Syfte: Lagen om offentlig upphandling tillämpas av alla myndigheter som upphandlar varor, tjänster och byggentreprenader med skattepengar. Syftet med denna studie är att få insikt över hur offentliga beställare tänker när de genomför upphandlingar av byggnader. Målet är att lista de faktorer som påverkar beslutfattandet angående kort och långsiktiga aspekter när en offentlig myndighet skall handla upp byggentreprenader samt att få förståelse för vilka egenskaper krävs av beställare för att kunna utföra enupphandling. Metod: Genom litteraturstudier undersöks hur lagen om offentlig upphandling är utformad, och vilka arbetsuppgifter en beställare har. Vidare studeras hur det kan bli fel och vilka konsekvenser som kan förekomma ifall beställaren upphandlar olagligt. I intervjuerna framkommer praktisk erfarenhet som beställare och fastighetsförvaltare har av LOU, hur de arbetar för att få fram den produkt de vill ha och vad som anses vara besvärligt med lagen. Resultat: Studien visar att beställarens arbete är omfattande och risken är stor att göra fel i upphandlingen. Egenskaper som påverkar beställarens arbete inkluderar erfarenhet, kompetens, branschkunskap. I litteraturstudien framkommer att ett anbud kan vinnas med lägsta pris, eller med ekonomiskt mest fördelaktiga anbud. Det sistnämnda beslutas genom att analysera mjuka parametrar, exempelvis driftkostnader, anbudsgivares organisation, genomförandetider m.m. Faktorer som påverkar beställarens valmöjligheter angående kort- och långsiktiga aspekter beror på branschkunskap, LOU:s utformning, organisationens struktur, politiska policys, miljöcertifieringar, entreprenadformer och byggnadens användningsområde. Mjuka parametrar kan vara svåra att kontrollera och kan leda till överklagan. De som ofta analyseras i dagsläget utöver pris är entreprenörens organisation. Pris är alltid en parameter som beställare analyserar och ofta den enda parameter som granskas. Konsekvenser: LOU finns för att gynna konkurrensen i landet och i EU. Vissa delar av lagen hämmar beställarens valmöjligheter och kan göra deras arbete krångligt att genomföra. Det är bra för alla som arbetar med LOU att förstå hur en beställare resonerar kring kvalitéer för en byggnad och hur de arbetar med anbudsutvärderingen. Begränsningar: Studien är begränsad till offentliga beställare som arbetar i kommuner med ca 100 000 invånare i storlek. Intervjuerna är begränsade till beställare och förvaltare. Studien undersöker beställares resonemang som arbetar med byggentreprenadupphandlingar. / Purpose: The law of public procurement is used by all governments who procure products, services and public works using tax funds. The purpose of this study is to acquire an overview of how public purchasers’ reason regarding procurement of public works. The aim of this study is to list factors that affect decision-making regarding short and long-term aspects when a public government is to purchase public works, and to acquire an understanding of what personal qualities are needed to undergo a procurement. Method: Literature studies examine how the law of public procurement is designed,and what tasks a procurer has. Further studies are made on how things can go wrong and what the consequences can be if the purchaser undergoes an unlawful procurement. The interviews illustrate practical experience that procurers and property managershave on the law of public procurement, how they go about acquiring their wanted product and their views on what is problematic about this law. Findings: This study shows us that the procurers work is comprehensive and that there is a big risk of doing something wrong in the procurement. Qualities that affect aprocurer’s work include experience, competence and knowledge of the industry. The literature studies show that a bid can be won by the lowest cost, or by the most economically advantageous tender. The latter is determined through analysing soft parameters, such as operating costs, the bidders’ organisation, production times and more. Factors that affect the procurers options regarding short and long-term aspects depends on industry knowledge, configuration of the public procurement