Our thesis was conducted through quantitative research on the validity of the Sharpe ratio as a performance measure in bear market conditions. Previous research had identified problems with mismatches in ranking due to Sharpe ratios rewarding unsystematic risk in funds. Alternative Sharpe  ratios have been developed to solve this problem; Scholz (2006) developed the Normalized  Sharpe ratio, which he argued to be a more valid performance measure in bear market conditions. We conducted a comparative analysis between rankings of the Sharpe ratio and Scholz Normalized Sharpe ratio to find out whether the Sharpe ratio provides mismatches in ranking due to rewarding unsystematic risk. The research was conducted on Swedish premium pension funds within the Swedish Pension system. We aimed to highlight the potential problems with interpreting the Sharpe ratio in bear market periods. Various models and theories was utilized to support our research question and attempt to link them to our quantitative analysis. The results from our analysis showed us that there were mismatches between the different ratios, additionally our findings provided support to previous researchers’ conclusions which stated that  the Sharpe ratio rewards unsystematic risk.

Uppsatsen undersöker om det finns ett samband mellan företags aktieutdelningar och investeringsverksamhet. Urvalet för studien är de 30 största företagen noterade på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm för perioden 2000-2012. Företagen har valts med hänsyn till börsvärde i syfte att utröna eventuella skillnader för företagsstorlek samt branschtillhörighet. Studien finner negativa signifikanta samband mellan utdelningsandelen och investeringsverksamheten för studiens små företag samt för företag inom industrisektorn. / The paper examines whether there is a correlation between corporate dividends and investments. The sample for the study is the 30 largest companies listed on the Nasdaq OMX Stockholm for the period 2000-2012. The companies have been chosen based by their market capitalization in order to determine any differences in company size and industry affiliation. For small companies and for companies in the industrial sector, the study finds significant negative correlation between the payout ratio and investment activities.

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-75).

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-75). Also available in print.

LIRA FILHO, Orlando de Souza. A aplicação da Ratio Studiorum (1599) nos colégios Antônio Vieira em Salvador/BA e Santo Inácio de Fortaleza/CE: uma pedagogia atual e de longa duração. 2017. 122f. – Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Educação, Fortaleza (CE), 2017. / Submitted by Maria Josineide Góis (josineide@ufc.br) on 2017-11-22T14:44:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_oslirafilho.pdf: 5639775 bytes, checksum: 3b7d86c6b988d430e82a0c8404b5a224 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-22T18:39:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_oslirafilho.pdf: 5639775 bytes, checksum: 3b7d86c6b988d430e82a0c8404b5a224 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-22T18:39:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_oslirafilho.pdf: 5639775 bytes, checksum: 3b7d86c6b988d430e82a0c8404b5a224 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / It is an investigation in the context of educational history. It aims to understand the pedagogical action of the Jesuits in Brazil, focusing on the systematics of Ignatian root pedagogy, named Ratio Studiorum, an instrument that serves as a guide to teachers of Jesuit colleges, regulating from the way of organizing lessons, to the regime disciplinary and didactic of the classes. It adopts the comparative perspective, since this theme operates with simultaneous events that, even taking place in distinct spaces, are the result of an action of an international missionary nature, which extends in time for centuries. It addresses a secular pedagogy, with a humanist and modern basis, the research sought to understand: 1) the theological and philosophical foundations of Ratio Studiorum; 2) the contribution he gave to Brazilian education through his historiography; 3) their presence in the current teaching model and, in particular, their effective performance in the Santo Inácio Colleges in Fortaleza and Antônio Vieira in Salvador. The research was based mainly on a bibliographic source that affects this theme, based on, for example, authors such as: Azevedo (1958), Cavalcante (2008), Franca (1952) and Schmitz (1994); also uses visits to the Jesuit colleges indicated for on-site observation, analyzes documents that guide this pedagogy and uses interviews with teachers and managers of such colleges on their practice. It achieved satisfactory results, especially when we note that the pillars of the Ratio Studiorum of 1599 remain alive, in this way they clarify the reason for the permanence of Jesuit pedagogy in time and its relevance, based on the capacity to adapt to the new, without neglecting its roots as an institution of Christian education. / Trata de uma investigação no âmbito da história educacional. Tem por objetivo entender a ação pedagógica dos Jesuítas no Brasil, com foco na sistemática da pedagogia de raiz inaciana, nomeada Ratio Studiorum, instrumento este que serve de guia aos professores dos colégios jesuítas, normatizando desde o modo de organizar as lições, até ao regime disciplinar e didático das aulas. Adota a perspectiva comparada, visto que esta temática opera com acontecimentos simultâneos que, mesmo ocorrendo em espaços distintos, são desdobramentos de uma ação de cunho missionário internacional, que se estende no tempo por séculos. Aborda uma pedagogia secular, de base humanista e moderna, a investigação buscou entender: 1) os fundamentos teológicos e filosóficos da Ratio Studiorum; 2) a contribuição que deu à educação brasileira, através da sua historiografia; 3) a sua presença no atual modelo de ensino e, em particular, a sua atuação efetiva nos Colégios Santo Inácio em Fortaleza e Antônio Vieira em Salvador. A pesquisa apoiou-se, principalmente, em fonte bibliográfica afeta a esta temática, com base, por exemplo, em autores, como: Azevedo (1958), Cavalcante (2008), Franca (1952) e Schmitz (1994) e outros; utiliza ainda visitas aos colégios jesuítas indicados para observação in loco, analisa documentos que orientam essa pedagogia e recorre a entrevistas com professores e gestores de tais colégios sobre a sua prática. Alcançou resultados satisfatórios, principalmente quando notamos que os pilares da Ratio Studiorum de 1599 permanecem vivos, desta forma esclarecem a razão da permanência da pedagogia jesuítica no tempo e sua de atualidade, pautada na capacidade de adaptação ao novo, sem descuidar de suas raízes como instituição de educação cristã.

