<p>AbstractDifferent approaches for implementing a complex multiplier in pipelined FFT are considered andimplemented to find an efficient one in this project. The implemented design is synthesized on Cyclone IIand Stratix III to know the performance. The design is implemented with a focus of reducing the resourcesused. Some approaches resulted in the reduced number of DSP blocks and others resulted in reducednumber of LUTs. Analysis of Synthesis results is performed for different widths (bit lengths) of complexmultiplier approaches.</p>

<p><p>Benchmarking of DSP kernel algorithms was conducted in the thesis on a DSP processor for teaching in the course TESA26 in the department of Electrical Engineering. It includes benchmarking on cycle count and memory usage. The goal of the thesis is to evaluate the quality of a single MAC DSP instruction set and provide suggestions for further improvement in instruction set architecture accordingly. The scope of the thesis is limited to benchmark the processor only based on assembly coding. The quality check of compiler is not included. The method of the benchmarking was proposed by BDTI, Berkeley Design Technology Incorporations, which is the general methodology used in world wide DSP industry.</p><p>Proposals on assembly instruction set improvements include the enhancement of FFT and DCT. The cycle cost of the new FFT benchmark based on the proposal was XX% lower, showing that the proposal was right and qualified. Results also show that the proposal promotes the cycle cost score for matrix computing, especially matrix multiplication. The benchmark results were compared with general scores of single MAC DSP processors offered by BDTI.</p></p>

<p>This thesis is a part of a bigger project which goal is to make a DSP that is instruction compatible with the Motorola DSP56002. The goal of this part is to make a behavioural model with timing of the address generation unit in the DSP. </p><p>The AGU unit can handle 4 different types of arithmetic’s including linear addressing, modulo addressing, wrap around modulo addressing and reverse carry addressing. It also handles several ways of calculating addresses as post/pre increment/decrement by a number. It can address 3 different memories, where 2 new addresses can be calculated at the same time in different memories. </p><p>This model will be used as a golden model for the RTL model of the AGU that is one of the main parts in the DSP.</p>

<p>This Master Thesis presents the design of the core of a fixed point general purpose multimedia DSP processor (MDSP) and its instruction set. This processor employs parallel processing techniques and specialized addressing models to speed up the processing of multimedia applications. </p><p>The MDSP has a dual MAC structure with one enhanced MAC that provides a SIMD, Single Instruction Multiple Data, unit consisting of four parallel data paths that are optimized for accelerating multimedia applications. The SIMD unit performs four multimedia- oriented 16- bit operations every clock cycle. This accelerates computationally intensive procedures such as video and audio decoding. The MDSP uses a memory bank of four memories to provide multiple accesses of source data each clock cycle.</p>

<p>Ogg Vorbis is a rather new audio format with some similarities with other more known formats such as MP3 and WMA. It is generally accepted to have a better audio quality than most competing formats and it is in contrast to many of its competitors totally licence and royalty free. </p><p>The goal with this thesis is to port the existing fixed point decoder Tremor, which is written in C, to Motorola's DSP56002. The DSP has a very limited amount of memory so some optimizations has to be made to be able to run Tremor successfully. </p><p>The report presents the necessary steps taken to port Tremor to the DSP and the difficulties of this process. It also describes the memory and CPU usage of the DSP when running Tremor and other results of the port. </p><p>A description as well as examples and workarounds of bugs found in the compiler g56k is attached to this report.</p>

