Muscle dysmorphia is an obsessive-compulsive disorder subcategorized as a body dysmorphic disorder. Studies in Latin America have assessed the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders and gym users. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology (MDS) and associated factors in university male students in Lima, Peru. The participants (N = 618) had an average age of 21.0 years (DS = 2.3). We assessed MDS through the Muscular Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) and obsessive-compulsive disorders through the Yale-Brown Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorders (BDD-YBOCS). We also tested participants on their food consumption and physical activity (PA) frequency. The prevalence of MDS was 1.3% (IC 95% = 0.4-2.2%) . associated with factors such as intense PA defined as more than five hours per week (PRa = 9.5; 95% CI = 1.1-84.4) and a hyperproteic diet (PRa = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.1-1.6). Thirty-two percent of participants consumed protein supplements. Muscle dysmorphia is a disorder present in the general population. However, more research must be done to understand how this is an emerging problem in Latin America. Therefore, to influence its prevention and early identification among the university population, it is necessary to deepen the understanding. / Muscle dysmorphia is an obsessive-compulsive disorder subcategorized as a body dysmorphic disorder. Studies in Latin America have assessed the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders and gym users. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology (MDS) and associated factors in university male students in Lima, Peru. The participants (N = 618) had an average age of 21.0 years (DS = 2.3). We assessed MDS through the Muscular Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) and obsessive-compulsive disorders through the Yale-Brown Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorders (BDD-YBOCS). We also tested participants on their food consumption and physical activity (PA) frequency. The prevalence of MDS was 1.3% (IC 95% = 0.4-2.2%) . associated with factors such as intense PA defined as more than five hours per week (PRa = 9.5; 95% CI = 1.1-84.4) and a hyperproteic diet (PRa = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.1-1.6). Thirty-two percent of participants consumed protein supplements. Muscle dysmorphia is a disorder present in the general population. However, more research must be done to understand how this is an emerging problem in Latin America. Therefore, to influence its prevention and early identification among the university population, it is necessary to deepen the understanding.

Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Sylvania Ann Jones has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Anthony Perry, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Stephen Burgess, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. James Carroll, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2017 Factors Related to Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomology in Adolescent Males by Sylvania Ann Jones BS, Wayland Baptist University 1999 MA, Wayland Baptist University 2009 MA, Webster University 2006 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Walden University December 2016 The prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomology in adolescent males continues to increase, and yet remains under diagnosed in adolescents, supporting the need for a study to increase the understanding of the factors related to muscle dysmorphia symptomology. The purpose of this quantitative survey research study was to determine variables that predict the muscle dysmorphia symptomology in a nonclinical sample of high school adolescent males. The psycho-behavioral model of muscle dysmorphia was used as the conceptual model to explain the psychological factors such as self-esteem and body dissatisfaction and behavioral factors such as bodybuilding dependence that were hypothesized to be related to muscle dysmorphia. Quantitative surveys included the Body Dysmorphic Examination Self Report, Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Body Building Dependence Scale and a researcher-developed demographic survey. The study participants included a sample of 97 high school males. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relative strength of the variables in predicting muscle dysmorphia. The results showed that there were several significant predictors of muscle dysmorphia symptomology including race/ethnicity, level of body dissatisfaction, and body building dependence. Sexual orientation and self-esteem were not significant predictors of muscle symptomology. The current study filled the gap in the literature regarding factors that predict muscle dysmorphia among adolescent males. This information supports the development of professional practice and psychoeducational programs designed to assist adolescent males with muscle dysmorphia. This study benefits this cohort by presenting awareness of muscle dysmorphia.

The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between critical comments that men can recall others making about their bodies and their current level of Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) symptomotology. Participants (N = 118) were recruited via study board from a mid-Western university with a population of 20,674 students. The hypothesis of the current study was that men who can recall critical comments about their bodies will report more MD symptomotology than those who remembered no such comments. In addition, it was expected that out of those who recall critical comments, the more severe or threatening they remember the comment being, the more MD symptomotology they will report. In this study it was also expected that men who associate more negative emotions with the comment will have higher levels of reported MD symptomotology. To evaluate the first hypothesis, an independent samples (-test was used. Results did not support this hypothesis, and no significant differences were found on MD symptoms between participants who recalled comments about their bodies and those who did not recall such comments. These results are not consistent with previous research that was conducted on women with eating disorders which found that female athletes with disordered eating habits were more likely to recall critical comments made about their bodies than women without disordered eating habits. Results supported the second and third hypotheses. Correlational analyses were conducted to determine if there was a relationship between how threatened a participant reported being from the critical comment made about his body and his current level of MD symptomotology. A significant correlation was found. A correlational analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between associating negative emotions with the critical comment and having higher levels of MD symptomotology. The participants in the study were asked to name who made the comment about their bodies. The most commonly named person was a friend, followed by a coach, and then a girlfriend. Additional tests showed that there was no significant correlation between how long ago the comment occurred and participants' levels of MD symptoms. However, there was a significant relationship between how well a person remembered the comment and his current level of MD symptomotology. Results from this study extend on what is known about MD and the effects of criticism. Although there was no significant relationship between one's ability to recall critical comments made about his body and his current level of MD symptomotology, there was a significant relationship between finding the comment threatening and associating negative emotions with the comment, if one was reported, and one's current level of MD symptomotology. One limitation of the study is that all of the data was gathered via self-report measures. Data may have been affected by poor recall by the participants as well as denial of symptoms. Also, all of the participants attended Western Kentucky University. There was little diversity in regards to age and race.

