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Foi construído um Laser de Corante em Anel bombeado por um laser de Argônio. Um sistema passivo de estabilização eletrônica permite a varredura sem saltos de modo, mas não reduz a largura de linha efetiva (40 MHz) devida a vibrações e flutuações na espessura do jato de corante. Um sistema ativo de estabilização está sendo implantado com a finalidade de reduzir a largura de linha obtida de pelo menos uma ordem de grandeza e aumentar a estabilidade em freqüência. A potência monomodo obtida com Rhodamina 6G é de 500 mW para 4W de bombeio. / An Argon pumped Ring Dye Laser was built. A passive stabilization system prevents mode hops during scans, but does not reduce the effective laser emission bandwidth (40 MHz) due to mechanical and acoustical jitter. An active stabilization system is being implemented to reduce the bandwidth to at least 4 MHz and to improve the frequency stability. The single mode output power obtained with Rhodamine 6G is about 500 mW to 4W pumping.

Foi construído um Laser de Corante em Anel bombeado por um laser de Argônio. Um sistema passivo de estabilização eletrônica permite a varredura sem saltos de modo, mas não reduz a largura de linha efetiva (40 MHz) devida a vibrações e flutuações na espessura do jato de corante. Um sistema ativo de estabilização está sendo implantado com a finalidade de reduzir a largura de linha obtida de pelo menos uma ordem de grandeza e aumentar a estabilidade em freqüência. A potência monomodo obtida com Rhodamina 6G é de 500 mW para 4W de bombeio. / An Argon pumped Ring Dye Laser was built. A passive stabilization system prevents mode hops during scans, but does not reduce the effective laser emission bandwidth (40 MHz) due to mechanical and acoustical jitter. An active stabilization system is being implemented to reduce the bandwidth to at least 4 MHz and to improve the frequency stability. The single mode output power obtained with Rhodamine 6G is about 500 mW to 4W pumping.

With the increasing production of natural gas as a result of the advancement in the technology, methane conversion to more valuable products has become a must. One of the most attractive processes which allow the utilization of the world’s most abundant hydrocarbon is the oxidative coupling. The main advantage of this process is the ability of converting methane into higher paraffins and olefins (primarily C2) in a direct way using a single reactor. Nevertheless, low C2+ yields have prevented the process to be commercialized despite the fact that great number of attempts to prepare catalysts were conducted so that it can be economically viable. Due to these limitations, understanding the mechanism and kinetics of the reaction can be utilized in improving the catalysts’ performance. The reaction involves the formation of methyl radicals that undergo gas-phase radical reactions. CH4 activation is believed to be done the surface oxygen species. However, recent studies showed that, in addition to the surface oxygen mediated pathway, an OH radical mediated pathway have a large contribution on the CH4 activation. The experiments of Li/MgO, Sr/La2O3 and NaWO4/SiO2 catalysts revealed variation of behavior in activity and selectivity. In addition, water effect analysis showed that Li/MgO deactivate at the presence of water due to sintering phenomena and the loss of active sites. On the other hand, negative effect on the C2 yield and CH4 conversion rate was observed with Sr/La2O3 with increasing the water partial pressure. Na2WO4/SiO2 showed a positive behavior with water in terms of CH4 conversion and C2 yield. In addition, the increment in CH4 conversion rate was found to be proportional with PO2 ¼ PH2O ½ which is consistent with the formation of OH radicals and the OH-mediated pathway. Experiments of using ring-dye laser, which is used to detect OH in combustion experiments, were tried in order to detect OH radicals in the gas-phase of the catalyst. Nevertheless, noisy signals were obtained that prevented the ability of detecting OH at the expected few ppms concentrations. Further optimization of the experimental setup is required.

