The public sector in Australia, as in other western countries, has been accused in recent times of being too costly, too rigid, inefficient and ineffective. What is apparently needed is a public sector that is smaller, less costly, more efficient and more effective. The search for alternative and better ways to organise and undertake work to meet these reform objectives is at the heart of the rapid expansion of Competitive Tendering and Contracting (CTC) within the public sector in the last two decades. But increased reliance on government contracting does not always lead to outsourcing. Some government agencies allow, indeed encourage, their current employees to also bid for the work on offer by including an In-House Option (IHO) within their CTC processes. In a number of cases these IHOs have been selected ahead of their commercial competitors. IHOs are effectively internal tenders that, if selected, must be implemented by work areas within the confines of the policies and practices of their parent organisation. The reasons commonly expressed in support of IHOs are to do with addressing the potentially problematic aspects of organisational review and possible outsourcing, and to assist the parent organisation achieve its reform intentions in the most effective and least disruptive manner possible. This research examined the achievements of six IHOs within the Australian Defence Organisation. It also asked what can be learned from their experiences? The findings show that IHOs can contribute to reform and enhance the effectiveness of CTC processes but that these achievements come at a price�borne primarily by the staff who work within selected IHOs. IHOs add to the competition of CTC exercises. They also act as an insurance policy against being caught with no reasonable bids and offer a benchmark against which to assess unknown bids. But competition can also focus bidders on doing what is necessary to win rather than what is best for an organisation or its staff. Having IHOs increases the uncertainty for staff about their future employment while at the same times raising expectations that if they can be successful they will be able to make changes and improve their work areas. This research has shown that this does not always occur and staff can find the whole experience frustrating and demoralising. Organisations that include IHOs within their CTC methodologies need to assist them if they are to have the best opportunity to propose new and innovative ways of working. And they must be prepared for the possibility that their IHOs could win. Selected IHOs need support to successfully implement changes, and as the IHOs examined here have shown, they can make significant improvements in work practices and more efficient use of resources if given the chance.

Der Anlass der Arbeit ist die anhaltende Debatte um die Einführung des Ausschreibungswettbewerbs im Nahverkehr. Die Arbeit betrachtet schwerpunktmäßig die Gestaltung von Ausschreibungen im öffentlichen Straßenpersonennahverkehr, der in Deutschland durch das Personenbeförderungsgesetz (PBefG) geregelt wird. Gerade die Debatte um den Ausschreibungswettbewerb in diesem Bereich ist durch Kompetenzstreitigkeiten zwischen den Verkehrsunternehmen und den öffentlichen Aufgabenträgern bzw. ihren Vergabeinstitutionen gekennzeichnet. Beide Seiten beanspruchen dabei Verantwortlichkeiten auf der taktischen Ebene der Leistungserstellung, beispielsweise die Liniennetzplanung, die Fahrplangestaltung, das Fahrzeugkonzept und das Marketing. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht darin, herauszufinden, ob es aus ökonomischer Sicht besser ist, diese o. g. Entscheidungskompetenzen den Verkehrsunternehmen oder den Vergabeinstitutionen der Aufgabenträger zuzuordnen. Nach einer Bestandsaufnahme der bereits bestehenden ordnungspolitischen Vorschläge und der gegenwärtigen Zuständigkeiten, wird, ausgehend von der Vertrags- und Auktionstheorie, die Frage erörtert, ob sich unternehmerische Gestaltungsspielräume auf der taktischen Ebene in eine Leistungsbeschreibung integrieren lassen. In einem zweiten Schritt wird die Gestaltung der Beziehungen zwischen Aufgabenträger, seiner Vergabeorganisation und dem Verkehrsunternehmen während der Vertragslaufzeit betrachtet. Die Theorie der unvollständigen Verträge wird dabei auf das Problem der ÖPNV-Verträge angewandt, um aufzuzeigen, ob ein Mehr an unternehmerischer Freiheit bei der Gestaltung des Verkehrsangebots aus der Sicht der Aufgabenträger eher mit Chancen oder mit Risiken behaftet ist. Chancen können sich insbesondere dadurch ergeben, dass das Unternehmen während der Laufzeit des Vertrages neue Möglichkeiten entdeckt, wie sich die Qualität der Leistung verbessern lässt. Risiken ergeben sich dadurch, dass das Unternehmen nach Abschluss des Verkehrsvertrages seine Gestaltungsspielräume ausnutzt, um die Kosten zu Lasten der bestehenden Dienstleistungsqualität zu senken. Im Rahmen von Fallstudien aus Australien, Schweden und den Niederlanden wird das im Rahmen der Betrachtungen zur Theorie unvollständiger Verträge erörterte Spannungsverhältnis aus Kostensenkung, Qualitätsverbesserung bzw. –verschlechterung untersucht. Die Fallstudien zeigen, dass Unternehmen, wenn sie Freiheiten bei der Angebotsgestaltung erhalten, ihre Anstrengungen vor allem auf kostensenkende Aktivitäten fokussieren, die auch zu Lasten der Qualität gehen können. Es wird deutlich, dass vor allem im Hinblick auf die Gewährleistung eines integrierten Angebots und die Sicherstellung von Investitionen allgemeinverbindliche Standards und ein intensives Monitoring durch die Aufgabenträger unerlässlich sind.

