Idag lever vi i en kultur där vi objektifierar våra kroppar och utseendet blir allt viktigare. Idealen är orealistiska och det kan leda till skamkänslor, kroppsmissnöje, depression och lägre självkänsla. Studien undersökte hur relationen mellan självobjektifierng och självkänsla ser ut hos medelålders kvinnor och män.  Enkätstudien omfattade 111 personer mellan 40 och 65 år. Av dessa var 68 kvinnor och 43 män. Som mätinstrument användes ”The Self-Objectification Questionnaire”, en skala som mäter självobjektifiering och ”Basic Self-esteem Scale” samt ”Earning Self-esteem Scale” som båda mäter självkänsla. Huvudfynden i studien var att det fanns könsskillnader och skillnad beroende på ålder vad gäller relationen mellan självobjektifiering och självkänsla. De äldre männen med högre nivå av självobjektifiering hade lägre bas-självkänsla än männen i den yngre åldersgruppen. För kvinnorna i den höga självobjektifieringsgruppen visades en lägre bas-självkänsla men högre förvärvad självkänsla

Abstract The investment is often coupled with the valuation. Before taking action, the decision that how to value an investment underlying is a scientific process. Usually, this work is heavily done and associated with an intangible value. Hence, somewhat in reality, the valuation and investment are also an artistic work. This study, using Taiwaneese quarterly data from 1992 to 2001, examines whether the RIV Model and Ohlson(1995) Model are applicable and valid in different industries. Both the RIV Model that equates the market value of a firm¡¦s equity to book value plus the present value of expected abnormal earnings and Ohlson(1995) Model which links the RIV with a linear information dynamic equation of abnormal earnings are accounting-based valuation Model. An emperical results show that the RIV Model is the best suitable for traditional industry, the Ohlson(1995) valuation Model is the best suitable for financial company, and the modified Model developed in this study is suitable for information technology industry. The implications implyed by this study are summarily as the followings¡G 1. Traditional Industry has stepped into mature or falling phase, and will be difficult to have abnormal earnings. The stock price can be explained largely by its book value. The forecasting value and terminal value are comparatively not so important. So the influence of predictive bias becomes less, and the accuracy of estimating intrinsic value will be higher than other industries. Therefore, RIV Model is comparatively suitable for the traditional industry. 2. Financial industry has been a mature one and its turnover is stable. The consecutive mutual relationship of the abnormal earnings is the highest among three industry from experimentation. The difference between RIV and Ohlson Valuation Model is that the latter derived from RIV connected with abnormal earning linear dynamic function, so financial industry is more suitable for Ohlson valuation model. 3. Information Technology Industry is in its growing phase. The turnover is too volatile, so ex-period market information (P-BV)t-1 must be added to acquire a better explanation power of the model. Therefore, The valuation model developed in this research is suitable for IT Industry.

In theory, all relevant information is incorporated in stock prices timely and completely and therefore prices respond related news quickly in efficient financial markets. In today's information age, technological advances provide investors with fast access to a vast number of information resources. One can argue that these advances can help market efficiency due to easy and quick access to relevant information. On the other hand, these technological advances not only facilitate availability of relevant information but also facilitate availability of all types of information--both relevant and irrelevant information signals. In essence, one can argue that there is (over)exposure to information which may come with a cost in the form of distraction and limited attention to relevant information. After considering these previous points, this study sheds more light on investor distraction and its impact on stock prices in two essays. My first essay introduces a new type of investor distraction, which arises from the discrepancy between investors' mood state and the content of the firm news. My second essay shows the importance of culture to explain investors' information processing .Moreover; the findings of my second essay are consistent with an investor distraction effect caused by cultural factors which are assumed as irrelevant factors in investors' information environment. In my first essay titled "Overexposure to Unrelated News and Investor Distraction: Earnings News and Big Sports Games", I use mood-generating events - proxied by big sports games -that contain no information on firm fundamentals but occur concurrently with earnings vi announcements to test the hypothesis that investors' attention shifts away from financial news that is incongruent with investors' mood states, thereby leading to underreaction. I empirically confirm the existence of mood-conflicting distraction. I find stronger post-earnings announcement drift and delayed response ratio, and weaker immediate volume reaction, when the earnings announcing firm's local investors' sports mood is inconsistent with the earnings news' content (good vs. bad). This effect strengthens with firm's proximity to the location of the mood source. In my secon essay titled "Post-Earnings Announcement and Religious Holidays", I show the role of culture, proxied by religion, in financial information processing and the impact of culture on financial outcomes through investor inattention. I examine whether and how the religious holiday calendar affects investors' information processing by investigating price reactions to U.S. firms' earnings announcements that occur during Easter week. I find different patterns for short-term and delayed responses to Easter week earnings surprises. Moreover, there is a stronger immediate (delayed) reaction to good (bad) news, primarily found in less religious, predominantly Protestant areas. The results are consistent with a religion-induced investor distraction effect. The findings also show the role of religious characteristics in firms' information environment and the locality of stock prices.