Copper vapour laser (CVL) pumped high repetition rate narrow bandwidth dye laser is an important source of tunable radiation. It finds numerous applications in spectroscopic investigations and selective material processing like atomic vapour laser isotope separation (AVLIS). Being wavelength selective in these applications stability of the output wavelength and bandwidth are extremely important. The stability of these parameters depend upon the refractive index fluctuation of the dye medium, due to pump beam induced temperature gradients, dye solution flow, and mechanical stability of optical components. Precise measurement of wavelength and bandwidth of a dye laser and control over parameters governing the variations are important for any stable dye laser system. In this thesis, details of investigations carried out on a Rhodamine 6G dye laser for obtaining stable wavelength and output power are presented. Parameters that affect the stability were identified, monitored and put on close loop control to achieve the desired stability. Pump beam i.e. CVL optical power, dye flow rate and dye solution temperature are mainly these parameters. CVL power is mainly a function of input electrical power and pressure of the buffer gas inside the tube. To monitor and regulate these parameters, different sensors and actuators were selected and interfaced with a master slave topology based data acquisition and control system. The DAQ and control system is designed around a micro controller card based on advanced CPU P80552 and has on chip 8 channel 10 bit multiplexed analog input, 16 TTL digital inputs and 16 digital outputs. It works as slave and PC as master. Following closed loops were designed and incorporated to maintain a stable output: a. Average output of CVL was maintained constant by regulating the electric input power through closed loop control. b. The buffer gas pressure was monitored with a semiconductor pressure sensor and was regulated using pulse width modulation. c. Temperature of the dye solution was monitored with PT100 and was controlled using proportional controller. d. Flow rate of dye solution was controlled using a variable frequency drive (VFD) for the dye circulation pump. e. The dye laser wavelength was monitored by using a high resolution spectrograph and pixel position of the peak from CCD image obtained from spectrograph is used for feedback correction using a pico motor. In the present work with application of the above-mentioned input power and pressure loops, a stable output of CVL, is achieved. Variations in power and pulse width of CVL are got limited to within 2%, from 10% when CVL system was working unregulated. This control system does the line regulations and corrects the input electrical power if variations in discharge current occur due to pressure variation. Every dye cell has limits on flow rate because of its geometry. With flow and temperature control dye cell was characterized to work with lower linewidth. VFD (variable frequency drive) is used for flow regulation. Finally active control on set wavelength was also achieved with resolution of 0.01nm accuracy. Measurement of wavelength was done with 0.3 m, 0.054 nm resolution spectrograph. Closed loop pico motor with 30 nm per step linear resolution was used for wavelength control. The thesis is organized in four chapters. First chapter presents a brief introduction to high repetition rate CVL pumped dye laser, operation of a CVL and parameters affecting the dye laser stability and their control schemes. Literature survey in this chapter is focused on different control mechanisms used with such lasers. Second chapter describes the laser system and interfacing of data acquisition system used for experimental setup. Closed loop controls for different parameters are described in this chapter. It also describes the software algorithms developed for this work. Third chapter presents experimental results and analysis with discussion on performance of the control loops. Finally the conclusion is given and few suggestions are made for further work.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2407959 bytes, checksum: db27c0e32c73a0b37eaa484bdc506772 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The approach of this thesis is study the laser emission from highly scattering media with gain with incoherent feedback. These systems are called of random lasers and diverge from the typical laser, because they can emit monochrome light with high intensity without a cavity. We detail several experimental studies in samples containing different rhodamines in solution containing TiO2 nanoparticles, which provide the feedback to lasing. The nanoparticles densities were chosen for random laser system remains in a diffusive regime. In this regime, the probability of the photon return to the starting point of incidence is unlikely; therefore the interference effects of waves associated to the photons can be neglected and the feedback is incoherent. We study de dependence of random laser threshold on both dye concentration C and scatterers density N. We showed that the dependence of random laser threshold on the nanoparticles density is a power law N-α, but the exponent α depends on the dye concentration. We used the novel random laser spectroscopy technique to study de binding energy between molecules in the dimers, our results agree very well with those found by other authors who used traditional methods. We also showed, by the first time, the random laser emission from aqueous solution containing rhodamines 6G and TiO2 nanoparticles, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) was added to dissolve the dye aggregates. / A emissão de luz tipo laser a partir de meios altamente espalhadores com ganho com realimentação incoerente é a abordagem desta tese. Estes meios são altamente desordenados e divergem do conceito tradicional do laser convencional, pois eles podem emitir luz muito intensa e monocromática sem a necessidade de uma cavidade. Ao longo dessa tese, detalhamos diversos estudos experimentais onde temos usado diversos corantes lasers da família das rodaminas em solução, às soluções temos adicionado nanopartículas de TiO2, tais nanopartículas realizam o papel de meio espalhador. O regime de espalhamento nesse sistema é difusivo pelo que a probabilidade do fóton confinado retornar ao ponto inicial de incidência é pouco provável, por tanto qualquer efeito de interferência das ondas associadas aos fótons podem ser negligenciadas. No capítulo 1 é feita uma apresentação rápida dos conceitos fundamentais sobre lasers e detalhando a física dos lasers de corante, logo falamos sobre o processo de espalhamento múltiplo de fótons. Iniciamos o capítulo 2 fazendo uma revisão histórica do laser aleatório com realimentação incoerente e discutimos alguns mecanismos que podem estar envolvidos no processo de geração de luz com características laser. No capítulo 4 apresentamos resultados de um estudo meticuloso sobre o limiar em lasers aleatórios considerando a influência tanto da densidade de espalhadores como da concentração de corante O capítulo 5 é dedicado ao estudo da influencia da agregação molecular e da emissão bicromática nas propriedades da emissão de um laser aleatório quando a concentração do meio de ganho é relativamente alta. No capítulo 6 apresentamos um novo método baseado na emissão de sistemas laser aleatório para determinar a energia de ligação entre moléculas individuais que se juntaram para formar agregados. Essa agregação sempre acontece entre as de moléculas de corante em solução, formando assim dímeros, trímeros, etc. Em primeira aproximação podemos falar de dimerização que é a formação de unicamente dímeros no processo global da agregação. Para descrever teoricamente essa nova técnica, utilizamos um modelo excitônico baseado na teoria quântica que explica como devido á dimerização a banda de absorção do monômero se desdobra em duas novas bandas: uma a altas energias (banda H) e outra a baixas energias (banda J). Os nossos resultados concordam muito bem com aqueles obtidos através de técnicas de absorção que são um tanto mais complicadas de se realizar experimentalmente. Usando nossa técnica determinamos a energia de ligação entre dímeros formados em diversos tipos de corantes da família das rodaminas. Finalmente, no capítulo 7 mostramos que possível se obter um laser aleatório com alta eficiência a partir de soluções aquosas contendo rodamina 6G. Nós adicionamos Dodecil Sulfato de Sódio (SDS, sigla em inglês), um surfactante aniônico, a uma solução de rodamina 6G (catiônica). Ambos os componentes foram preparados em diferentes concentrações. A ação do SDS sobre a rodamina 6G é inibir a agregação molecular e reorientar as moléculas agregadas remanescentes na solução a fim de formar agregados fluorescentes. Mostramos também que a eficiência deste tipo de sistemas atinge seu máximo para concentrações pouco acima da concentração micelar critica do SDS.

