This study explored whether there is an inherent inequitable nature of the liberalization process with respect to the World Trade Organization Agreements, namely TRIMs (Trade-related Investment Measures), TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) and the Agreement on Agriculture.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-04T20:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mario ferreria.pdf: 989588 bytes, checksum: aa75818bec47a7cc9e0f75cf18bcd35a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-29 / O dumping é uma prática desleal de comércio que favorece exportadores estrangeiros através do baixo preço do produto no mercado interno de outro país. Diante da evolução social, cultural e tecnológica, a facilidade que as empresas exportadoras têm de transportar os produtos por todo o mundo faz com que bens de toda natureza sejam comercializados no planeta. É imprescindível, pois, que haja regulamentação legal para que os produtos nacionais não sejam prejudicados. Para tanto, a Organização Mundial do Comércio, instituiu normas relativas ao dumping, dentre elas o Artigo VI, do Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio 1947, bem como Acordo sobre a Implementação do Artigo VI Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio - 1994. Outras normas também existem para assegurar o direito ao comércio e a sua lealdade, incluso aí a proteção ao consumidor. Os processos administrativos expostos são destinados a demonstrar a aplicação das medidas cabíveis para proteger o consumidor e o próprio Estado contra práticas de dumping e de todas as práticas desleais de comércio. / O dumping é uma prática desleal de comércio que favorece exportadores estrangeiros através do baixo preço do produto no mercado interno de outro país. Diante da evolução social, cultural e tecnológica, a facilidade que as empresas exportadoras têm de transportar os produtos por todo o mundo faz com que bens de toda natureza sejam comercializados no planeta. É imprescindível, pois, que haja regulamentação legal para que os produtos nacionais não sejam prejudicados. Para tanto, a Organização Mundial do Comércio, instituiu normas relativas ao dumping, dentre elas o Artigo VI, do Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio 1947, bem como Acordo sobre a Implementação do Artigo VI Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio - 1994. Outras normas também existem para assegurar o direito ao comércio e a sua lealdade, incluso aí a proteção ao consumidor. Os processos administrativos expostos são destinados a demonstrar a aplicação das medidas cabíveis para proteger o consumidor e o próprio Estado contra práticas de dumping e de todas as práticas desleais de comércio.

<p>EU and China are important trade partners to each other; trade relationship is one of their crucial bilateral relationships. Within EU-China trade relationship, the dumping and anti-dumping issues play an important role. When EU commission initiates anti-dumping investigation, Chinese producers always have different responses. This study mainly focuses on the reasons behind Chinese producers’ various responses facing EU anti-dumping investigations. By digging out the real reasons behind Chinese producers’ various responses, this study is expected to make some contribution to the dumping and anti-dumping discussion between China and EU in academic level and to make some contribution to the policy adjusting of both sides in political lever.</p><p>Some hypotheses drawing from a Chinese lawyer Tao Jingzhou’s claim in an interview are tested in this study. These hypotheses listed some possible factors affecting Chinese producers’ responses. There are many anti-dumping cases between China and EU, CFL-i (Integrated electronic compact fluorescent lamps) case initiated in April 2000 was chosen as a research object for case study in this research. When it comes to theory, Hirschman’s theory of exit and voice is used as the basic theory structure of this study. His followers especially Barry and Birch refined Hirschman’s model into exit-voice-silence. This model is implemented in this study as a theory approach.</p><p>By interviewing some key people in the Chinese producers involving in CFL-i case and comparing the interview results with hypotheses, come conclusions are coming out:</p><p>First, in the case study level, Chinese producers’ choice of options is in a dynamic process. With the change of situation, a certain producer can choose different option in different period of time. While this study verified the variables influencing the choice of Chinese producers mentioned by Tao Jingzhou in the hypotheses such as degree of depending on EU market, sufficient of funds, supports from local government, financial system, ownership of the company and the diversity of products, it found several other variables which also affect the decision making of Chinese producers such as nationalism, previous success experience.</p><p>Second, when it comes to political level, for Chinese side, Chinese government especially local government should be more supportive when their enterprises are facing anti-dumping investigation from EU. In EU’s part, according to what has been discussed in the case study, currently it is not the time for EU to take China as a market economy treatment. However, its harsh criteria for applying for MET and individual treatment would get continuous severe critical from Chinese producers and government, which will negatively affect its trade relationship with China. For both sides, bilateral negotiations on anti-dumping duty or undertakings would be good for the long-run interests of both sides.</p>