O mercado de café vem apresentando um novo comportamento competitivo nas últimas décadas. Condicionantes socioambientais têm impulsionado novos padrões, hábitos, valores e crenças de consumo. Equacionar limitantes produtivos e de identidade do sistema fez o governo brasileiro buscar nas ferramentas de marketing os mecanismos institucionais para coordenar e integrar as ações para alcançar a coerência e posicionar a marca “Cafés do Brasil” como símbolo deste país. A necessidade de compreender o comportamento da cadeia, como a estrutura institucional molda o papel dos atores e a eficiência destes na adaptação do sistema foi o que motivou este estudo. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória qualitativa com o intuito de se alcançar insights práticos, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 17 profissionais de organizações presentes nos elos do sistema produtivo. Com isso foi possível fazer uma análise comparativa com dados secundários fornecidos por esses atores. A proposta de posicionamento é entendida como importante para promover os cafés brasileiros. Mas há condicionantes na matriz institucional que expressam ineficácia. Ao descentralizar as ações por regiões, o governo caracteriza a matriz institucional como redistributiva e se exime da função de coordenador do sistema configurando a proposta com baixo enforcement. As organizações regionais, por sua vez, ao reunir os atores dispersos, contribuem para o aprendizado coletivo, o compartilhamento de uma cultura que facilita a interpretação e para soluções compartilhadas. Pelo descompasso adaptativo entre a base e os demais agentes da cadeia, as organizações regionais, produtores individuais passam a concentrar atividades de outros elos para maximizar rendas e posicionar a marca local frente a nacional. Os resultados evidenciam que as características produtivas locais possibilitam diversas interligações e as estratégias individuais inviabilizam a integração das regiões produtoras em torno de uma única estratégia de marketing. O resultado é uma fuga do posicionamento da marca nacional segmentando em diversas marcas regionais, fato que se alinha mais consistentemente em uma estratégia multimarcas a oferta brasileira. Conclui-se que a ineficácia da proposta é consequência direta da matriz institucional. / The coffee market has been showing a new competitive behavior in recent decades. Social and environmental conditioning factors have driven new patterns, habits, values and consumption beliefs. To equate production limitatives and of system identity, have made the Brazilian government seek in the marketing tools the institutional mechanisms to coordinate and integrate the actions to achieve coherence and position the brand Coffees of Brazil (Cafés do Brasil) as a symbol of this country. The need to understand the behavior of the chain, how the institutional structure shapes the role of the actors and the efficiency of these in adapting the system was what motivated this study. Therefore, a qualitative exploratory research was conducted with the aim of achieving practical insights, through semi-structured interviews with 17 professionals from organizations present in the links of the productive system. With this, it was then possible to make a comparative analysis using secondary data provided by these actors. The positioning proposal is understood as important to promote the Brazilian coffees. But there are constraints on institutional matrix that express ineffectiveness. By decentralizing the actions by regions, the government characterizes the institutional matrix as redistributive and disclaims System coordinator role setting the proposal with low enforcement. Regional organizations, in turn, to gather the scattered actors, contribute to the collective learning, sharing a culture that facilitates the interpretation and shared solutions. Due to the adaptive imbalance of the