistencies with prior generalizations. Species-richness values reported amongst Neotropical dry forests were highly variable amongst similar regions, let alone the continental Neotropics, relative to the Antillean Archipelago. Stem density and basal area in St. Lucia was similar to ranges reported throughout the Neotropics, further supporting evidence for intra-island structural variability. The intra-region heterogeneity observed in Antillean and Neotropical continental dry forests indicates that results from localized plot-based studies of structure and composition, should not be extrapolated to broad geo-political regions.

No description available.

Thin liquid layers have been proposed for heat extraction and protection of the solid surfaces of divertors in magnetic fusion reactors. A number of conceptual designs for plasma-facing components (PFC) use stationary and flowing liquid layers as a renewable first wall for reactor chambers to remove heat and shield solid surfaces from damaging radiation while maintaining acceptable plasma purity levels. Such liquid-protected PFC have the potential to make fusion more commercially attractive by increasing reactor lifetimes and decreasing failure rates. The results of this research will help identify the parameter ranges for successful operation of such protection schemes. This thesis investigates the thermocapillary behavior of axisymmetric horizontal liquid layers with initial heights from 0.27 to 3.0 mm. A negative radial temperature gradient is imposed at the bottom of the liquid layer. Experimental, numerical and asymptotic analyses were carried out for thin layers where buoyancy forces are negligible. A novel asymptotic solution for this axisymmetric geometry was derived from the previous two-dimensional long-wave analysis by Sen et al. (1982). A numerical simulation using the level contour reconstruction method was used to follow the evolution of the liquid-gas interface above an axisymmetric non-isothermal solid surface. Experimental validation of the theoretical and numerical studies was performed using silicone oils of various viscosities (μ = 0.48 × 10-2 9.6 × 10-2 N s/m2). Two measurement techniques, a needle contact method and laser-confocal displacement method, were employed to obtain height profiles for applied temperature differences up to 65°C. Finally, reflectance shadowgraphy was used to visualize free-surface deformation and classify flow regimes in thick layers, where the assumptions of negligible buoyancy and axisymmetric flow are no longer valid. The results of this investigation will allow designers to determine operating windows for successful implementation of liquid-protected PFC.

This aim of this dissertation is to fabrication microlens arrays (MLA) by silicon mold using dry etching technique and imprint on the PET substrate by direct imprinting microlens structures on Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates using Si molds.The MLA on PET substrates can be used to increase light emitting efficiency from OLED. The MLA was formed by first etching the silicon wafers using SF6 process gas in an RIE/ECR system using isotropic etching technique.The concave undercuts obtained after the dry etching was removed by wet-etching the wafer in HF and HNO3 solutions.Finally,the fabricated silicon mold was used to imprint the microlens structure on the PET substrates.The microlens array with 10 £gm and 25 £gm radius on PET substrate were successfully fabricated using the technique.The surface coverage of the MLA of beter than 90% was obtained. In addition,the outcoupling efficiency of an OLED can be increased using the MLA.The brightness enhancement factor of 1.67 was achieved using in the MLA comparision to the simulation result of 1.73.