Call number: LD2668 .T4 1931 F41

The aim of this research is to seek to situate women in the development of consumer culture in Japan in the period 1900-1930. This period saw the beginnings of mass consumption and the rise of what was to become one of its central institutions, the department store. One of the most important department stores to emerge was Mitsukoshi, which provided a site in which the new tastes and lifestyles of consumer culture and western modernity could be looked at, sampled and practiced. In effect the store could be seen as providing a new form of 'intimate public sphere' for women. Mitsukoshi also provided images and information on the new consumer culture classifications and learning processes through its house magazines. Other magazines, especially women's magazines, whose readership rapidly expanded in this period, reinforced this message. The extent to which women were seen as the central operators of the emerging consumer culture is a central focus of the thesis. The department stores were not only spaces for women to consume, but also to work. The emergence of saleswomen as a new category of working woman is also discussed. The ways in which an image of a new women emerged as they became employed in greater numbers in the new service occupations and became more visible in the city centre streets and consumption and entertainment sites, is also considered. One variant here was the 'modem girl,' whose image was both discussed and constructed in the media by intellectuals, writers and cultural intermediaries. One of the aims of this work is to sketch out the parameters of this process in Japan and ask how far the stores and other new urban spaces, along with the mediated sources such as magazines, newspapers and the cinema, helped to further some shift (however limited and temporary) in the balance of power between the sexes towards women, along with a concomitant redefinition of what it meant to be a women. The new woman, then, occupied a contested space which a number of parties sought to define: the consumer culture industries such as the department stores, press and cinema; the government with its various thrift and everyday life reform campaigns designed to keep women in the home, albeit as skilled housewives; the various movements for greater women's rights and reform, both in the middle class and the working class militant women workers; the intellectuals and cultural intermediaries, some of whom saw the 'modem girl,' as a new exciting phenomenon of urban modernity; and, of course, the women themselves, who not only reacted to these forces, but gained in their capacity and desire to have a greater say in the process and control over their own lives

Konsumenter kan ofta anses vara i underläge i avtalssammanhang och behöver av den anledningen extra skydd. Idag blir många konsumenter uppringda i sina hem eller på sina mobiltelefoner av telefonförsäljare. Många konsumenter tycker att detta är jobbigt och provocerande. Konsumenten kan ofta vara upptagen eller distraherad av annat och det finns många gånger risk för att konsumenten omedvetet tackar ja till ett försäljningserbjudande. Konsumenten kan t.ex. slänga ur sig ett ja i förbifarten, utan att riktigt ha uppfattat vad avtalsvillkoren innebär. Det finns dessutom vissa grupper av konsumenter som kan vara extra utsatta vid avtalssammanhang, speciellt vid försäljning per telefon. Konsumentverket vill av dessa anledningar stärka konsumentskyddet genom att införa ett skriftlighetskrav på muntliga avtal per telefon. Skriftlighetskravet skulle innebära att konsumenten inte blir bunden av det muntliga avtalet förrän denne signerat ett skriftligt avtal i efterhand. Konsumentverket anser att detta skulle kunna öka konsumentens skydd och minska risken för att konsumenter ingår avtal som de egentligen inte menar att ingå.   Som framgått kan telefonförsäljning många gånger ställa till problem för konsumenten. I uppsatsen utreds huruvida det överhuvudtaget är nödvändigt med ökat konsumentskydd vid telefonförsäljning. En statlig utredning har bland annat framfört att införandet av ett skriftlighetskrav skulle kunna stärka konsumentskyddet. I utredningen framhålls det vidare att det finns andra brister i gällande konsumentskydd vid telefonförsäljning. Vi anser att det befintliga konsumentskyddet, med vissa förbättringar i de brister som finns i NIX-Telefon, utgör ett tillräckligt konsumentskydd vid telefonförsäljning.

Those examining lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) sexual identity development have largely shifted away from testing stage models of the past (Cass, 1979; Coleman, 1982; Troiden, 1989) to understanding differences in the age and order of milestone occurrence and issues of timing. Examination of milestone attainment was more prevalent at the turn of the 21st century and thus less is known about milestone attainment among current cohorts of LGB identified young people. The goals of this dissertation were to 1) describe milestone attainment among a recent cohort of LGB identified young people, examining group differences, 2) examine the connection between age of milestone attainment and indicators of mental health and substance use, focusing on bias-based victimization as a potential moderator, 3) explore racism as a mediator to explain differences in age of milestone attainment among LGB young people of color. Three papers were produced using data from a three-site longitudinal panel study of risk and protective factors for suicide among LGB, transgender, and queer/questioning youth. Results indicated that age of milestone attainment for first label as LGB, first disclosure to another person, and first same-sex sexual experience were younger in this contemporary cohort of young people compared to results found in previous studies. However, few group differences were found. Additionally, associations were found between younger age of milestone attainment and more reports of substance use. Implications for health promotion and prevention programs as well as future research directions are discussed.

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