law, structure of the organisation, political policies, environmental certifications, type of contracting and the usage of the building. Soft parameters can be difficult to control and can lead to a judicial appeal. What is currently analysed other than price is usually is the organisation of the contractor. Price is always a parameter that procurers analyse and often the only one. Implications: The public procurement law exists to favour competition in the nationand in EU. Some parts of law inhibits procures’ options and can make their work difficult to carry out. How procurers’ reason on choice of qualities of buildings and how they work with evaluating bids are good things to know for anyone involved with the public procurement law. Limitations: This study is limited to public procurers working in municipalities of about 100 000 inhabitants. The interviews are restricted to procurers and property managers. The study investigates how buyers working with procurement of public works reason.

Bewehrter Beton ist das heutzutage am meisten verwendete Baumaterial. Es ist universell und preiswert nahezu überall auf der Welt herstellbar. Damit einhergehen allerdings ein hoher CO2-Ausstoß und ein beträchtlicher Verbrauch an natürlichen Ressourcen. Im DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm 1542 wurden deshalb verschiedenste Ansätze erforscht, wie das Material effizienter eingesetzt und damit der Betonbau zukunftsfähig gemacht werden kann. Im vorliegenden Abschlussbericht zum SPP 1542 „Leicht Bauen mit Beton“ (gefördert von 2011 bis 2022) werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse vorgestellt.:S. Scheerer, M. Curbach: Vorwort | Preface S.13 Teil 1: SPP-Projekte | Part 1: SPP projects A. M. Bauer, M. Breitenberger, K.-U. Bletzinger: Nichtlineare Optimierung geometrisch definierter Fugen von räumlich gekrümmten Betonfertigteilen mit isogeometrischen Verfahren | Non-linear optimization of geometrically defined joints of spatially curved prefabricated concrete elements with isogeometric analysis S.18 L. Ledderose, S. Lehmberg, F. Wirth, H. Kloft, H. Budelmann: Entwicklung neuartiger Verbindungen für komplexe Stab-, Flächen- und Raumtragelemente aus UHPFRC | Development of novel jointing systems for complex beam surface and spatial elements made of UHPFRC S. 50 J. D. van der Woerd, J. Hegger, R. Chudoba: Entwurf und Herstellung von dünnwandigen Faltwerken aus zementbasierten Verbundwerkstoffen | Design and construction of folded plate structures made of novel cementitious composites S. 90 A. Schmidt, M. Curbach: Querschnittsadaption für stabförmige Druckbauteile | Cross sectional adaption for rod-shaped elements in compression S. 118 M. Frenzel, K. Farwig, M. Curbach: Leichte Deckentragwerke aus geschichteten Hochleistungsbetonen | Lightweight ceiling structures made of layered high-performance concrete S. 144 S. Baron, J. Mainka, H. W. Hoffmeister, K. Dröder, H. Kloft: Non-Waste-Wachsschalungen: Neuartige Präzisions-Schalungen aus 100 % recycelbaren Industrie-Wachsen zur Herstellung von geometrisch komplexen Beton-Bauteilen | Non-Waste-Wax-Formwork: Novel precise formwork-technology on basis of 100% recyclable industrial wax for the fabrication of geometrically complex concrete elements S. 170 D. Busse, M. Empelmann: Ultraleichte, dünnwandige stabförmige Betonhohlbauteile | Ultra-light, thin-walled hollow concrete members S. 196 M. Henke, O. Fischer: Formoptimierte filigrane Stäbe aus UHPC und korrosionsfreier CFK-Bewehrung für variable räumliche Stabtragwerke | Shape optimized filigree rods made of UHPC and non-corrosive CFRP reinforcement for variable three-dimensional trusses S. 226 D. Schmeer, M. Wörner, H. Garrecht, O. Sawodny, W. Sobek: Effiziente automatisierte Herstellung multifunktional gradierter Bauteile mit mineralischen Hohlkörpern | Efficient automated production of multifunctional graded components with mineral hollow bodies S. 250 S. Illguth, D. Lowke, T. Kränkel, C. Gehlen: Schalentragwerke mit funktionaler Gradierung | Shell structures with functional grading S. 284 D. Weger, D. Talke, D. Lowke, K. Henke, C. Gehlen, S. Winter: Additive Fertigung frei geformter Betonbauteile durch selektives Binden mit calciumsilikatbasierten Zementen | Additive manufacturing of free formed concrete elements by selective binding with calcium silicate based cements S. 300 C.