In the mid 1990s a previous prohibitions against multi-story buildings higher than two floors with a wooden frame was changed. Today multi-storey buildings are being built in Skellefteå, Sundsvall, Växjö, and Stockholm with others. Despite this only one of five houses being built today has a wooden frame. Since the municipality is a key force to get projects with wooden frames, this papers purpose is to improve tender document for the opportunity to submit bids and building with wooden frames. To help us forward with our work three questions were formulated. 1) What is the basis from a wooden constructions company perspective, of which they determines if they can place a bid or not? 2) What is the difference between tender documents made by a municipality compared to a private buyer? 3) How can tender documents be improved to create an opportunity to place a bid containing an alternative frame system? To answer these questions a literature study was carried out. The literature study is the basis of this paper. To obtain empirical data a document analysis of tender documents was carried out. The result of the study shows that wood frames are hard to adapt to an already finished technical specification, or to a tender document containing an extensive technical specification. To obtain alternative solutions, the buyer should focus on object design, form and function, or a general technical specification. Instead the technical specifications should be drawn up by the supplier, or in collaboration with them. The tender evaluation should be made by the most economically advantageous rather then the lowest price. Then the buyer can evaluate the offers against each other, rather then choosing the lowest price. This also gives the possibility for suppliers to make a bid containing an alternative solution. As a continuation of this paper, we recommend a study on which impact a general technical specification has on the project final cost.  Furthermore a study exploring which possibilities partner procurement can have alternative solutions in the Swedish procurement act. This report deal exclusively with how tender documents should be formulated. Life cycle analysis, carbon dioxide emissions and strength calculations will not be executed.

