BakgrundI drygt två år har världen levt och anpassat sig till Covid-19. Ett virus slog ut och skakade om hela det globala samhället på ett sätt som ingen kunde förutse. Myndigheter, regioner och kommuner har genomfört olika insatser sedan pandemin blev allt mer omfattande och folkhälsomyndigheten i Sverige bar det övergripande ansvaret för att skydda befolkningen från smittsamma sjukdomar på ett effektivt sätt (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2021). Inom sjukvården har Covid-19 medfört omställningar iresurser och nya förutsättningar har gjorts för att kunna anpassa sig. Samverkan och förnyelse har varit två ledande begrepp inom hälso- och sjukvården, för att bland annat kunna göra snabba förändringar i organiseringen och arbetssättet. (Skr, 2021). SyfteSyftet med studien är att skapa en tydligare förståelse om hur covid-19 har påverkat och förändrat ledarskapet inom sjukvården. Detta inkluderar hur ledarskapet såg ut innan pandemin samt hur det ser ut just nu. Studien syftar till att bidra med kunskap om hur sjukhusen hanterar en kris och att i förebyggande syfte kunna använda sig av arbetets resultat inför kommande kriser. Metod I studien har en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod i form av intervjuer använts. Syftet och frågeställningarna som studien grundar sig på kräver djupa och utförliga svar från respondenterna och med det förklaras valet av metoden. I jämförelse med kvantitativa undersökningsmetoder som fokuserar på statistiska siffror och förklaringar av det, så fokuserar kvalitativa undersökningsmetoder mer på den sociala verkligheten och dess förståelse (Bryman och Bell, 2017) Resultat/Slutsats En av sakerna som respondenterna hade gemensamt var förmågan att få med sig sina medarbetare i förändringen och engagera dem. Förändringen som skedde i samband med pandemin var ingen självvald förändring utan de var tvungna att anpassa sig och omstrukturera för att sjukhusen skulle kunna ta hand om covidpatienter.Den genomgående förändringen som alla respondenter uppgav under intervjun var den snabba omställningen. / BackgroundFor just over two years, the world has been living and adapting to Covid-19. A virus struck out and shook the entire global community in a way that no one could foresee. Authorities, regions and municipalities have implemented various measures since the pandemic became increasingly extensive and the Public Health Agency of Sweden bore the overall responsibility for protecting the population from infectious diseases in an effective way (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2021). In healthcare, Covid-19 has led to changes in resources and new conditions have been made to be able to adapt. Collaboration and renewal have been two leading concepts in health and medical care, in order to, among other things, be able to make rapid changes in organization and working methods. (Skr, 2021) Purpose The purpose of the study is to create a clearer understanding of how COVID-19 has affected and changed leadership in healthcare. This includes what leadership looked like before the pandemic as well as what it looks like right now. The study aims to contribute with knowledge about how hospitals handle a crisis and to be able to use the results of the work for future crises for preventive purposes. Method In the study, a qualitative survey method in the form of interviews has been used. The purpose and questions on which the study is based require deep and detailed answers from the respondents and this explains the choice of the method. In comparison with quantitative survey methods that focus on statistical figures and explanations of it, qualitative survey methods focus more on social reality and its understanding. (Bryman and Bell, 2017) Results/ Conclusion One of the things the respondents had in common was the ability to bring their employees into the change and engage them. The change that took place in the context of the pandemic was not a self-selected change, but they had to adapt and restructure in order for hospitals to be able to take care of covid patients. The consistent change that all respondents stated during the interview was the rapid change.

In this study, the utilization of palliative care services, acute care services, and location of death for clients who were palliative and receiving services from Champlain Community Care Access Centre (CCAC) in Ontario during their last month of life were investigated. An adaptation of Andersen?s Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization provided context and structure to this study. This is an historical, quantitative descriptive study using chart audits for data collection. The data on CCAC clients who were palliative and who died during the month of July 2009 were tracked during their last month of life. Collection of socio-demographic data, services provided through CCAC, emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and location of death provided the data for this study. The clients who died at home used more CCAC services than those who died at other locations and frequently community palliative care physicians provided their medical care. The findings of this study included: 1) The majority of the clients, who expressed a preference, died in their preferred location. 2) The role of community palliative care physicians was an important component of the services that supported the clients to die in their location of choice. 3) Over 25% of the study sample died in a hospital and the clients used a large number of in-patient hospital days with one quarter of the hospital deaths taking place in an emergency department or an intensive care unit. 4) During the last month of life, 25% of the clients received chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. 5) The clients who died at home used more CCAC services than those who died in other locations and who used institutional resources. The implications for practice, policy, research, and education are discussed.