-A. Graubner, U. Knaack, T. Proske, B. Freund, M. Michel, S. Hickert: Grundlagen zur Entwicklung adaptiver Schalungssysteme für frei geformte Betonbauteile | Fundamental research towards an adaptive formwork system development for freeform concrete building components S. 328 A. Stark, J. Hegger: Sandwichbauteile mit gefalteten und gekrümmten Betondeckschichten | Sandwich panels with folded plate and curved concrete facings S.356 W. Jäger: Untersuchungen zu Trageigenschaften von plattenförmigen Betonleichtbauelementen in Kreuz-Kanal-Technologie | Investigations into the load-bearing properties of slab-shaped lightweight concrete elements in CC technology S.390 M. Schneider, H. Andrä, C. Kohlmeyer, S. Oster: Konstruktion und Optimierung von Klebeverbindungen für Platten- und Scheibenbauteile aus hochfestem Beton | Construction and optimization of adhesive joints for plate and shell construction elements composed of high performance concrete S.412 H. Funke, A. Ehrlich, L. Ulke-Winter, C. Petzoldt, S. Gelbrich, L. Kroll: Flexible GFK-Schalungen zur Herstellung von doppelt gekrümmten Beton-Leichtbauelementen mit stabilisierten Abstandsgewirken | Flexible GFRP-formwork for the production of double curved concrete lightweight elements with stabilized spacer fabrics S.436 H. Funke, L. Ulke-Winter, C. Petzoldt, C. Müller, S. Gelbrich, L. Kroll: Gekrümmte Beton-Leichtbauelemente mit bionisch inspirierten Krafteinleitungssystemen durch Einsatz flexibler GFK-Schalungen | Curved lightweight concrete structures with bionic inspired force transmission elements by the use of flexible GFRP-formworks S.452 L. Lohaus, J. Markowski: Wickelverstärkte Hybridrohre | Wrapping-reinforced hybrid tubes S.472 M. Schlaich, A. Goldack, J. P. Osman-Letelier, D. Lordick, K. Noack, M. Friedrich Eichenauer, R. Päßler, M. Pott: Methoden und Werkzeuge für Entwurf und Herstellung schalenartiger und dünnwandiger Betonbauteile mit Regelflächengeometrie | Methods and tools for the design and construction of thin-walled concrete structures with ruled surface geometry S.488 D. Lordick, D. Klawitter, M. Hagemann: Liniengeometrie für den Leichtbau | Line geometry for lightweight structures S.514 C. Kämper, T. Stallmann, P. Forman, J. Schnell, P. Mark: Leichte verformungsoptimierte Schalentragwerke aus mikrobewehrtem UHPC am Beispiel von Parabolrinnen solarthermischer Kraftwerke | Light-weight shape-optimised shell structures made from high-performance concrete for collector modules of parabolic trough power plants S.536 L. Zhou, J. Simon, S. Reese: Modellreduktion und Substrukturtechnik am Beispiel von modularen Schalentragwerken aus ultrahochfestem Beton | Model order reduction and substructures – application to modular shell structures made of ultra-high performance concrete S.590 M. Schnellenbach-Held, J.-E. Habersaat: Leichte Platten aus Beton mit biaxialem Lastabtrag als bionische Strukturen S.610 O. Gericke, D. Kovaleva, W. Haase, W. Sobek: Abfallfreie Herstellung von Betonbauteilen durch die Verwendung einer gefrorenen Sandschalung | Waste-free production of concrete components by means of a frozen sand formwork S.626 M. Wörner, D. Schmeer, H. Garrecht, O. Sawodny, W. Sobek: Optimalstrukturen aus funktional gradierten Betonbauteilen – Entwurf, Berechnung und automatisierte Herstellung | Optimal structures made of functional graded concrete – design, dimensioning and automated production S.642 Teil 2: Demonstratoren und Anschlussprojekte | Part 2: Demonstrators and follow-up projects D. Busse, L. Ledderose: uni-con² – universal concrete construction S.676 C. Müller, H. Funke, S. Gelbrich, L. Kroll: Carbonbeton-Schalendemonstrator | Shell demonstrator out of carbon reinforced concrete S.682 M. Koschemann, S. Scheerer: CarboLight Bridge – eine ultraleichte Konstruktion aus kohlefaserverstärktem und infraleichtem Beton | CarboLight Bridge – an ultra-lightweight construction made of carbon reinforced and infra-lightweight concrete for the German Museum in