Reflections is a dance I choreographed and performed on February 25, 2022 in studio 205 Campus Center Building at East Tennessee State University. The dance explores the relationship between a dancer’s mind and body and uses mirrors and repetition to express the dancers’ perception of their flaws and insecurities. The following thesis, Reflections: Battling Body Image as a Dancer, analyzes the artistic elements of the choreographic process, my experiences as a dance student at ETSU from 2018-2022, as well as my training in my youth. My research for this thesis involves exploring the history and craft of choreography including the fundamentals of Laban Movement Analysis. In addition, my research includes a survey concerning body dysmorphia in dancers. In theory and practice, I accepted the challenge of stepping outside my comfort zone to create an emotional and physical dance composition that serves to demonstrate a dancer fighting a battle with body image.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THIAGO CAMARGO IWAMOTO.pdf: 1672237 bytes, checksum: a42791a8d72c63bfcd6d5e91ab949930 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-14 / The present study aims to investigate the dependence of physical exercise and musculardysmorphia symptoms in individuals practicing physical activity in the gym environment,analyzing the topography of behaviors during physical activity. The data were obtained byapplying the Dependency Scale Physical Exercises, Muscle dysmorphia inventory, and directobservation of behavior during physical activity. The sample included nine participants, allteachers of Physical Education, separated into two groups defined as PréQuest and PósQuest.Despite this separation, found through analysis of the scale and inventory, there is nosignificant difference between groups. A relationship between the responses of forms andtopography of behaviors during practice was found, indicating that the higher the level ofexercise dependence and symptomatic level of muscular dysmorphia, the greater theoccurrence of behaviors with aesthetic purpose. The media, in this context, has beenmediating, creative, reinforcing and normalizing a body ideal. Those who do not fit the bodysaid " perfect," and collected feel dissatisfied. With the changes in the media, economic andother social fields instances, the cult of the body has gained more space, so it has never beenhandled, used, and disposed of as set in the twenty-first century, leading people to relentlessand endless worry and search for the "perfect" stereotype that society has built. Thus, it hasbeen common practice too much physical exercise , drastic changes in diet and use of variousmedia immediacy of body modification, enabling the development of psychological disorderssuch as muscle dysmorphia. / O presente estudo pretende investigar a dependência de exercícios físicos e sintomas de Dismorfia Muscular em indivíduos praticantes de atividade física no ambiente de academia, analisando a topografia de comportamentos durante a prática de atividade física. Os dados foram obtidos através da aplicação da Escala de Dependência de Exercícios Físicos, Inventário de Dismorfia Muscular, e observação direta dos comportamentos durante a prática de atividade física. A amostra contemplou nove participantes, todos são professores de Educação Física, separados em dois grupos definidos como PréQuest e PósQuest. Apesar desta separação, não se verificou, através das análises da escala e inventário, nenhuma diferença significativa entre os grupos. Foi encontrada uma relação entre as respostas dos formulários e a topografia dos comportamentos durante a prática, indicando que quanto mais alto o nível dedependência de exercícios e nível sintomático de Dismorfia Muscular, maiores serão a ocorrências de comportamentos com finalidade estética. A mídia, nesse âmbito, tem sido mediadora, criadora, reforçadora e padronizadora de um ideal de corpo. Aqueles que não se encaixam no corpo dito perfeito , sentem-se cobrados e insatisfeitos. Com as mudanças nos campos midiático, econômico e outras instâncias sociais, o culto ao corpo tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço, desta forma o mesmo nunca foi tão tratado, usado, ajustado e descartado como no século XXI, levando as pessoas a uma incansável e infindável preocupação e busca pelo estereótipo perfeito que a sociedade tem construído. Desta forma, tem sido comum a prática demasiada de exercício físico, modificações drásticas na dieta alimentar e utilização de diversos meios imediatistas de alteração corporal, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de transtornos psicológicos, tal como a Dismorfia Muscular.