依據世界貿易組織（WTO）估計，各國政府部門採購規模約占有其國家國內生產毛額 GDP的10﹪－15﹪，目前兩岸政府採購規模於陸續實施「政府採購法」之後，我國政府採購總額迄至2005年單一年度已達到5595億元，中國政府採購規模增加趨勢更為驚人，依初期試辦之政府採購暫行管理辦法規定等試點辦理之政府採購規模於1998年僅達31億元人民幣，至2003年其「政府採購法」實施後政府採購範圍和規模迅速擴大，迄至2005年中國政府採購規模已高達2927.6億元，但占其全國GDP的比重仍僅有1.6%。對於我國廠商而言，中國此一快速成長中之經濟體，其政府採購市場相對較無語言和文化之障礙，如能熟悉中國的政府採購機制，其政府採購市場可謂是台灣廠商可及性最高的大餅。從而將海峽兩岸政府採購招標階段之各種爭議類型與特有之行政救濟處理機制放在同一個制度平台上作比較，對於台灣廠商在參與國內政府採購或前進中國政府採購市場都將有更實際的幫助。 我國政府採購法係於1998年5月27日公布並於1999年5月27日正式實施，實施七年多以來，已發生之政府採購招標階段爭議截至2005年12月底止，僅行政院公共工程委員會受理之採購申訴案件累計總收案件數已達3,111件，中國政府採購法則於2003年1月1日始正式施行，因實施時間較短，目前尚無爭議案件具體統計數據，惟相關政府採購爭議案件見諸於出版之專業書籍者已有43件指標性之案例，各人民法院亦逐漸出現政府採購相關判決。本研究範圍主要將針對海峽兩岸政府採購程序中，與參與採購廠商關聯最深之「招標階段」爭議處理機制部分，就現行兩岸政府採購及招標投標等政策法規進行深入之比較研究，並對於上述兩岸政府採購法實施後，所陸續發生之招標階段爭議較具代表性之案例，依其相近類型進行比較分析，以期全面性的瞭解兩岸政府採購招標階段爭議類型及專設之行政救濟處理機制的利弊得失。 在探討過程中，由於兩岸的政府採購機制立法依據來源即有所差異，台灣地區政府採購機制規定主要來自於世界貿易組織WTO的「政府採購協定（GPA）」，中國政府採購法則以聯合國「貿易法委員會貨物、工程和服務採購示範法」為基礎，但也納入「政府採購協定（GPA）」若干立法精神。兩岸政府採購機制之立法依據雖有若干相似之處，但因應各自區域內原有法律體系和經濟環境狀況，仍發展出不同類型的招標機制，本研究對於兩岸政府採購立法過程參照之前述相關國際規範，亦將予以比較分析，以祈自立法來源找出兩岸政府採購立法精神及機制設計之基本差異。 / According to estimate of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the government procurement scale of each country takes up about 10%-15% of its GDP. After the government procurement law was initiated on both sides of the strait, Taiwan’s total government procurement amounted to NT$ 559.5 billion in year 2005 alone; in contrast, China had a more amazing rapid growth in procurement scale. In 1998 when Temporary Regulations on Government Procurement was initiated, the procurement scale reached only 3.1 billion RMB. Since the “Government Procurement Law” took effect in 2003, government procurement scope and scale have expanded rapidly. In 2005, China's government procurement scale amounted up to 292.76 billion RMB, yet taking up only 1.6% of its GDP. As a fast growing economy, China’s government procurement market demonstrates fewer language and cultural barriers to manufactures in Taiwan. Familiarization with China’s government procurement mechanism will help provide most access to its government procurement market for Taiwanese manufacturers. Moreover, comparing research into cross-strait government procurement dispute types and unique administrative relief institution during tendering stage on the same level will be of practical help for Taiwanese manufacturers in taking part in domestic government procurement or moving on to China’s government procurement market. Taiwan’s Government Procurement Act was promulgated on May 27, 1998 and put into effect on the same date of the following year. Over the past seven executing years, regarding government procurement dispute during tendering stage, the Public Construction Commission of Executive Yuan alone had received a total of 3111 procurement complaint cases up till the end of December in 2005. On the other hand, China’s Government Procurement Law came into force from January 1, 2003. Due to its shorter enforcement period, specific statistics of dispute cases are still unavailable. However, there have already been 43 index cases published in specialized books, and government-procurement-related sentences gradually arise in people’s courts of law. This study aims to make a deep and thorough research into cross-strait government policies and regulations on procurement and tender system with respect to dispute-solving mechanism during tendering stage most connected to procurement-involving manufacturers, and an analysis of representative cases of dispute during tendering stage according to their similar types after enforcement of cross-strait government procurement laws. This is done for the purpose of completely understanding cross-strait government procurement