In this study, the utilization of palliative care services, acute care services, and location of death for clients who were palliative and receiving services from Champlain Community Care Access Centre (CCAC) in Ontario during their last month of life were investigated. An adaptation of Andersen?s Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization provided context and structure to this study. This is an historical, quantitative descriptive study using chart audits for data collection. The data on CCAC clients who were palliative and who died during the month of July 2009 were tracked during their last month of life. Collection of socio-demographic data, services provided through CCAC, emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and location of death provided the data for this study. The clients who died at home used more CCAC services than those who died at other locations and frequently community palliative care physicians provided their medical care. The findings of this study included: 1) The majority of the clients, who expressed a preference, died in their preferred location. 2) The role of community palliative care physicians was an important component of the services that supported the clients to die in their location of choice. 3) Over 25% of the study sample died in a hospital and the clients used a large number of in-patient hospital days with one quarter of the hospital deaths taking place in an emergency department or an intensive care unit. 4) During the last month of life, 25% of the clients received chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. 5) The clients who died at home used more CCAC services than those who died in other locations and who used institutional resources. The implications for practice, policy, research, and education are discussed.

In this study, the utilization of palliative care services, acute care services, and location of death for clients who were palliative and receiving services from Champlain Community Care Access Centre (CCAC) in Ontario during their last month of life were investigated. An adaptation of Andersen?s Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization provided context and structure to this study. This is an historical, quantitative descriptive study using chart audits for data collection. The data on CCAC clients who were palliative and who died during the month of July 2009 were tracked during their last month of life. Collection of socio-demographic data, services provided through CCAC, emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and location of death provided the data for this study. The clients who died at home used more CCAC services than those who died at other locations and frequently community palliative care physicians provided their medical care. The findings of this study included: 1) The majority of the clients, who expressed a preference, died in their preferred location. 2) The role of community palliative care physicians was an important component of the services that supported the clients to die in their location of choice. 3) Over 25% of the study sample died in a hospital and the clients used a large number of in-patient hospital days with one quarter of the hospital deaths taking place in an emergency department or an intensive care unit. 4) During the last month of life, 25% of the clients received chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. 5) The clients who died at home used more CCAC services than those who died in other locations and who used institutional resources. The implications for practice, policy, research, and education are discussed.

The purpose of this investigation was to explore how participants' language use during counseling (overall emotional expression, positive emotional expression, and communal coping, or "we-talk") was associated with superior adjustment, as measured by four psychosocial outcome variables (depression, positive affect, negative affect, and relationship satisfaction); as well as to identify the key concerns of dyads with cancer, how concerns differed by role and sex, and if they were associated with participants' well-being. The present study was a content analysis of the counseling sessions of 43 dyads (N = 86) with breast and prostate cancer. Using a multi-method approach, the audio recordings of 228 counseling sessions were transcribed and analyzed linguistically (quantitatively) and thematically (qualitatively).Results of the linguistic analyses revealed that participant's use of "we-talk" had the most consistent and beneficial effect on outcomes; specifically improved depression, negative affect, and relationship satisfaction. These findings suggest that it might not be as important how much a person expresses themselves emotionally, but rather, whether they have a close relational partner that they see as an instrumental part of their coping process and significantly intertwined in their life, which is reflected in their language use of communal coping.Results of the thematic analyses revealed that survivors' concerns were more focused on cancer and treatment related issues, whereas partners' concerns centered on the well-being of their spouse/partner with cancer, and what they were doing to help their loved one cope with his/her illness. The overarching key concern that was intertwined in participants' discourse was frequent discussion of relationship maintenance, negotiation, and communication issues. In addition, discussion of these concerns showed greatest benefits for women with breast cancer.The findings of this study has implications for counselors and clinicians in that language use and topics discussed during counseling have the potential to increase psychosocial adjustment for dyads coping with cancer. The general discourse of survivors mirrored that of their partners, which indicates that helping to modify or change how one person speaks, has the potential to influence how their partner talks as well; which has implications for the well-being of both dyad members.