This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted to assess the presence of muscle dysmorphia (MD) and a drive for muscularity (DFM) in 1,039 personal trainers using the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI) and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS). Muscle dysmorphia is considered a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder that can be exacerbated by an intense DFM, which may in turn lead to negative psychobehavioral outcomes. Because personal trainers are an unresearched population with regard to these 2 constructs, a multidisciplinary framework was used to ground the present research study. Independent variables were structured using a biopsychosocial foundation where the biological dimension was operationalized through the Body Comparison Scale, the psychological dimension through the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, and the social dimension through the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4. Kendall's tau-b revealed that general appearance concerns, muscle concerns, and somatic features were positively related to both MD and a DFM. A DFM and MD were significantly, positively correlated with internalization of thin ideals, muscular/athletic ideals, family and peer pressures, but not media pressures. All psychological variables were significantly, positively related to MD and a DFM. The DMS was able to significantly predict scores on the MDI using hierarchal multiple regression. Trainers who displayed MD and DFM symptoms did so with little disparity between the sexes. Trainers are in a unique position of instruction as well as guidance, and therefore a better understanding of how MD presents in this specific fitness arena may impact not only personal trainers, but also their clients through increased body image disturbance awareness as well as provide a new population of interest for future MD research.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether men with a large amount of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms had a more favorable outlook and opinion of body work. Participants in the current study were a convenience sample of men recruited from undergraduate classes at Western Kentucky University and the community of Bowling Green Kentucky and Somerset Kentucky. A total of 215 men completed the study. Participants completed the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI) and the Attitude-Behavior Questionnaire (ABQ). Results indicate scores on the MDI were significant predictors of scores on the ABQ. This suggests that men with a high number of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms have a more favorable outlook and opinion of body work.

No description available.