dispute types during tendering stage and advantages and disadvantages of unique administrative relief institution. In the course of discussion, we found differences in legislative basis for procurement policies of governments on both sides of the strait. Taiwan’s government procurement policy originates from “Agreement on Government Procurement” (GPA) of the WTO, while China's Government Procurement Law is based on “Model Law on Procurement of Goods, Construction and Services” of the United Nations Commission of International Trade Law, yet also involves some essential spirit of GPA. Despite some similarities of legislative basis between the government procurement policies on both sides, different types of tendering mechanisms have developed in accordance with original legal systems and economic conditions in their respective regions. This study will also compare and analyze the legislative process of government procurement on both sides by referring to the aforementioned international regulations, with an aim to, from legislative origin, locate the fundamental differences of legislative spirit and policy design of government procurement on both sides.

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit dem vergaberechtlichen Primärrechtsschutz unterhalb der EU-Schwellenwerte, welcher in der Praxis als nicht vorhanden bzw. als unterentwickelt bezeichnet werden muss. Dabei werden insbesondere die vom Freistaat Sachsen entwickelten Regelungen des § 9 SächsVergabeDVO untersucht, die in der Literatur vereinzelt als „Rechtsschutz light“ bekannt sind. Es werden Regelungslücken aufgezeigt sowie Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten für die sächsischen Regelungen vorgeschlagen. Für einen vollwertigen Rechtsschutz wäre aber eine Umsetzung auf Bundesebene notwendig und wünschenswert.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-16T16:28:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 1_TESE_Fernando Rolim_UFPE_CTG_FINAL ✓.pdf: 11444878 bytes, checksum: 49ba52a66dd0e0151594254313b84808 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-16T16:28:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 1_TESE_Fernando Rolim_UFPE_CTG_FINAL ✓.pdf: 11444878 bytes, checksum: 49ba52a66dd0e0151594254313b84808 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-29 / Esta Tese analisa a competitividade de procedimentos licitatórios para a delegação dos serviços de Transporte Público Urbano por Ônibus (TPUO) através do desenvolvimento e aplicação de um original e inédito método de análise baseado na adjunção da Teoria da Regulação Econômica (aqui vista como fenômeno que trata dos mercados nos momentos ex ante e ex post licitações) com a Teoria dos Leilões (aqui vista como processo que trata dos fenômenos que ocorrem durante os próprios procedimentos licitatórios). O método foca na análise tanto das estruturas de mercado ex ante licitações, como nos termos dos editais das licitações, para especular se as licitações tendem a ser competitivas, no sentido de atrair o maior número de empresas entrantes e incumbentes possível às disputas, de estabelecer um ambiente contestável, e de obter contratações mais econômicas. No método desenvolvido é priorizada a adoção de pressupostos baseados em elementos técnicos e econômicos, pois se entende que esses elementos devem limitar a discricionariedade do gestor público, ainda que a legislação eventualmente lhe faculte várias possibilidades para a tomada de decisão. A hipótese da pesquisa, de que em geral as licitações brasileiras para a delegação de serviços de TPUO não têm privilegiado a competitividade, é confirmada pelo teste de hipótese feito, qual seja, a aplicação do método de análise nos