Boas alternativas nas escolhas de materiais construtivos em um projeto arquitetônico possibilitam de forma mais assertiva os aspectos de conforto térmico em habitações de interesse social. A existência de normas que determinem alguns parâmetros de conforto térmico não significa que a unidade habitacional esteja dentro dos parâmetros ideais, já que dependem de bons projetos, correta execução da obra e estarem adequadas às restrições econômicas dos usuários. Esta pesquisa teve como motivação revelar as reclamações dos usuários referentes ao conforto térmico no interior das unidades habitacionais do BNH de Santos, construído em 1969, identificando quais eram os principais problemas térmicos ocorridos nestas unidades habitacionais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar se os usuários encontram-se dentro dos padrões de conforto térmico estabelecidos por normas existentes e recomendar possíveis soluções que colaborem para que os apartamentos estejam dentro dos parâmetros de conforto térmico adequados. Através de relatos dos usuários, foi proposta uma medição no local cuja finalidade era identificar se havia compatibilidade entre os resultados obtidos na APO aplicada com os resultados medidos e identificar se estas compatibilidades aplicavam-se as normas de conforto térmico existentes. Simulações no software energyplus foram realizadas com a finalidade de propor melhorias projetuais nos apartamentos que estivessem em desconforto térmico. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos usuários entende que, ao longo do ano, os apartamentos possuem temperaturas elevadas, gerando desconforto térmico. Estes desconfortos ocorrem possivelmente à ocupação de cada apartamento, além da influência da radiação solar direta que cada apartamento recebe ao longo do dia. / The current wide range of alternatives in building materials makes it possible for architects to have greater control over aspects affecting thermal comfort in their designs for social dwelling. The existence of rules governing thermal comfort parameters does not mean that dwelling units are always constructed within the optimal parameters, as this depends on the quality of projects, the correct execution of construction work, and the economic constraints of users. This study was motivated by user complaints relating to thermal comfort inside the BNH Santos dwelling units, which were built in 1969. These complaints identify the main thermal problems occurring in the dwellings units. The objective of this research is to verify whether users live within the existing standards for thermal comfort, and to recommend possible solutions so that the apartments can all be within proper thermal comfort parameters. Based on reports from users, measurements were taken on site to determine whether there was compatibility between the results obtained in the POE and the measured results, and to identify whether any compatibilities applied to existing standards of thermal comfort. Energyplus software simulations were carried out, in order to determine proposed improvements to apartments whose inhabitants were experiencing thermal discomfort. The results show that most users understand that, during the year, the apartments have high temperatures that generate thermal discomfort. This discomfort may occur as a result of the occupation of each apartment, and may go beyond the influence of the direct sunlight that each apartment receives throughout the day.

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Surface mucus of a freshwater fish, Alburnus alburnus (bleak), caught from Lake Mogan, situated in south of Ankara, was collected in different seasons. The total cultivable bacteria were enumerated by spread plate method on nine different media. Bacteria were isolated based on colony morphologies and pigmentation. A total of sixty bacterial isolates obtained. The mucus-dwelling bacteria were first tested for resistance against ampicillin and kanamycin / then streptomycin and chloramphenicol were added to the experimental set up. The resistance levels of isolates were determined in terms of four antibiotics by tube dilution method. About 90% of the isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, about 84% to kanamycin, about 88% to streptomycin and about 98% to ampicillin. These high levels of antibiotic resistance are rather interesting from a standpoint that the lake has no record of antibiotics exposure of any sort. The plasmid isolations were carried out to determine if the multiple antibiotic resistance could be attributed to plasmids for starting assumption. But we found no direct relationship between the presence of plasmids and multiple antibiotic resistance. Our study indicated that multiple antibiotic resistance at high levels is among the current phenotypes of the fish mucus-dwelling bacterial populations in Lake Mogan.

The mucus-dwelling bacteria previously isolated from the surface of a freshwater fish species (Alburnus alburnus from Lake Mogan, Ankara), were studied to discover their cobalt resistance. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for a total of thirty six bacterial isolates. The results of the resistance studies led us to design experiments on adaptation to cobalt and subsequent memory retention. Three selected isolates were exposed to an inhibitory cobalt concentration as a mixed culture and individually. The delayed formation of colonies along with competitive exclusion of one of the isolates in the mixed culture were recorded. The delay for colony formation was followed up for liquid culture conditions. After some of our isolates acclimated to cobalt and started to exhibit constant time of growth period, it is assumed that they were adapted. We regarded adaptation as a result of memory formation. Next, we did a further study to find out how long this memory could be retained via serial multiple passages in cobalt free medium. We expressed our observations quantitatively by measuring the growth by using spectrophotometer and by performing viable counts. Interestingly, where there was a high CFU, the photometric values were very low. We interpreted the finding such that the presence of cobalt above tolerance limits were causing size reduction in the cells. So that their presence was underestimated by optic devices in visible range. Our study hinted that freshwater bacteria was adapting cobalt in a memory based mechanism and able to retain this memory for some time.