Syfte: Lagen om offentlig upphandling tillämpas av alla myndigheter som upphandlar varor, tjänster och byggentreprenader med skattepengar. Syftet med denna studie är att få insikt över hur offentliga beställare tänker när de genomför upphandlingar av byggnader. Målet är att lista de faktorer som påverkar beslutfattandet angående kort och långsiktiga aspekter när en offentlig myndighet skall handla upp byggentreprenader samt att få förståelse för vilka egenskaper krävs av beställare för att kunna utföra enupphandling. Metod: Genom litteraturstudier undersöks hur lagen om offentlig upphandling är utformad, och vilka arbetsuppgifter en beställare har. Vidare studeras hur det kan bli fel och vilka konsekvenser som kan förekomma ifall beställaren upphandlar olagligt. I intervjuerna framkommer praktisk erfarenhet som beställare och fastighetsförvaltare har av LOU, hur de arbetar för att få fram den produkt de vill ha och vad som anses vara besvärligt med lagen. Resultat: Studien visar att beställarens arbete är omfattande och risken är stor att göra fel i upphandlingen. Egenskaper som påverkar beställarens arbete inkluderar erfarenhet, kompetens, branschkunskap. I litteraturstudien framkommer att ett anbud kan vinnas med lägsta pris, eller med ekonomiskt mest fördelaktiga anbud. Det sistnämnda beslutas genom att analysera mjuka parametrar, exempelvis driftkostnader, anbudsgivares organisation, genomförandetider m.m. Faktorer som påverkar beställarens valmöjligheter angående kort- och långsiktiga aspekter beror på branschkunskap, LOU:s utformning, organisationens struktur, politiska policys, miljöcertifieringar, entreprenadformer och byggnadens användningsområde. Mjuka parametrar kan vara svåra att kontrollera och kan leda till överklagan. De som ofta analyseras i dagsläget utöver pris är entreprenörens organisation. Pris är alltid en parameter som beställare analyserar och ofta den enda parameter som granskas. Konsekvenser: LOU finns för att gynna konkurrensen i landet och i EU. Vissa delar av lagen hämmar beställarens valmöjligheter och kan göra deras arbete krångligt att genomföra. Det är bra för alla som arbetar med LOU att förstå hur en beställare resonerar kring kvalitéer för en byggnad och hur de arbetar med anbudsutvärderingen. Begränsningar: Studien är begränsad till offentliga beställare som arbetar i kommuner med ca 100 000 invånare i storlek. Intervjuerna är begränsade till beställare och förvaltare. Studien undersöker beställares resonemang som arbetar med byggentreprenadupphandlingar. / Purpose: The law of public procurement is used by all governments who procure products, services and public works using tax funds. The purpose of this study is to acquire an overview of how public purchasers’ reason regarding procurement of public works. The aim of this study is to list factors that affect decision-making regarding short and long-term aspects when a public government is to purchase public works, and to acquire an understanding of what personal qualities are needed to undergo a procurement. Method: Literature studies examine how the law of public procurement is designed,and what tasks a procurer has. Further studies are made on how things can go wrong and what the consequences can be if the purchaser undergoes an unlawful procurement. The interviews illustrate practical experience that procurers and property managershave on the law of public procurement, how they go about acquiring their wanted product and their views on what is problematic about this law. Findings: This study shows us that the procurers work is comprehensive and that there is a big risk of doing something wrong in the procurement. Qualities that affect aprocurer’s work include experience, competence and knowledge of the industry. The literature studies show that a bid can be won by the lowest cost, or by the most economically advantageous tender. The latter is determined through analysing soft parameters, such as operating costs, the bidders’ organisation, production times and more. Factors that affect the procurers options regarding short and long-term aspects depends on industry knowledge, configuration of the public procurement law, structure of the organisation, political policies, environmental certifications, type of contracting and the usage of the building. Soft parameters can be difficult to control and can lead to a judicial appeal. What is currently analysed other than price is usually is the organisation of the contractor. Price is always a parameter that procurers analyse and often the only one. Implications: The public procurement law exists to favour competition in the nationand in EU. Some parts of law inhibits procures’ options and can make their work difficult to carry out. How procurers’ reason on choice of qualities of buildings and how they work with evaluating bids are good things to know for anyone involved with the public procurement law. Limitations: This study is limited to public procurers working in municipalities of about 100 000 inhabitants. The interviews are restricted to procurers and property managers. The study investigates how buyers working with procurement of public works reason.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an attempt to improve the efficiency of the transport system, the national government has instituted a new tender system for public transport contracts. Small bus and taxi operators are unfamiliar with operating in the formal sector. This study focuses on the extent of their disadvantage in the current tender system and recommends measures to counterbalance this. A questionnaire was devised to determine how much assistance these operators would require to prepare them for the tender, using the model bus tender document as a basis for this. The response rate was 20% with 14 taxi and 17 bus questionnaires being retrieved for analysis. The results showed that 10% of operators had no know ledge of the tender and many needed training in basic accounting and business procedures as well as public transport operation skills. Recommendations included institutional changes in public transport funding, management and allocation of resources as well as the type of education and training required. These changes should be implemented soon enough to ensure that small, medium and micro enterprises (SMME) operators are well prepared for the new tender system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 'n poging om die effektiwiteit van die vervoersisteem te verbeter, het die nasionale regering 'n tendersisteem vir openbare vervoerkontrakte ingestel. Klein bus en taxioperateurs is nie bekend met die bedryf van 'n besigheid in die formele sektor nie. Hierdie studie konsentreer op hul agterstand in die huidige tendersisteem en maak aanbevelings oor hoe dit oorkom kan word. 'n Vraelys is opgestel om te bepaal hoeveel bystand hierdie operateurs sal benodig om hu1le voor te berei vir die tender. Die model bus tenderdokument is as basis gebruik. 20% van die operateurs het op die vraelys gereageer - 14 taxi- en 17 busvraelyste is ontvang vir verder verwerking. Die resultate van die opname het getoon dat 10% van die operateurs geen kennis van die tender gehad het nie en dat baie van hulle opleiding benodig in basiese rekeninkundige en besigheidsprosedures sowel as openbare vervoer bedryfsmetodes. Aanbevelings van die studie sluit lil institusionele veranderinge lil openbare vervoerbefondsing, bestuur en die toewysing van hulpbronne asook die tipe onderrig en opleiding wat benodig word. Hierdie veranderinge behoort so gou as moontlik geïmplementeer te word sodat klein, medium en mikro operateurs goed voorberei kan word vir die nuwe tendersisteem.