As the existence of value premium has been showed in previous studies, this paper focuses on studying strategies for capitalizing this value premium in Swedish stock market. This paper studies the possible gains and risks of value investing strategies constructed with dividend yield, price-to-earnings (P/E) and price-to-book (P/B) ratios in Swedish stock market during 2006-2016.The findings show that the studied value portfolios offered abnormal returns during the studied time-period. Moreover, value stocks performed better than growth stocks when dividend yield and P/B-ratio were used as criteria. However, the paper could not confirm the same effect in P/E-ratio as high P/E tended to work better than low P/E. Out of the studied ratios, the best risk-adjusted returns were received from companies with the lowest P/B-ratios.The findings in this paper also indicate that including more ratio-based criteria in to an investment strategy does not offer more risk-adjusted returns.

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O presente trabalho se dispõe a discutir como Schopenhauer elabora seu princípio de razão suficiente, em sua primeira versão (1813), e qual a concepção de verdade empregada pelo autor para justificar o modo de operacionalização da segunda classe - ratio cognoscendi - do referido princípio e como ela se relaciona com as demais. Em face dessas duas questões apresenta-se como o autor desenvolve sua teoria do conhecimento conceitual e dos juízos. Também se busca discutir como a ciência, um saber abstrato, é sistematizada, dado que ela é um conjunto de conhecimentos homogêneos que depende de conceitos e tem sua organização expressada segundo a ratio cognoscendi. Por fim, a presente dissertação esclarece que a verdade nem sempre é o caso, pois, ao Homem, ocorre a capacidade do riso, fenômeno, o qual demonstra que nem sempre o princípio de razão e a concepção de verdade, que é uma de suas expressões e mostra a congruência entre as classes, é obedecido. / This work presents a discussion about how Schopenhauer elaborates his principium rationis sufficientis, in it first version (1813), and which is the truth conception used by the author to justify the way of second class works - ratio cognoscendi - of it principle and how it is the relation among another ones. In face of this two questions, we present how author developes his theory of conceptual knowledge and judgments. We also expect to discuss how science, abstract knowledge (Wissen) is systematized, in so far as it is a class of homogeny knowledges that depend on concepts and have it organization express by ratio cognoscend. Finally, this dissertation explains why truth sometimes is not the case, because to human being happens the laughter capacity, phenomenon, which is one of it expressions and shows the incongruity of the classes, is satisfied.