This study focuses on the Kaohsiung industrial pier sediment survey, assessment and feasibility study of the approach. In this study, field monitoring operations, including the close Salt Water River mouth area of the industrial port (area A), the far Salt Water River mouth area of the industrial port (area B) and for the factories and shipyards at the junction of the terminal area (area C), The sampling of sediments of three core and three surface sediments of area A that used as treating test at laboratory. The survey results show that the industrial pier some heavy metals in the sediment concentration is higher than the quality indicators in the sediment above the limit (ULV), especially copper and zinc. In addition, the concentration of heavy metals of industrial pier area A, B and C of the sediment at least one of them is than current soil control standard. Among them, the frequency of exceeding control standards of copper concentration is the highest, the surface sediments of area A, B and C were about 75%, 42% and 0% respectively, while the core sediments were about 20%, 90% and 15%. These results indicate that the industrial pier sediment required to carry out appropriate pre-treatment to reclamation land to recycling. After investigation, simulation and estimation, the required appropriate treatment sediment in order to landfill volume of industrial pier area A and B (Salt Water River mouth) were approximately 40,000 and 36,400 cubic meters, the total approximately 76,400 cubic meters. Industrial pier is located in the Salt Water River mouth, and therefore withstand the effects of pollutants of the upstream sources flowed in, and than the sediment quality was poor. Sediments were accumulated in the bottom should be removed and sediments at the upstream Salt Water River should be treated too, the remediation and pollution source control for the future to improve the sediment quality is the most important work in Taiwan. In this study, chemical washing and chemical oxidation of the two treatment technology for industrial pier sediment organic pollutants (total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) as the target pollutants) to deal with the feasibility test. Sediment to be processed was collected neart the industrial pier, the pH value of approximately 7.1, the moisture content was 43.9%, 20.1% organic matter content, while the particle size composition of mainly fine particles (silt + clay) to about 84.3% handling may be more difficult. The sediments of the TPH concentration of 8,691 mg / kg. Three surfactants Simple Green (SG), Triton X-100 (TX-100) and Tween 80 (TW80) were used at sediment washing test,washing with 60 pv and 5% (v / v) SG could remove 97.3% TPH at the end of the mud; 0.5% (v / v) TX-100 could remove 96.8% TPH; washing with 30 pv, 1% (v / v) TX-100 could remove 94.6% the TPH; washing with 10 pv, 5% (v / v) TX-100 could remove 96.7% TPH; but TW80 leaching ineffective. Oxidation processing, applied 6% H2O2 reaction 180 min, 58.2% of TPH could be removed. Connection of washing and oxidation treatment process, could be removed total of 86% of TPH. The sediment surface morphology before and after treatment were observed by SEM were not significantly different, no surfactant emulsion was left at sediment after treated, this result revealed the connection of washing and oxidation treatment process could remove most of TPH and less harmful to the environment was an available technique.

Thesis (Honors)--College of William and Mary, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf xxxi). Also available via the World Wide Web.

In the last decade of the 20th Century Somalia made the headlines around the world as the place where a UN force had been withdrawn from due to losses inflicted on US and other troops by members of groups associated with two warlords. In the latter part of the first decade of the 21st Century Somalia was again in the global headlines, but this time associated with acts of piracy committed off its coastline. Behind these headlines lay a complex mixture of problems stretching back as far as the early colonisation of the lands that became Somalia and populated with western European concepts ill suited to the peoples of those lands. The loss of effective government opened the door to neo colonial issues of illegal fishing and hazardous waste dumping that contributed to the piracy problem. Finely interwoven amongst all these issues runs a thread of international law. This thesis examines that thread as it runs through the concept of state failure and asks if it is a legal term and what legal consequences, if any, are attached to it. It examines the international legal frameworks that support fishing and hazardous waste dumping and seeks to understand why they have not prevented illegal fishing and the illegal dumping of hazardous waste off the coast of Somalia. This thesis then examines the concept of piracy as applied to Somalian pirates and seeks answers to questions as to what it is and how it has been applied. It looks at the use of private security as a response and seeks to find the legitimation for their actions in relation to pirates. Sewn throughout is a comparison of responses and suggestions for improvement to international law.

This thesis has been performed in Gaborone, Botswana, where all interviews and relevant research data collection took place. The main method of data collection was a semi-structured interviews with relevant parties involved in waste management and generation in Gaborone.This work is part of a larger feasibility study called “Gaborone Transfer and Recycling Station (GTARS)”. The main objective is to make waste management in Gaborone more sustainable, taking environmental, social and economic aspects into account. The aim of this master thesis is to investigate the waste flow rates and composition in the capital city of Botswana, Gaborone. Taking this into account, other factors which directly influence waste generation and composition are identified. The findings show that currently in the year 2014, the city of Gaborone is generating about 348 tons of solid waste per day.Further investigation showed that illegal dumping is a prominent practice in Gaborone, mostly due to the long distance to the landfill and generally low environmental awareness amongst the citizens of the city. The waste generation rates are increasing every year, because the city of Gaborone is expanding rapidly and economic conditions facilitate the increasing urbanization rate. The analysis done till the year 2024 indicate that waste amounts might reach up to 433 tons of solid waste generated per day. Waste composition analysis is constrained, because of the limited data sources available on this subject, but the analysis shows that paper, biodegradable waste and plastics are the main fractions found in the municipal waste stream. / Gaborone Transfer and Recycling Station (GTARS)

This study explored whether there is an inherent inequitable nature of the liberalization process with respect to the World Trade Organization Agreements, namely TRIMs (Trade-related Investment Measures), TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) and the Agreement on Agriculture.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-111). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-109).