Analizuojamas nekilnojamojo turto rinkos formavimasis, gyvenamojo fondo formos (privati ar valstybinė)kitimo tendencijos nuo nepriklausomybės paskelbimo 1990, pateikiami duomenys apie socialinį būstą, teikiamus lengvatinius kreditus, Šiaulių miesto nekilnojamojo turto situacija, demografinė padėtis. / In the final work I analyse the formation of the real estate market, list the records of the housing stock forms in Lithuania (private or owned by government), it‘s changing from 1990‘s when Lithuania became independent, give the reasons of it, the real market dynamics and what made the prices rise up so high. Also analyse how the average useful floor space for one person (m2 ) from 1995 to 2005 changes, the dwelling types, housing provision and the development of financing facilities. Give the facts about the social accommodation, the terms of getting it and the Government lending. Also the information is collected about the demographic situation in Siauliai city, housing fund and the development of new buildings.

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Miljonprogrammet syftar till bostadsbyggandet i Sverige mellan åren 1965 – 1974 där drygten miljon bostäder upprättades, varav majoriteten var flerbostadsfastigheter. Vid upprättandetav miljonprogrammets bostäder prövades nya arbetsmetoder och inga krav ställdes påenergiförbrukning. Idag är dessa flerbostadsfastigheter eftertraktade investeringsobjekt, mende är samtidigt i behov av teknisk upprustning. I samband med detta finns det forskare somhävdar att energieffektiviserande åtgärder bör utföras. Dock påpekar en del fastighetsbolag attde avstår från att utföra energieffektiviserande investeringar då det är svårt att göra dessalönsamma. För att utröna lönsamheten i en investering utförs investeringskalkyler, vilkavanligen utgör en del av ett beslutsunderlag. Energieffektiviserande investeringar innehållerdock osäkerheter vilket gör de svåra att beräkna på ett vis så att kalkylens utfall ligger nära detverkliga utfallet. Denna studie undersöker därför vilken roll investeringskalkylen har förbeslutsfattare vid investering i energieffektiviserande åtgärder av flerbostadsfastigheter frånmiljonprogrammet. För att undersöka detta fenomen har teori gällande investeringskalkylersanvändning som beslutsunderlag tagits fram. Teoretiskt har det även påvisats att andrafaktorer såsom erfarenhet, strategi och intuition påverkar investeringsbeslut, och då det finnsosäkerheter vid investeringsbeslutet kan dessa övriga faktorer användas mer eller mindre. Detbidrar till att investeringskalkylens roll vid beslut påverkas. Empiriskt har vi använt enkvalitativ metod där intervjuer har utförts med fyra fastighetsbolag. Telefonintervjuer ochpersonliga möten har tillämpats. Fastighetsbolagen har valts utifrån ett minimikrav gällandeden andel fastigheter från miljonprogrammet de besitter.I studien har det framkommit att investeringskalkyler alltid finns med som en del av ettbeslutsunderlag vid investering i energieffektiviserande åtgärder. På grund av osäkerheterbehöver kalkylerna dock kompletteras med övriga faktorer såsom erfarenhet, strategi ochkompetens. Dessa övriga faktorer möjliggör en mer precis kalkyl, men visar även påmervärdet av en investering. Teoretiskt har intuition påvisats vara relevant vidinvesteringsbeslut, emellertid har denna faktor inte framkommit som relevant i vår kontext. / Between the years 1965-1974 over a million residences were built in Sweden, this is referredto as the Million Programme. The majority of the buildings that were established during theMillion Programme were so called multidwelling units (MDUs). When establishing thebuildings of the Million Programme new construction methods were tested and there were norequirements regarding energy consumption. Today these MDUs are coveted investmentobjects, but they are still in need of refurbishment. Some researchers point out that energyefficient actions should be implemented in conjunction with this. However, some real estatecompanies argue they refrain from implementing energy efficient investments since they aredifficult to make profitable. Investment calculations are made to determine the profitability ofan investment, these calculations are usually used as a basis of a decision. Energy efficientinvestments, however, contains uncertainties and because of this they are hard to calculateclose to actual outcome. Therefore this study examines the role of the investment calculationfor decision makers while investing in energy efficiency in the Million Programmes MDUs.To examine this phenomenon theory regarding investment calculations as a basis for decisionmaking has been gathered. It has also been shown theoretically that other factors such asstrategy, experience and intuition affect decisions. When an investment contains uncertaintiesthese factors can be used more or less. This affect the investment calculations role in thedecision. Empirically we have been using a qualitative approach. Interviews by telephone andpersonal meetings have been made with four real estate companies. The real estate companiesthat have been examined possess a certain proportion of MDUs from the Million Programmein their property portfolio.The study has shown that the investment calculation always is a part of a decision regardinginvestments in energy efficiency. Due to uncertainties investment calculations however needto be supplemented with other factors such as experience, strategy and competence. Theseother factors enables an investment calculation that is more precise estimated, but they canalso show the added value an investment in energy efficiency may result in. Theoreticallyintuition has been proved to be relevant in investment decisions, however this factor has notbeen emerged as relevant in our empirical context.

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