editais das Concorrências 02/2013 e 03/2013 do Grande Recife Consórcio de Transportes (CTM) para a delegação de serviços de TPUO na Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR). Diante dos achados da pesquisa, resta especular que a explicação para a realidade constatada não está na análise econômica. Nesse sentido, a Tese pode fechar um ciclo de pesquisas conduzidas pela academia nacional nas últimas duas décadas, que tem tentado buscar respostas para explicar o porque de não haver competitividade em licitações para delegação de serviços de TPUO no Brasil. As respostas provavelmente não se encontram no campo da Economia, a despeito de a Tese mostrar que a competitividade, segundo a Teoria da Regulação Econômica e a Teoria dos Leilões, não vir sendo atingida nas licitações brasileiras. Resta agora explorar outros caminhos e searas, que enfoquem e estudem as relações sociais e outras disciplinas que eventualmente possam desvendar o que efetivamente está subjacente à falta de competitividade, para entender e diagnosticar, na prática, as forças que impedem a inserção de adequados níveis de competitividade nos mercados de TPUO brasileiros. / This thesis analyzes the competitiveness of competitive tendering (CT) procedures aimed at the delegation of the Urban Bus Public Transport (TPUO) services through the development and application of a method of analysis based on the addition of the Theory of Economic Regulation (seen here as a phenomenon that deals with the markets ex ante and ex post competitive tendering processes) with the Auction Theory (seen here as a process that deals with the phenomena that occur during the competitive tendering procedures). The method focuses on the analysis of both the ex ante CT market structures and the terms of the notices to tender, in order to speculate whether the bids tend to be competitive from the perspective of attracting as many entrant and incumbent firms as possible, of establishing a contestable environment, and of fostering more economic contracts. In the method developed it is prioritized the adoption of assumptions based on technical and economic aspects, since it is considered that these aspects should limit the discretion of the public authority, even when the legislation allows different choices for the decision maker. The hypothesis of the research, that in general the Brazilian CT procedures for the delegation of the TPUO services have not privileged competitiveness, is confirmed by the test of hypothesis done, that means, the application of the method upon the notices to tender 02/2013 03/2013 of the Greater Recife Transport Consortium (CTM) for the delegation of TPUO services in the Metropolitan Region of Recife (RMR). Before the research findings, it may be speculated that the explanation for the reality observed can not be found in the economic analysis. In this sense, the Thesis may close a research effort conducted by Brazilian scholars throughout the last two decades, who have been trying to find answers to explain the reason for the lack of competitiveness in the CT procedures for de delegation of the TPUO services in Brazil. Probably answers may not be found in the Economy field, even though the Thesis has shown that competitiveness, according to the Theory of Economic Regulation and the Auction Theory, has not been achieved in the Brazilian case. Thus, it would be appropriate to explore other fields that focus and study social relations and other disciplines which might uncover what is actually behind the lack of competitiveness, to understand and diagnose, in practice, the forces that prevent the insertion of appropriate levels of competitiveness in the Brazilian TPUO markets.