base with the other chain agents, regional organizations, individual producers will specialize in other activities to maximize income and seek institutional legitimacy to defend the local brand faced to a national brand. The results show that local production characteristics enable many interconnections and individual strategies make it impossible to integrate producing regions around a single marketing strategy. The result is an escape from the national brand positioning targeting in several regional brands, a fact that lines up more consistently in a multi-brand strategy Brazil's offer. It is concluded that the ineffectiveness of the proposal is a direct consequence of the institutional matrix.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Rodrigues.pdf: 1040760 bytes, checksum: 93bebf2fae2fe1a6f8d4df6e067e9861 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-18 / This bibliographic work brings Issachar‟s tribe as its main theme. This tribal group is part of Israel‟s social system since its beginning and has as a main feature the hard life of the man who works for a living, as well as many others in the mankind history, except that, inside the Israel‟s tribal society, this tribe had a difference to give up the possibility of live free from the Egyptian and the Cananeus domination, this is due to the fact that they found themselves in a hard living region for it seemed to be a satisfying and safe place. In compensation this paradise‟ demanded hard work and sweat and at the end gave them the curious name of the wage-earning man tribe. Spend one‟s life without any struggle against their oppressors wasn‟t an easy decision, but among them earn his life and bread. Israel‟s history, far away of being repetitious and determinant is an intriguing and fascinating history due to its possibilities of discover inside Israel‟s people the exciting new life‟ that God, the life bearer, wishes to offer to anyone who knows to live. Work is not penalty, work is blessing, work is sacred and cherishes of horizons the agreed time of living. Supported on texts from Jdg19, 17-23; Gen 49, 14-15; and Dt 33, 18-19; we shall try to find the audacity of a social group that decide to live in odd manner, in a poor and difficult region geographically speaking; a social group that decide to make from its own working power‟ the instrument that assures them to be wherever they want, and do whatever that pleasures them. This is Issachar. / Esse trabalho bibliográfico traz como tema a tribo de Issacar. Ela faz parte da formação do sistema tribal de Israel, pelo menos no seu início, e tem como principal característica a vida dura de homem trabalhador, como tantos na história da humanidade, mas que dentro da sociedade tribal de Israel se diferenciou por ter aberto mão da possibilidade de viver livre da dominação egípcia/cananéia por encontrar em uma região difícil, um local que lhe parecesse ser de segurança e satisfação. O paraíso que, em contrapartida, lhe exigiu muito trabalho e suor e por conta disso acabou por batizá-lo com o curioso nome de Issacar o homem assalariado. Não foi fácil sua decisão de não passar a vida lutando contra os seus opressores, mas inserido em seu meio, ganhar sua vida e seu pão. A História de Israel, longe de ser repetitiva e já determinada, é intrigante e fascinante justamente pelas possibilidades de descoberta, na vida de seu povo a novidade empolgante de vida que o Deus da vida quer oferecer a quem souber viver. Trabalho não é castigo, trabalho é bênção, trabalho é sagrado e alimenta de horizontes o tempo acordado de viver. Apoiado nos textos de Js19,17-23, Gn 49,14-15 e Dt 33,18-19 vamos descobrir a ousadia de um grupo de pessoas que resolve fazer diferente, vivendo em uma região pouco atrativa geograficamente, essas pessoas fazem da sua força de trabalho a ferramenta que lhes garante estar onde querem, fazendo o que querem. Esse é Issacar.