Munich S.686 S. Scheerer, B. Beckmann, J. Bielak, S. Bosbach, C. Schmidt, J. Hegger, M. Curbach: Konstruktionsstrategien für materialminimierte Carbonbetonstrukturen – Grundlagen für eine neue Art zu bauen | CRC/Transregio 280: Design strategies for material-minimised carbon reinforced concrete structures – principles of a new approach to construction S.700 D. Talke, D. Weger, K. Henke, T. Kränkel, D. Lowke, C. Gehlen, S. Winter: Industrieller 3D-Betondruck durch selektive Zementaktivierung – Verfahren, Material, Anwendungen | Industrial 3D concrete printing by selective cement activation – process, material, applications S.706 D. Schönfelder, H. Funke, S. Gelbrich, L. Kroll: Automatisierte Herstellungstechnologie zur Fertigung von dünnwandigen 3D-geformten Verbundelementen für nachhaltige energie-effiziente Fassadenlösungen – „GreenFACE“ | Automated manufacturing technology for the production of thin-walled 3D-shaped composite elements for sustainable, energy-efficient facade solutions – “GreenFACE“ S.710 A.-C. von der Heid, N. Will, J. Hegger: Weitspannende Sandwichelemente mit vorgespannten Deckschichten aus Carbonbeton | Wide-span sandwich elements with prestressed facings made of carbon reinforced concrete S.714 L. Ledderose, H. Kloft: Magnetische Ausrichtung von Mikro-Stahldrahtfasern in UHPFRC | Magnetic alignment of microsteel fibers in UHPFRC S.720 C. Petzoldt, C. Müller, H. Funke, S. Gelbrich, L. Kroll: Wiederverwendbare flexible GFK-Schalungen zur Herstellung von doppelt gekrümmten Beton-Leichtbauelementen | Re-usable and flexible GFRP formwork for the production of double curved concrete lightweight elements S.726 L. Lohaus, J. Markowski, R. Rolfes, F. F. Tritschel: UHFB-Drucktragglieder (basierend auf wickelverstärkten Hybridrohren) in voll digital datengestützter Fließfertigung als Basis für eine modulare Betonbauweise | UHPC compression rods (based on wrapped hybrid tubes) in fully digitally data-supported flow production as the basis for a modular concrete construction method S.734 P. Forman, T. Stallmann, P. Mark, J. Schnell: Auslegung von Parabolrinnen für Solarkraftwerke im Originalmaßstab S.738 P. Forman, S. Penkert, P. Mark, J. Schnell: Punktfokussierende Heliostaten aus Hochleistungsbeton | Point-focusing heliostats made from high-performance concretes S. 754 D. Kovaleva, O. Gericke, W. Sobek: Herstellung von biomimetischen und biologisch inspirierten (modularen) Strukturen | Fabrication of biomimetic and biologically inspired (modular) structures S.758 O. Gericke, W. Haase, W. Sobek: Sandschalung zur Herstellung von dünnwandigen Sandwiches aus Carbonbeton | Sand formwork for the production of thin-walled sandwiches made from carbon concrete S.762 D. Nigl, D. Schmeer, W. Haase, B. Schönemann, K. Lenz, S. Steier, O. Sawodny, P. Leistner, L. Blandini, W. Sobek: Integrale Planung und Herstellung von ressourceneffizienten Betonbauteilen aus mineralischer Faserverbundbewehrung und gradiertem Beton | Design and production of resource-efficient concrete components made of mineral fibre composite reinforcement and graded concrete S.766 Teil 3: Koordination | Part 3: Coordination S. Scheerer, M. Curbach: Koordination des SPP 1542 | Coordination of SPP 1542 S.774 / Reinforced concrete is the most widely used building material today. It can be produced universally and cheaply almost anywhere in the world. However, this is accompanied by high CO2 emissions and considerable consumption of natural resources. In the DFG Priority Programme 1542, a wide variety of approaches were therefore investigated to find out how the material can be used more efficiently and thus how concrete construction can be made fit for the future. This final report on SPP 1542 “Concrete Light“ (funded from 2011 to 2022) presents the most important results.:S. Scheerer, M. Curbach: Vorwort | Preface S.13 Teil 1: SPP-Projekte | Part 1: SPP projects A. M. Bauer, M. Breitenberger, K.