The following thesis focuses on the topic of the system of writing "Comenia Script", used by the pupils of the third grade of basic schools. The thesis consists - as usual - of two parts: a theoretical one and a practical one. The theoretical part deals with the school tuition of writing, the differences in the teaching of analytic- synthetic and genetic method, and forming of the individual handwriting. A substantial part focuses on the central theme, the Comenia Script (the circumstances of its origin, its shape characteristics, the course of its experimental testing, and current researches). The next chapter concerns itself with the scales designated for assessment of the writing (Matějček, Zelinková, Veverková). In the practical part we introduce the assessing scale of Jana Veverková (2011), adapted by us. By the means of this scale we were assessing the written expressions of ninety pupils using Comenia Script. At the same time, the pupils were taught by the analytic-synthetic or genetic method of reading and writing tuition, therefore we were able to compare the results also from the point of view of both methods. The aim of this thesis is to describe the typical written expression of a pupil using the Comenia Script and also adapting the Veverková assessment scale (2011), so that it convenes for...

Porovnanie právnej úpravy zabezpečenia v oblasti tehotenstva a materstva v ČR a SR Diplomová práca rozoberá zabezpečenie v tehotenstve a v materstve v dvoch štátoch a to v ČR a SR a následne ho porovnáva. Cieľom tejto diplomovej práce je analyzovať a porovnať súčasnú právnu úpravu zabezpečenia v tehotenstve a materstve z pohľadu práva sociálneho zabezpečenia a s pohľadu pracovného práva v ČR a SR Práca je členená do piatich kapitol. Prvá kapitola popisuje historický vývoj sociálneho zabezpečenia na území ČR a SR so zameraním na zabezpečenie v tehotenstve a materstve. Druhá kapitola nás uvádza do systému sociálneho zabezpečenia stručne definuje jednotlivé systémy, prvky právnych vzťahov a charakterizuje jednotlivé sociálne udalosti ako tehotenstvo, pôrod, materstvo, nezaopatrenosť dieťaťa. Tretia kapitola rozoberá oblasť nemocenského poistenia postupne v ČR a SR. V prvej časti kapitoly popisuje systém nemocenského poistenia v daných krajinách a následne ho porovnáva. Druhá časť kapitoly je venovaná jednotlivým dávkam nemocenského poistenia a ich vzájomnej komparácií. Štvrtá kapitola je zameraná na zabezpečenie v oblasti tehotenstva a materstva v systéme Štátnej sociálnej podpory a porovnaniu jednotlivých dávok, ktorých cieľom je hmotne zabezpečiť rodiny s malými deťmi. Posledná kapitola je venovaná...

OF THE THESIS Name: Mgr. Markéta Šídová Specialization: Adiktologie Head of the thesis: Mgr. Lenka Šťastná, Ph.D. Pages: 145 The name of thesis: Tobacco smoking and motivation to change in relation to pregnancy Abstract: Background: The pregnancy gives the smoking women the opportunity to change their attitude to smoking tobacco. In the Czech Republic is still missing a study describing the motivation to change smoking specifically in connection with pregnancy. Goals: Describe the basic motivation to stop smoking by pregnant women. Methods: Quantitative survey. The questionnaire consists of four sections (anamnesis, gathering information about smoking during pregnancy, motivation to change smoking behaviour, Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence). Motivation section is inspired by Reasons for Quiting Scale (RFQ). Evaluation using the descriptive statistics and non-parametric statistical tests. File: The study analyses two sets of pregnant women - electronic (collection via web form, N = 96) and clinical (collection from the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1st Faculty of Medicine and VFN, N = 40). The files are divided into 4 subgroups according to the current smoking behaviour. Results: Most women in both groups do not smoke and have never smoked or stopped in connection with pregnancy....

This study was focused on cattle body orientation in a new pasture environment. Environmental conditions that could affect orientation were also evaluated. Data were collected by direct observation of three groups of cattle for three days from 7:00 to 19:00 each hour. Photographs of individuals were taken and the direction to north was determined using a compass. Simultaneously, meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and velocity, precipitation) were also recorded each hour.