<p>H.264/AVC is a new video compression standard designed for future broadband network. Compared with former video coding standards such as MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 part 2, it saves up to 40% in bit rate and provides important characteristics such as error resilience, stream switching etc. However, the improvement in performance also introduces increase in computational complexity, which requires more powerful hardware. At the same time, there are several image and video coding standards currently used such as JPEG and MPEG-4. Although ASIC design meets the performance requirement, it lacks flexibility for heterogeneous standards. Hence reconfigurable DSP processor is more suitable for media processing since it provides both real-time performance and flexibility. </p><p>Currently there are several single scalar DSP processors in the market. Compare to media processor, which is generally SIMD or VLIW, single scalar DSP is cheaper and has smaller area while its performance for video processing is limited. In this paper, a method to promote the performance of single scalar DSP by attaching hardware accelerators is proposed. And the bottleneck for performance promotion is investigated and the upper limit of acceleration of a certain single scalar DSP for H.264/AVC decoding is presented. </p><p>Behavioral model of H.264/AVC decoder is realized in pure software during the first step. Although real-time performance cannot be achieved with pure software implementation, computational complexity of different parts is investigated and the critical path in decoding was exposed by analyzing the first design of this software solution. Then both functional acceleration and addressing acceleration were investigated and designed to achieve the performance for real-time decoding using available clock frequency within 200MHz.</p>

<p>This thesis is about a number of improvements and additions done to a soft CPU optimized for field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The goal has been to implement the changes without substantially lowering the CPU's ability to operate at high clock frequencies. The result of the thesis is a number of high clock frequency modules, which when added completes the CPU hardware functionality in certain areas. The maximum frequency of the CPU is however somewhat lowered after the modules have been added.</p> / <p>Detta examensarbete handlar om ett antal förbättringar och utökningar av en mjuk processor speciellt anpassad för fältprogrammerbara grindmatriser (FPGA). Målet har varit att göra förändringarna utan att göra större avkall på processorns förmåga att operera i höga klockfrekvenser. Resultatet av examensarbetet är ett antal moduler som klarar av höga frekvenser och kompletterar processorns hårdvarufunktioner. Dock reduceras maxfrekvensen på processorn något med modulerna tillagda.</p>

<p>H.264 is a video coding standard which offers high data compression rate at the cost of a high computational load. This thesis evaluates how well parts of the H.264 standard can be implemented for a new multi-core digital signal processing processor architecture called ePUMA. The thesis investigates if real-time encoding of high definition video sequences could be performed. The implementation consists of the motion estimation, motion compensation, discrete cosine transform, inverse discrete cosine transform, quantization and rescaling parts of the H.264 standard. Benchmarking is done using the ePUMA system simulator and the results are compared to an implementation of an existing H.264 encoder for another multi-core processor architecture called STI Cell. The results show that the selected parts of the H.264 encoder could be run on 6 calculation cores in 5 million cycles per frame. This setup leaves 2 calculation cores to run the remaining parts of the encoder.</p>

<p>For demanding applications, for example image or video processing, there may be computations that aren’t very suitable for digital signal processors. While a DSP processor is appropriate for some tasks, the instruction set could be extended in order to achieve higher performance for the tasks that such a processor normally isn’t actually design for. The platform used in this project is flexible in the sense that new hardware can be designed to speed up certain computations.</p><p>This thesis analyzes the computational complex parts of JPEG2000. In order to achieve sufficient performance for JPEG2000, there may be a need for hardware acceleration.</p><p>First, a JPEG2000 decoder was implemented for a DSP processor in assembler. When the firmware had been written, the cycle consumption of the parts was measured and estimated. From this analysis, the bottlenecks of the system were identified. Furthermore, new processor instructions are proposed that could be implemented for this system. Finally the performance improvements are estimated.</p>

<p>The thesis work is conducted in the division of computer engineering at thedepartment of electrical engineering in Linköping University. During the thesiswork, a configurable Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller was designed andimplemented. The DMA controller runs at 200MHz under 65nm digital CMOS technology. The estimated gate count is 26595.</p><p>The DMA controller has two address generators and can provide two clocksources. It can thus handle data read and write simultaneously. There are 16channels built in the DMA controller, the data width can be 16-bit, 32-bit and64-bit. The DMA controller supports 2D data access by configuring its intelligentlinking table. The DMA is designed for advanced DSP applications and it is notdedicated for cache which has a fixed priority.</p>