-U. Bletzinger: Nichtlineare Optimierung geometrisch definierter Fugen von räumlich gekrümmten Betonfertigteilen mit isogeometrischen Verfahren | Non-linear optimization of geometrically defined joints of spatially curved prefabricated concrete elements with isogeometric analysis S.18 L. Ledderose, S. Lehmberg, F. Wirth, H. Kloft, H. Budelmann: Entwicklung neuartiger Verbindungen für komplexe Stab-, Flächen- und Raumtragelemente aus UHPFRC | Development of novel jointing systems for complex beam surface and spatial elements made of UHPFRC S. 50 J. D. van der Woerd, J. Hegger, R. Chudoba: Entwurf und Herstellung von dünnwandigen Faltwerken aus zementbasierten Verbundwerkstoffen | Design and construction of folded plate structures made of novel cementitious composites S. 90 A. Schmidt, M. Curbach: Querschnittsadaption für stabförmige Druckbauteile | Cross sectional adaption for rod-shaped elements in compression S. 118 M. Frenzel, K. Farwig, M. Curbach: Leichte Deckentragwerke aus geschichteten Hochleistungsbetonen | Lightweight ceiling structures made of layered high-performance concrete S. 144 S. Baron, J. Mainka, H. W. Hoffmeister, K. Dröder, H. Kloft: Non-Waste-Wachsschalungen: Neuartige Präzisions-Schalungen aus 100 % recycelbaren Industrie-Wachsen zur Herstellung von geometrisch komplexen Beton-Bauteilen | Non-Waste-Wax-Formwork: Novel precise formwork-technology on basis of 100% recyclable industrial wax for the fabrication of geometrically complex concrete elements S. 170 D. Busse, M. Empelmann: Ultraleichte, dünnwandige stabförmige Betonhohlbauteile | Ultra-light, thin-walled hollow concrete members S. 196 M. Henke, O. Fischer: Formoptimierte filigrane Stäbe aus UHPC und korrosionsfreier CFK-Bewehrung für variable räumliche Stabtragwerke | Shape optimized filigree rods made of UHPC and non-corrosive CFRP reinforcement for variable three-dimensional trusses S. 226 D. Schmeer, M. Wörner, H. Garrecht, O. Sawodny, W. Sobek: Effiziente automatisierte Herstellung multifunktional gradierter Bauteile mit mineralischen Hohlkörpern | Efficient automated production of multifunctional graded components with mineral hollow bodies S. 250 S. Illguth, D. Lowke, T. Kränkel, C. Gehlen: Schalentragwerke mit funktionaler Gradierung | Shell structures with functional grading S. 284 D. Weger, D. Talke, D. Lowke, K. Henke, C. Gehlen, S. Winter: Additive Fertigung frei geformter Betonbauteile durch selektives Binden mit calciumsilikatbasierten Zementen | Additive manufacturing of free formed concrete elements by selective binding with calcium silicate based cements S. 300 C.-A. Graubner, U. Knaack, T. Proske, B. Freund, M. Michel, S. Hickert: Grundlagen zur Entwicklung adaptiver Schalungssysteme für frei geformte Betonbauteile | Fundamental research towards an adaptive formwork system development for freeform concrete building components S. 328 A. Stark, J. Hegger: Sandwichbauteile mit gefalteten und gekrümmten Betondeckschichten | Sandwich panels with folded plate and curved concrete facings S.356 W. Jäger: Untersuchungen zu Trageigenschaften von plattenförmigen Betonleichtbauelementen in Kreuz-Kanal-Technologie | Investigations into the load-bearing properties of slab-shaped lightweight concrete elements in CC technology S.390 M. Schneider, H. Andrä, C. Kohlmeyer, S. Oster: Konstruktion und Optimierung von Klebeverbindungen für Platten- und Scheibenbauteile aus hochfestem Beton | Construction and optimization of adhesive joints for plate and shell construction elements composed of high performance concrete S.412 H. Funke, A. Ehrlich, L. Ulke-Winter, C. Petzoldt, S. Gelbrich, L. Kroll: Flexible GFK-Schalungen zur Herstellung von doppelt gekrümmten Beton-Leichtbauelementen mit stabilisierten Abstandsgewirken | Flexible GFRP-formwork for the production of double curved concrete lightweight elements with stabilized spacer fabrics S.436 H. Funke, L. Ulke-Winter, C. Petzoldt, C. Müller, S. Gelbrich, L. Kroll: Gekrümmte Beton-Leichtbauelemente mit bionisch inspirierten Krafteinleitungssystemen durch Einsatz flexibler GFK-Schalungen | Curved lightweight concrete structures with bionic inspired force transmission elements by the use of flexible GFRP-formworks S.452 L. Lohaus, J. Markowski: Wickelverstärkte Hybridrohre | Wrapping-reinforced hybrid tubes S.472 M. Schlaich, A. Goldack, J. P. Osman-Letelier, D. Lordick, K. Noack, M. Friedrich Eichenauer, R. Päßler, M. Pott: Methoden und Werkzeuge für Entwurf und Herstellung schalenartiger und dünnwandiger Betonbauteile mit Regelflächengeometrie | Methods and tools for the design and construction of thin-walled concrete structures with ruled surface geometry S.488 D. Lordick, D. Klawitter, M. Hagemann: Liniengeometrie für den Leichtbau | Line geometry for lightweight structures S.514 C. Kämper, T. Stallmann, P. Forman, J. Schnell, P. Mark: Leichte verformungsoptimierte Schalentragwerke aus mikrobewehrtem UHPC am Beispiel von Parabolrinnen solarthermischer Kraftwerke | Light-weight shape-optimised shell structures made from high-performance concrete for collector modules of parabolic trough power plants S.536 L. Zhou, J. Simon, S. Reese: Modellreduktion und Substrukturtechnik am Beispiel von modularen Schalentragwerken aus ultrahochfestem Beton | Model order reduction and substructures – application to modular shell structures made of ultra-high performance concrete S.590 M. Schnellenbach-Held, J.-E. Habersaat: Leichte Platten aus Beton mit biaxialem Lastabtrag als bionische Strukturen S.610 O. Gericke, D. Kovaleva, W. Haase, W. Sobek: Abfallfreie Herstellung von Betonbauteilen durch die Verwendung einer gefrorenen Sandschalung | Waste-free production of concrete components by means of a frozen sand formwork S.626 M. Wörner, D. Schmeer, H. Garrecht, O. Sawodny, W. Sobek: Optimalstrukturen aus funktional gradierten Betonbauteilen – Entwurf, Berechnung und automatisierte Herstellung | Optimal structures made of functional graded concrete – design, dimensioning and automated production S.642 Teil 2: Demonstratoren und Anschlussprojekte | Part 2: Demonstrators and follow-up projects D. Busse, L. Ledderose: uni-con² – universal concrete construction S.676 C. Müller, H. Funke, S. Gelbrich, L. Kroll: Carbonbeton-Schalendemonstrator | Shell demonstrator out of carbon reinforced concrete S.682 M. Koschemann, S. Scheerer: CarboLight Bridge – eine ultraleichte Konstruktion aus kohlefaserverstärktem und infraleichtem Beton | CarboLight Bridge – an ultra-lightweight construction made of carbon reinforced and infra-lightweight concrete for the German Museum in Munich S.686 S. Scheerer, B. Beckmann, J. Bielak, S. Bosbach, C. Schmidt, J. Hegger, M. Curbach: Konstruktionsstrategien für materialminimierte Carbonbetonstrukturen – Grundlagen für eine neue Art zu bauen | CRC/Transregio 280: Design strategies for material-minimised carbon reinforced concrete structures – principles of a new approach to construction S.700 D. Talke, D. Weger, K. Henke, T. Kränkel, D. Lowke, C. Gehlen, S. Winter: Industrieller 3D-Betondruck durch selektive Zementaktivierung – Verfahren, Material, Anwendungen | Industrial 3D concrete printing by selective cement activation – process, material, applications S.706 D. Schönfelder, H. Funke, S. Gelbrich, L. Kroll: Automatisierte Herstellungstechnologie zur Fertigung von dünnwandigen 3D-geformten Verbundelementen für nachhaltige energie-effiziente Fassadenlösungen – „GreenFACE“ | Automated manufacturing technology for the production of thin-walled 3D-shaped composite elements for sustainable, energy-efficient facade solutions – “GreenFACE“ S.710 A.-C. von der Heid, N. Will, J. Hegger: Weitspannende Sandwichelemente mit vorgespannten Deckschichten aus Carbonbeton | Wide-span sandwich elements with prestressed facings made of carbon reinforced concrete S.714 L. Ledderose, H. Kloft: Magnetische Ausrichtung von Mikro-Stahldrahtfasern in UHPFRC | Magnetic alignment of microsteel fibers in UHPFRC S.720 C. Petzoldt, C. Müller, H. Funke, S. Gelbrich, L. Kroll: Wiederverwendbare flexible GFK-Schalungen zur Herstellung von doppelt gekrümmten Beton-Leichtbauelementen | Re-usable and flexible GFRP formwork for the production of double curved concrete lightweight elements S.726 L. Lohaus, J. Markowski, R. Rolfes, F. F. Tritschel: UHFB-Drucktragglieder (basierend auf wickelverstärkten Hybridrohren) in voll digital datengestützter Fließfertigung als Basis für eine modulare Betonbauweise | UHPC compression rods (based on wrapped hybrid tubes) in fully digitally data-supported flow production as the basis for a modular concrete construction