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Trata de uma investigaÃÃo no Ãmbito da histÃria educacional. Tem por objetivo entender a aÃÃo pedagÃgica dos JesuÃtas no Brasil, com foco na sistemÃtica da pedagogia de raiz inaciana, nomeada Ratio Studiorum, instrumento este que serve de guia aos professores dos colÃgios jesuÃtas, normatizando desde o modo de organizar as liÃÃes, atà ao regime disciplinar e didÃtico das aulas. Adota a perspectiva comparada, visto que esta temÃtica opera com acontecimentos simultÃneos que, mesmo ocorrendo em espaÃos distintos, sÃo desdobramentos de uma aÃÃo de cunho missionÃrio internacional, que se estende no tempo por sÃculos. Aborda uma pedagogia secular, de base humanista e moderna, a investigaÃÃo buscou entender: 1) os fundamentos teolÃgicos e filosÃficos da Ratio Studiorum; 2) a contribuiÃÃo que deu à educaÃÃo brasileira, atravÃs da sua historiografia; 3) a sua presenÃa no atual modelo de ensino e, em particular, a sua atuaÃÃo efetiva nos ColÃgios Santo InÃcio em Fortaleza e AntÃnio Vieira em Salvador. A pesquisa apoiou-se, principalmente, em fonte bibliogrÃfica afeta a esta temÃtica, com base, por exemplo, em autores, como: Azevedo (1958), Cavalcante (2008), Franca (1952) e Schmitz (1994) e outros; utiliza ainda visitas aos colÃgios jesuÃtas indicados para observaÃÃo in loco, analisa documentos que orientam essa pedagogia e recorre a entrevistas com professores e gestores de tais colÃgios sobre a sua prÃtica. AlcanÃou resultados satisfatÃrios, principalmente quando notamos que os pilares da Ratio Studiorum de 1599 permanecem vivos, desta forma esclarecem a razÃo da permanÃncia da pedagogia jesuÃtica no tempo e sua de atualidade, pautada na capacidade de adaptaÃÃo ao novo, sem descuidar de suas raÃzes como instituiÃÃo de educaÃÃo cristÃ. / It is an investigation in the context of educational history. It aims to understand the pedagogical action of the Jesuits in Brazil, focusing on the systematics of Ignatian root pedagogy, named Ratio Studiorum, an instrument that serves as a guide to teachers of Jesuit colleges, regulating from the way of organizing lessons, to the regime disciplinary and didactic of the classes. It adopts the comparative perspective, since this theme operates with simultaneous events that, even taking place in distinct spaces, are the result of an action of an international missionary nature, which extends in time for centuries. It addresses a secular pedagogy, with a humanist and modern basis, the research sought to understand: 1) the theological and philosophical foundations of Ratio Studiorum; 2) the contribution he gave to Brazilian education through his historiography; 3) their presence in the current teaching model and, in particular, their effective performance in the Santo InÃcio Colleges in Fortaleza and AntÃnio Vieira in Salvador. The research was based mainly on a bibliographic source that affects this theme, based on, for example, authors such as: Azevedo (1958), Cavalcante (2008), Franca (1952) and Schmitz (1994); also uses visits to the Jesuit colleges indicated for on-site observation, analyzes documents that guide this pedagogy and uses interviews with teachers and managers of such colleges on their practice. It achieved satisfactory results, especially when we note that the pillars of the Ratio Studiorum of 1599 remain alive, in this way they clarify the reason for the permanence of Jesuit pedagogy in time and its relevance, based on the capacity to adapt to the new, without neglecting its roots as an institution of Christian education.