O peso ao nascimento é, atualmente, reconhecido como um dos mais importantes parâmetros relacionado à morbi-mortalidade perinatal, infantil e da vida adulta. Constitui um complexo processo resultante de uma série de fatores de origem biológica, social e ambiental, com repercussões em curto prazo, já que é capaz de determinar a probabilidade de um recém-nascido de sobreviver ao período neonatal e também de longo prazo, uma vez que o baixo peso correlaciona-se a doenças crônicas na vida adulta, como diabetes, hipertensão arterial e obesidade. Este estudo objetivou identificar as seguintes variáveis relacionadas à gestação: idade materna; escolaridade; desejo da gravidez; paridade; acompanhamento pré-natal (incluindo período de início e número de consultas); morbidades associadas; ganho ponderal e tabagismo, além do tipo de parto e sexo das crianças e verificar suas relações com a incidência de baixo peso ao nascimento. Foram incluídas no estudo todas as crianças menores de um ano de idade matriculadas no Centro de Saúde Escola do Butantã no período de 02 de janeiro a 28 de dezembro de 2007. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa explicativa com estudo do tipo transversal. Na análise estatística dos dados, foi utilizado o programa SPSS versão 16.0. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio da técnica da Regressão Logística, para compor um modelo preditivo de risco de baixo peso. A análise bivariada através dos testes de Qui-Quadrado e Mann Whitney foi empregada previamente para selecionar as variáveis de composição do modelo para o tratamento estatístico final; para esta seleção o nível de significância foi fixado em 0,20. A casuística estudada foi composta de 383 crianças com menos de 11 meses completos. Destas, observou-se que 24 crianças (6,3%) apresentaram peso ao nascimento inferior a 2500 g. As seguintes variáveis foram significativamente relacionadas a baixo peso ao nascer: número de consultas pré-natal, tabagismo na gravidez, ganho de peso na gestação e hipertensão arterial. Com base nestes dados e utilizando a Técnica da Regressão Logística, compôs-se um modelo preditivo para baixo peso. Como exemplo: uma mãe que realizou até 5 consultas de pré-natal , que fumou na gravidez, ganhou menos de 8 kg na gestação e é hipertensa tem uma probabilidade de ocorrência de um filho com baixo peso de 87,8%. A identificação dos fatores de risco para baixo peso ao nascer pretende ensejar a implementação de ações voltadas à profilaxia de tais eventos no que se refere às condições maternas e ao desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção e controle de doenças futuras ao nível de serviços de assistência à saúde no tocante às crianças de risco. / Birth weight is recognized as one of the most important parameters related to perinatal, child and adult morbimortality nowadays. It is a complex process in which there are many biological, social and environmental factors involved. Birth weight is able to determine a newborns surviving probability in neonatal period. Low birth weight is correlated to chronic diseases in adulthood, such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity. This study aimed to identify the following variables related to pregnancy: maternal age, education, desire to get pregnant, parity, prenatal care (including time of onset and number of consultations); associated morbidity, weight gain and smoking, besides the type of delivery and sex of the children. We studied their relationship with the incidence of low birth weight. All the children under one year of age who were attended in the Health Center School of Butantã since January 02 to December, 28, 2007 were included in the study. Statistical software SPSS version 16.0 was used for data analysis. Logistic Regression technique was also used to compose a predictive risk model of low birth weight . The sample was composed by 382 children under 11 months. Of these, we observed that 24 children (6.3%) had birth weight less than 2500g. Chi Square and Mann Whitney tests were used to select the variables that composed the analysis, to which level of significance was set at 0.20. The following variables were significantly related to low birth weight in both tests: number of prenatal visits, smoking, weight gain during pregnancy and hypertension. Based on these results and using the technique of Logistic Regression, a predictive model for low birth weight was composed. For example: in a mother who held up to 5 pre-natal consultations, who smoked during pregnancy, won less than 8 kg during pregnancy and was hypertensive, the probability of a child with low weight was 87.8%. The identification of risk factors for low birth weight is very important to determine health and public actions directed to improve maternal conditions and, to children at risk,to reduce the morbidity rates related to low birth weight.