method S.734 P. Forman, T. Stallmann, P. Mark, J. Schnell: Auslegung von Parabolrinnen für Solarkraftwerke im Originalmaßstab S.738 P. Forman, S. Penkert, P. Mark, J. Schnell: Punktfokussierende Heliostaten aus Hochleistungsbeton | Point-focusing heliostats made from high-performance concretes S. 754 D. Kovaleva, O. Gericke, W. Sobek: Herstellung von biomimetischen und biologisch inspirierten (modularen) Strukturen | Fabrication of biomimetic and biologically inspired (modular) structures S.758 O. Gericke, W. Haase, W. Sobek: Sandschalung zur Herstellung von dünnwandigen Sandwiches aus Carbonbeton | Sand formwork for the production of thin-walled sandwiches made from carbon concrete S.762 D. Nigl, D. Schmeer, W. Haase, B. Schönemann, K. Lenz, S. Steier, O. Sawodny, P. Leistner, L. Blandini, W. Sobek: Integrale Planung und Herstellung von ressourceneffizienten Betonbauteilen aus mineralischer Faserverbundbewehrung und gradiertem Beton | Design and production of resource-efficient concrete components made of mineral fibre composite reinforcement and graded concrete S.766 Teil 3: Koordination | Part 3: Coordination S. Scheerer, M. Curbach: Koordination des SPP 1542 | Coordination of SPP 1542 S.774

During an annotation project of 60 000 Afrikaans tokens by CTexT (North-West University), the developers had to answer difficult questions with regard to the annotation of the participle specifically. One of the main reasons for this difficulty is that the different sources that offer descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans are conflicting in such descriptions and, depending on which source is consulted, would provide different annotations. In order to clarify the uncertainty of how the participle in Afrikaans should be annotated, the available literature was surveyed to determine the exact nature of the participle in Afrikaans. The descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans were further situated in the context of how participles are described in English and Dutch. The conclusion that was reached is that the participle form of the verb in Afrikaans should be distinguished from the periphrastic construction form of the verb that appears in the past and the passive constructions. Furthermore, this study determined to what extent a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework could contribute towards a better understanding of the participle in Afrikaans. The first conclusion that was reached is that a characterisation of the participle within this framework enables one to make conceptual sense of the morphological structure of the participle. The study shows how the morphological structure of the participle is responsible for the fact that the verbal character of the participle stays intact while the participle functions as another word class. Another conclusion that was reached regarding the characterisation of the past and passive constructions from a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework is that the framework makes it possible to distinguish conceptually between the periphrastic form of the verb and the participle form of the verb. Lastly, the study determined to what extent new insights into the participle in Afrikaans could lead to alternative lemmatisation and part-of-speech-tagging of participles in the NCHLT-corpus. The conclusion that was reached is that participles are primarily lemmatised satisfactorily. Proposals that are made in order to improve the lemmatisation protocol, include: (i) distinguishing in the protocol between periphrastic forms of the verb and the participle form of the verb; (ii) repeating the guideline for the lemmatisation of compound verbs that was provided for verb lemmatisation under the lemmatisation guidelines for participles; (iii) adding more lexicalised adjectives to the existing list in the protocol; and (iv) suggesting a guideline that would allow one to consistently distinguish between participles that could function as adverbs as well as participles that could function as prepositions. The conclusion that was reached after the analysis of the part-of-speech protocol is that the part-of-speech tag set in Afrikaans does not allow for the specific attributes and values of participles to be taken into account. Participles in the Afrikaans tag set are tagged strictly according to the function of the word. Although such an approach is very practical, it results in a linguistically poorer part-of-speech tag that ignores the verbal character of the participle. An alternative strategy is therefore suggested for the part-of-speech tagging of participles in which the attributes and values of the verb tag are adapted. / MA (Linguistics and Literary Theory), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