Context. Public procurement is an important factor in procurement of products and services by government organizations. It also helps in protection of corruption by applying the principles of non-discrimination and transparency for procurement of Software products and services along with their distribution and maintenance. As India has its own procurement laws and policies, international bidders who wish to participate in procurement cannot take part in the procurement. Also there is a need to verify how the pragmatic requirements can be used in India to maintain non-discrimination. Due to this it has become a challenge to maintain fairness and transparency in its rules and policies. Objectives. This study mainly investigates the differences between procurement process in India and Sweden. The study also identifies the changes that India should adopt in order to be a member of WTO. Methods. In order to conduct this study, a literature review is used to find the public procurement processes in India and Sweden. This is followed by a case study by conducting interviews with industrial practitioners and to validate the above said process with artifact analysis. Results. The contributions are the differences in procurement process of India when compared to Sweden, which is a member of WTO GPA. Recommendations are made to make India to comply with WTO GPA. Conclusions. The study helped in understanding the procurement process in India and Sweden. From the study it is clear that some rules and regulations in India that are used for procurement process lack transparency and non-discrimination. To avoid this India should make a fair procurement policy which is in compliance with WTO GPA. This makes the global suppliers to participate in the software procurements of India. As a result companies can procure new technologies for their software needs.

The results of this work show that the cost efficiency of tendered bus services is similar across all Swedish counties, except for the more high-density counties where efficiency is lower. Considerably lower efficiency is also found for contracts with services run in-house by the Public Transport Authority (PTA), compared to when the same service is run by a private actor. With respect to the competitive environment, it was found that many contract design factors have little or no effect on the number of bids that the PTA sees in their tenders. No measure that could be imposed by a single PTA was found to increase the total number of bidders by more than 0.5 bidders. However, the results suggest that PTAs as a collective could try to avoid tendering too many contracts at the same time because this was shown to reduce participation by up to about two bidders. In addition, these studies show that the local competitive environment is important for the PTAs to consider. The way in which contract areas are defined will also affect the participation rate as operators were found to participate in tenders to a lower extent the farther their workplaces are from the contract area. While larger operators appear to be less sensitive with respect to such distances, the fact that smaller operators are, and that they often bid as one unit as members of cooperation companies, makes the competitive environment important. The results suggest that depots could be included in the contract to stimulate participation, but this is by no means the only nor an easy solution. This thesis has also analyzed the entry made in 2015 by MTR Express (MTR) on the Stockholm-Gothenburg railway line. The overall conclusion is that customers are indeed facing lower prices one and a half years after the entry. MTR's prices are on average 100 SEK lower than the incumbent SJ's prices. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the incumbent’s prices have also gone down, by almost 13 percent, following the entry. / <p>QC 20171106</p>

Der Anlass der Arbeit ist die anhaltende Debatte um die Einführung des Ausschreibungswettbewerbs im Nahverkehr. Die Arbeit betrachtet schwerpunktmäßig die Gestaltung von Ausschreibungen im öffentlichen Straßenpersonennahverkehr, der in Deutschland durch das Personenbeförderungsgesetz (PBefG) geregelt wird. Gerade die Debatte um den Ausschreibungswettbewerb in diesem Bereich ist durch Kompetenzstreitigkeiten zwischen den Verkehrsunternehmen und den öffentlichen Aufgabenträgern bzw. ihren Vergabeinstitutionen gekennzeichnet. Beide Seiten beanspruchen dabei Verantwortlichkeiten auf der taktischen Ebene der Leistungserstellung, beispielsweise die Liniennetzplanung, die Fahrplangestaltung, das Fahrzeugkonzept und das Marketing. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht darin, herauszufinden, ob es aus ökonomischer Sicht besser ist, diese o. g. Entscheidungskompetenzen den Verkehrsunternehmen oder den Vergabeinstitutionen der Aufgabenträger zuzuordnen. Nach einer Bestandsaufnahme der bereits bestehenden ordnungspolitischen Vorschläge und der gegenwärtigen Zuständigkeiten, wird, ausgehend von der Vertrags- und Auktionstheorie, die Frage erörtert, ob sich unternehmerische Gestaltungsspielräume auf der taktischen Ebene in eine Leistungsbeschreibung integrieren lassen. In einem zweiten Schritt wird die Gestaltung der Beziehungen zwischen Aufgabenträger, seiner Vergabeorganisation und dem Verkehrsunternehmen während der Vertragslaufzeit betrachtet. Die Theorie der unvollständigen Verträge wird dabei auf das Problem der ÖPNV-Verträge angewandt, um aufzuzeigen, ob ein Mehr an unternehmerischer Freiheit bei der Gestaltung des Verkehrsangebots aus der Sicht der Aufgabenträger eher mit Chancen oder mit Risiken behaftet ist. Chancen können sich insbesondere dadurch ergeben, dass das Unternehmen während der Laufzeit des Vertrages neue Möglichkeiten entdeckt, wie sich die Qualität der Leistung verbessern lässt. Risiken ergeben sich dadurch, dass das Unternehmen nach Abschluss des Verkehrsvertrages seine Gestaltungsspielräume ausnutzt, um die Kosten zu Lasten der bestehenden Dienstleistungsqualität zu senken. Im Rahmen von Fallstudien aus Australien, Schweden und den Niederlanden wird das im Rahmen der Betrachtungen zur Theorie unvollständiger Verträge erörterte Spannungsverhältnis aus Kostensenkung, Qualitätsverbesserung bzw. –verschlechterung untersucht. Die Fallstudien zeigen, dass Unternehmen, wenn sie Freiheiten bei der Angebotsgestaltung erhalten, ihre Anstrengungen vor allem auf kostensenkende Aktivitäten fokussieren, die auch zu Lasten der Qualität gehen können. Es wird deutlich, dass vor allem im Hinblick auf die Gewährleistung eines integrierten Angebots und die Sicherstellung von Investitionen allgemeinverbindliche Standards und ein intensives Monitoring durch die Aufgabenträger unerlässlich sind.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an attempt to improve the efficiency of the transport system, the national government has instituted a new tender system for public transport contracts. Small bus and taxi operators are unfamiliar with operating in the formal sector. This study focuses on the extent of their disadvantage in the current tender system and recommends measures to counterbalance this. A questionnaire was devised to determine how much assistance these operators would require to prepare them for the tender, using the model bus tender document as a basis for this. The response rate was 20% with 14 taxi and 17 bus questionnaires being retrieved for analysis. The results showed that 10% of operators had no know ledge of the tender and many needed training in basic accounting and business procedures as well as public transport operation skills. Recommendations included institutional changes in public transport funding, management and allocation of resources as well as the type of education and training required. These changes should be implemented soon enough to ensure that small, medium and micro enterprises (SMME) operators are well prepared for the new tender system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 'n poging om die effektiwiteit van die vervoersisteem te verbeter, het die nasionale regering 'n tendersisteem vir openbare vervoerkontrakte ingestel. Klein bus en taxioperateurs is nie bekend met die bedryf van 'n besigheid in die formele sektor nie. Hierdie studie konsentreer op hul agterstand in die huidige tendersisteem en maak aanbevelings oor hoe dit oorkom kan word. 'n Vraelys is opgestel om te bepaal hoeveel bystand hierdie operateurs sal benodig om hu1le voor te berei vir die tender. Die model bus tenderdokument is as basis gebruik. 20% van die operateurs het op die vraelys gereageer - 14 taxi- en 17 busvraelyste is ontvang vir verder verwerking. Die resultate van die opname het getoon dat 10% van die operateurs geen kennis van die tender gehad het nie en dat baie van hulle opleiding benodig in basiese rekeninkundige en besigheidsprosedures sowel as openbare vervoer bedryfsmetodes. Aanbevelings van die studie sluit lil institusionele veranderinge lil openbare vervoerbefondsing, bestuur en die toewysing van hulpbronne asook die tipe onderrig en opleiding wat benodig word. Hierdie veranderinge behoort so gou as moontlik geïmplementeer te word sodat klein, medium en mikro operateurs goed voorberei kan word vir die nuwe tendersisteem.

Turkish Land Forces Command uses information technology opportunities to satisfy its needs arising from the obligation for being a strong army. One of the main difficulties in using information technologies is the acquisition of these systems. This thesis reviews the fundamentals of software intensive systems acquisition process and then proposes a new model for Turkish Land Forces Command. Software acquisition process models are discussed and compared with each other. The current Turkish Land Forces Command acquisition process is studied to state the management, legal, resource, and industrial problems within the comtemporary models&amp / #8217 / perspective. The focus of this thesis study is proposing an acquisition model based on four international models, successes of which have been proven.