Turnkey contract is a commonly used form of contract for procurement of projects, however not so common when it comes to rail infrastructure, because railway installations are so complex and makes greater demands on availability and traffic safety. Performance contracts have occurred in railway projects for a long time. The Swedish Transport Administration has received directives from the government to push for increased productivity and increased degree of innovation in the construction industry. The Swedish Transport Administration has the ambition to transform its role as a client to create the conditions for the market and its driving forces for increased innovation and productivity by handing over a greater commitment and responsibility to the contractors. A strategic primary focus is to increase the proportion of turnkey projects within the construction industry. Contracts relating to investments between 25-500 million will be procured through turnkey projects. The purpose of this report is to identify how the market views the specifications with emphasis on object-specific technical description, its calculability, structure and clarity. The section that has been analyzed in this report is the construction of the freight line between Stenkumla - Dunsjö that is part of the whole distance between Hallsberg - Degerön. Interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs who have participated in the bidding contest. The purpose of the interviews was to get the contractors' views on the specifications that can be taken into account in future projects. Responses will be analyzed by the Swedish Transport Administration and taken into account for the development of future specifications in turnkey contracts for the construction industry. OTB for the route Stenkumla - Dunsjö, entrepreneurs are not allowed to come up with innovative solutions, since the specifications contain many technical solutions specified by the Swedish Transport Administration. The contractors want more freedom in the specifications in order to provide innovative solutions. One reason that there are many technical solutions in this project is because, the project was meant to be procured as performance contract and Traffic Authority had already planned a lot before they decided to purchase it as Turnkey contract. / Totalentreprenader är vanligt förekommande entreprenadformen vid upphandling av projekt dock inte så vanligt när det gäller järnvägsanläggningar eftersom järnvägsanläggningar är så komplexa och ställer större krav på tillgänglighet och trafiksäkerhet. Utförandeentreprenader har varit entreprenadformen som har förekommit vid järnvägsprojekt under en längre tid. Trafikverket har fått direktiv från regering att verka för ökad produktivitet och ökad innovationsgrad i anläggningsbranschen. Trafikverket har som ambition att förändra sin roll som beställare för att skapa förutsättningar för marknaden och dess drivkrafter till ökas innovation och produktivitet genom att överlämna ett större åtagande och ansvar till entreprenörerna.   En strategisk huvudinriktning är att öka andelen totalentreprenader inom anläggningsbranschen. Entreprenader som avser investeringar mellan 25 – 500 Mkr ska 50 % av entreprenaderna upphandlas genom totalentreprenader. Syftet med denna rapport är att kartlägga hur marknaden ser på förfrågningsunderlaget med tonvikt på det objektspcifik tekniska beskrivningen, dess kalkylbarhet, struktur och tydlighet. Sträckan som har i denna rapport analyserat är byggnationen av godsstråket mellan Stenkumla – Dunsjö som är en del av hela sträckan mellan Hallsberg – Degerön. Intervjuer har utförts med entreprenörerna som har deltagit i anbudstävlingen. Syftet med intervjuerna har varit för att få entreprenörernas synpunkter på förfrågningsunderlaget som kan tas hänsyn till i kommande projekt.  Svaren kommer analyseras av Trafikverket och tas i hänsyn till utvecklingsarbetet av framtida förfrågningsunderlag inom totalentreprenader för anläggningsbranschen. OTB för just sträckan Stenkumla – Dunsjö, tillåts inte entreprenörerna komma med innovativa lösningar eftersom förfrågningsunderlaget innehåller många tekniska lösningar som angivits av Trafikverket. Entreprenörerna vill ha mer frihet i förfrågningsunderlagen för att kunna bidra med innovativa lösningar. En anledning till att det finns många tekniska lösningar i detta projekt är att det finns en beslutad järnvägsplan. Järnvägsplanen styr utformningen av anläggningen.

The aim of my thesis is to describe the process of obtaining public contracts according to the supplier. Therefore, the whole work is in its beginning outlined to explain in a theoretical part all the important concepts, context and procedures that will be used in a practical part. The practical part is focused on the course of obtaining a contract in the from of tender

This thesis focuses on the issues related to the requirements of the contracting authority contained in the tender documents of public works contracts. In the first part, the basic concepts of public procurement are explained, where most attention is devoted to particular tender documents. The second part deals with the situation of public procurement in the Czech Republic, during the years following the opinion of the newly released energy efficient buildings. A case study is used to determine whether the use of economic net present value (NPV), as the evaluation criteria for the selected public order.

This master´s thesis deals with the constructive technological project of block of flats. This is the small flats, located in the center of Třinec. Whole project is procesed to rough construction. The main part of the work are technical report, time and financial plan, study of imlementatio of the main technological phases, project site equipment, draft machine assembly, time plan of the main building structure, technological regulation for mounted ceramic ceiling and other documents necessary for construction planning.