During an annotation project of 60 000 Afrikaans tokens by CTexT (North-West University), the developers had to answer difficult questions with regard to the annotation of the participle specifically. One of the main reasons for this difficulty is that the different sources that offer descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans are conflicting in such descriptions and, depending on which source is consulted, would provide different annotations. In order to clarify the uncertainty of how the participle in Afrikaans should be annotated, the available literature was surveyed to determine the exact nature of the participle in Afrikaans. The descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans were further situated in the context of how participles are described in English and Dutch. The conclusion that was reached is that the participle form of the verb in Afrikaans should be distinguished from the periphrastic construction form of the verb that appears in the past and the passive constructions. Furthermore, this study determined to what extent a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework could contribute towards a better understanding of the participle in Afrikaans. The first conclusion that was reached is that a characterisation of the participle within this framework enables one to make conceptual sense of the morphological structure of the participle. The study shows how the morphological structure of the participle is responsible for the fact that the verbal character of the participle stays intact while the participle functions as another word class. Another conclusion that was reached regarding the characterisation of the past and passive constructions from a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework is that the framework makes it possible to distinguish conceptually between the periphrastic form of the verb and the participle form of the verb. Lastly, the study determined to what extent new insights into the participle in Afrikaans could lead to alternative lemmatisation and part-of-speech-tagging of participles in the NCHLT-corpus. The conclusion that was reached is that participles are primarily lemmatised satisfactorily. Proposals that are made in order to improve the lemmatisation protocol, include: (i) distinguishing in the protocol between periphrastic forms of the verb and the participle form of the verb; (ii) repeating the guideline for the lemmatisation of compound verbs that was provided for verb lemmatisation under the lemmatisation guidelines for participles; (iii) adding more lexicalised adjectives to the existing list in the protocol; and (iv) suggesting a guideline that would allow one to consistently distinguish between participles that could function as adverbs as well as participles that could function as prepositions. The conclusion that was reached after the analysis of the part-of-speech protocol is that the part-of-speech tag set in Afrikaans does not allow for the specific attributes and values of participles to be taken into account. Participles in the Afrikaans tag set are tagged strictly according to the function of the word. Although such an approach is very practical, it results in a linguistically poorer part-of-speech tag that ignores the verbal character of the participle. An alternative strategy is therefore suggested for the part-of-speech tagging of participles in which the attributes and values of the verb tag are adapted. / MA (Linguistics and Literary Theory), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014