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Körperunzufriedenheit und Störungen des Körperbildes bei Männern manifestieren sich – anders als bei Frauen – in erster Linie nicht durch den Wunsch nach einem schlankeren Körper, sondern durch das Streben nach einem breiteren und muskulöseren Körper. Vorhandene Befunde zum Körperbild bei Männern deuten darauf hin, dass exzessives Muskulositätsstreben mit vergleichbar negativen psychischen und behavioralen Konsequenzen assoziiert zu sein scheint wie exzessives Schlankheitsstreben bei Frauen. Allerdings fehlt es im deutschen Sprachraum nach wie vor an validierten psychometrischen Instrumenten, die den Körperbildspezifika bei Männern gerecht werden. Zudem mangelt es an empirischen Arbeiten, die ätiologische und aufrechterhaltende Faktoren und Mechanismen eines gestörten Körperbildes bei Männern untersuchen. Bisherige – primär an Frauen mit erhöhter Körperbildproblematik oder mit Essstörungen gewonnene – Erkenntnisse deuten hier auf die perpetuierende Rolle der Exposition gegenüber dem eigenen Körper und fremden (Ideal-)Körpern für ein gestörtes Körperbild hin. Darüber hinaus scheint eine verzerrte Aufmerksamkeitslenkung (engl. Attentional Bias) bei der Betrachtung und Verarbeitung dieser körperbezogenen Stimuli ebenfalls bedeutsam zu sein. Inwieweit sich diese Erkenntnisse auch auf Männer übertragen lassen, ist bisher allerdings kaum erforscht. Neben diesen Erkenntnissen zu kognitiv-attentionalen Mechanismen deuten vereinzelte Befunde auf behavioraler Ebene zudem darauf hin, dass körpermodifizierende Maßnahmen in Form von muskulaturorien-tiertem Training durch ihre verstärkende Wirkung kurzfristig zwar zu einer Verbesserung des State-Körperbildes beitragen, langfristig jedoch zu einer Verfestigung von Körperbildsorgen führen können. Auch in diesem Bereich fehlen Studien, in denen die Effekte von Krafttraining auf das State-Körperbild bei Männern systematisch untersucht wurden. Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es daher, die Befundlage hinsichtlich der aufgezeigten Forschungslücken zum Körperbild bei Männern zu ergänzen und zu erweitern. Methode: Insgesamt wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation fünf Arbeiten durchgeführt. In Artikel 1 erfolgte die Übersetzung und Validierung der Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS), das weltweit am häufigsten eingesetzte Instrument zur Erfassung von Muskulositätsstreben. Im Rahmen von Artikel 2 wurde ein Übersichtsartikel zu bisherigen Befunden zu körperbezogenen kognitiv-attentionalen Verzerrungen bei Frauen und Männern erstellt. Auf dieser Grundlage wurden in Artikel 3 mittels Eye-Tracking Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen bei der Betrachtung eigner und fremder Körperstimuli (d. h. normal, muskulös, hyper-muskulös) in Abhängigkeit individueller Attraktivitätseinschätzungen der verschiedenen Körperregionen sowie hinsichtlich des Ausmaßes an Schlankheits- und Muskulositätsstreben bei Männern untersucht und verglichen. Im Zuge dieser Eye-Tracking-Studie wurden zudem die Effekte der Exposition gegenüber den verschiedenen Körpertypen auf das State-Körperbild sowie die Zusammenhänge dieser Effekte mit dem Blickverhalten der Teilnehmer analysiert (Artikel 4). Abschließend wurde in Artikel 5 die verstärkende Wirkung einer einzelnen Kraftsporttrainingseinheit auf das State-Körperbild sowie der potentiell moderierende Einfluss des Muskulositätsstrebens untersucht und mit einer aktiven und passiven Kontrollbedingung (d. h. Ausdauertraining, Lesen) verglichen. Für die vier empirischen Arbeiten wurden insgesamt drei verschiedene Stichproben von Kraft- und Fitnesssportlern rekrutiert, da inner-halb dieser Population mit erhöhtem Muskulositätsstreben zu rechnen ist. Ergebnisse: Die deutschsprachige Version der DMS erwies sich als valides und reliables Instrument zur Erfassung von Muskulositätsstreben (Artikel 1). In dem erstellten Übersichtsartikel (Artikel 2) zeigte sich, dass Frauen mit erhöhter Körperbildproblematik eine defizitorientierte Aufmerksamkeitslenkung auf eigene als unattraktiv bewertete Körperareale aufweisen, vergleichbare Eye-Tracking-Studien an Männern jedoch fehlen. Zudem wurden in Artikel 2 bisher isolierte Modelle und Ansätze zum Körperbild (z. B. Aufmerksamkeitsverzer-rungen, soziale Vergleichsprozesse) in einem heuristischen Metamodell integriert. In Artikel 3 konnte gezeigt werden, dass Männer mit erhöhtem Schlankheitsstreben, nicht jedoch mit erhöhtem Muskulositätsstreben, bei Betrachtung des eigenen Körpers einen Attentional Bias in Richtung verlängerter Betrachtungszeiten eigener unattraktiver Körperregionen aufwiesen. Bezogen auf die drei Vergleichskörper (d. h. normal, muskulös, hyper-muskulös) zeigten sich keine Unterschiede im Blickverhalten zwischen Männern mit hohem und niedrigen Muskulosi-täts- und Schlankheitsstreben. In Artikel 4 konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass die Exposition gegenüber dem eigenen und dem muskulösen Körper den stärksten negativen Effekt auf das State-Körperbild der Teilnehmer hatte. Allerdings war nur die Betrachtung des eigenen Kör-pers auch mit einem Anstieg des negativen Affekts assoziiert. Zudem erwies sich nur das Blickverhalten auf den eigenen Körper als prädiktiv für Veränderungen im State-Körperbild und negativen Affekt. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich in Artikel 5, dass bereits eine einzelne Kraftsporttrainingseinheit zu einem gefühlt muskulöseren und schlankeren State-Körperbild führte, Muskulositätsstreben hierbei jedoch nicht moderierend wirksam war. Schlussfolgerung: Insgesamt konnten die durchgeführten Studien zu einer Erweiterung der Befundlage zum Körperbild bei Männern sowie zu einem verbesserten Verständnis entstehungsrelevanter und aufrechterhaltender Faktoren eines gestörten Körperbildes beitragen und vielversprechende weiterführende Forschungsansätze aufzeigen. Insbesondere kognitiv- attentionale Verzerrungstendenzen bei der Betrachtung körperbezogener Stimuli sowie die verstärkende Rolle von Kraftsport auf das State-Körperbild konnten hierbei als lohnenswerte Ansätze identifiziert werden, die in zukünftigen klinischen Studien an Männern weiterverfolgt werden sollten.

The diploma thesis is focusing on the topic of eating disorders in young men. The literature review summarizes the current information concerning eating disorders in this population. Eating and feeding disorders included in DSM - 5 are described. The thesis also focuses on orthorexia nervosa and muscle dysmorphia. A separate chapter deals with body image in men and its connection to eating disorders. The final chapter of the literary review section is focused on the possibilities of diagnostics and therapy. The empirical part of the work consists of a quantitative research conducted on a sample of 164 men aged 18-30 years. A questionnaire survey was carried out. Using Spearman's correlation coefficient, a significant correlation was found between the symptomatology of eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia. There was also a significant correlation between Body Mass Index and the symptoms of eating disorders and also between BMI and muscular dysmorphia. Data analysis revealed a positive correlation between the higher symptomatology of eating disorders and dissatisfaction with the amout of body fat. No significant relationship was found between the symptomatology of eating disorders and dissatisfaction with muscle mass. There was a significant correlation between Body Mass Index and dissatisfaction...