No description available.

L’objectif de ce travail porte sur l’étude et la réalisation de résonateurs optiques à état liquide en microfluidique digitale. Les gouttes sphériques constituent des résonateurs à mode de galerie, dans lesquels la lumière peut être piégée par réflexion totale interne. A l’échelle microscopique, elles exhibent des propriétés optiques remarquables. Leurs facteurs de qualité très élevés en font notamment des objets propices à l’étude de phénomènes optiques non linéaires, tel l’effet laser, et leur confèrent un potentiel certain en spectroscopie. Par ailleurs, la microfluidique digitale, qui a trait aux systèmes multiphasiques dans des microcanaux artificiels, offre une grande liberté de manipulation des microgouttes : génération au kHz, transport, encapsulation, fusion, division, stockage, triage… Aussi, pour les laboratoires-sur-puce, le développement de ces microgouttes en cavités résonantes constitue une opportunité d’intégrer des outils d’analyse optique capables de sonder des échantillons allant du picolitre au nanolitre.Après un exposé des propriétés optiques des résonateurs à modes de galerie, ce mémoire rapporte les travaux réalisés. Une présentation des méthodes de microfabrication et du montage expérimental précède l’étude de la génération de cavités optiques liquides en dynamique. Ces cavités résonantes sont ensuite appliquées aux sources lasers microfluidiques. En particulier, un effet laser a été mis en évidence dans des microgouttes sphériques d’éthylène glycol contenant de la rhodamine 6G. Enfin, une ouverture sur des systèmes couplant microgouttes et cavités Fabry-Perot présente d’autres perspectives telles que l’analyse de gouttes passives en intravité laser ou bien la commutation rapide de la longueur d’onde d’émission de lasers microfluidiques monomodes. / The purpose of this work is to study and realize liquid state optical resonators in digital microfluidics. Spherical droplets may behave as whispering gallery mode resonators, in which light is trapped by total internal reflections. At the microscopic scale, they exhibit outstanding optical properties. Their high quality factors make them attractive for studying non-linear optical phenomena, such as lasing, and for spectroscopy. In another field of research, digital microfluidics, that deals with multiphase fluid systems in artificial microchannels, also involves microdroplets. It offers a high degree of freedom in handling microdroplets: kHz generation, transport, encapsulation, fusion, division, stockpiling, sorting… Therefore, in lab-on-chip systems, turning microdroplets into resonant microcavities constitutes an opportunity for integrating optical analysis tools that can probe picoliter to nanoliter samples.After a review of the optical properties of whispering gallery mode resonators, this thesis reports the experimental results. A presentation of the methods of microfabrication and of the experimental bench top precedes the study of the dynamic generation of liquid optical microcavities. Then, these resonant cavities are applied to microfluidic laser sources. In particular, lasing effect has been demonstrated in spherical microdroplets of ethylene glycol and rhodamine 6G. Finally, an opening towards systems that combine microdroplets and Fabry-Perot cavities presents other perspectives such as the analysis of passive droplets in laser intacavity or the capability of fast switching the output wavelength of single mode microfluidic dye lasers.