O mercado de café vem apresentando um novo comportamento competitivo nas últimas décadas. Condicionantes socioambientais têm impulsionado novos padrões, hábitos, valores e crenças de consumo. Equacionar limitantes produtivos e de identidade do sistema fez o governo brasileiro buscar nas ferramentas de marketing os mecanismos institucionais para coordenar e integrar as ações para alcançar a coerência e posicionar a marca “Cafés do Brasil” como símbolo deste país. A necessidade de compreender o comportamento da cadeia, como a estrutura institucional molda o papel dos atores e a eficiência destes na adaptação do sistema foi o que motivou este estudo. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória qualitativa com o intuito de se alcançar insights práticos, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 17 profissionais de organizações presentes nos elos do sistema produtivo. Com isso foi possível fazer uma análise comparativa com dados secundários fornecidos por esses atores. A proposta de posicionamento é entendida como importante para promover os cafés brasileiros. Mas há condicionantes na matriz institucional que expressam ineficácia. Ao descentralizar as ações por regiões, o governo caracteriza a matriz institucional como redistributiva e se exime da função de coordenador do sistema configurando a proposta com baixo enforcement. As organizações regionais, por sua vez, ao reunir os atores dispersos, contribuem para o aprendizado coletivo, o compartilhamento de uma cultura que facilita a interpretação e para soluções compartilhadas. Pelo descompasso adaptativo entre a base e os demais agentes da cadeia, as organizações regionais, produtores individuais passam a concentrar atividades de outros elos para maximizar rendas e posicionar a marca local frente a nacional. Os resultados evidenciam que as características produtivas locais possibilitam diversas interligações e as estratégias individuais inviabilizam a integração das regiões produtoras em torno de uma única estratégia de marketing. O resultado é uma fuga do posicionamento da marca nacional segmentando em diversas marcas regionais, fato que se alinha mais consistentemente em uma estratégia multimarcas a oferta brasileira. Conclui-se que a ineficácia da proposta é consequência direta da matriz institucional. / The coffee market has been showing a new competitive behavior in recent decades. Social and environmental conditioning factors have driven new patterns, habits, values and consumption beliefs. To equate production limitatives and of system identity, have made the Brazilian government seek in the marketing tools the institutional mechanisms to coordinate and integrate the actions to achieve coherence and position the brand Coffees of Brazil (Cafés do Brasil) as a symbol of this country. The need to understand the behavior of the chain, how the institutional structure shapes the role of the actors and the efficiency of these in adapting the system was what motivated this study. Therefore, a qualitative exploratory research was conducted with the aim of achieving practical insights, through semi-structured interviews with 17 professionals from organizations present in the links of the productive system. With this, it was then possible to make a comparative analysis using secondary data provided by these actors. The positioning proposal is understood as important to promote the Brazilian coffees. But there are constraints on institutional matrix that express ineffectiveness. By decentralizing the actions by regions, the government characterizes the institutional matrix as redistributive and disclaims System coordinator role setting the proposal with low enforcement. Regional organizations, in turn, to gather the scattered actors, contribute to the collective learning, sharing a culture that facilitates the interpretation and shared solutions. Due to the adaptive imbalance of the base with the other chain agents, regional organizations, individual producers will specialize in other activities to maximize income and seek institutional legitimacy to defend the local brand faced to a national brand. The results show that local production characteristics enable many interconnections and individual strategies make it impossible to integrate producing regions around a single marketing strategy. The result is an escape from the national brand positioning targeting in several regional brands, a fact that lines up more consistently in a multi-brand strategy Brazil's offer. It is concluded that the ineffectiveness of the proposal is a direct consequence of the institutional matrix.

O mercado de café vem apresentando um novo comportamento competitivo nas últimas décadas. Condicionantes socioambientais têm impulsionado novos padrões, hábitos, valores e crenças de consumo. Equacionar limitantes produtivos e de identidade do sistema fez o governo brasileiro buscar nas ferramentas de marketing os mecanismos institucionais para coordenar e integrar as ações para alcançar a coerência e posicionar a marca “Cafés do Brasil” como símbolo deste país. A necessidade de compreender o comportamento da cadeia, como a estrutura institucional molda o papel dos atores e a eficiência destes na adaptação do sistema foi o que motivou este estudo. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória qualitativa com o intuito de se alcançar insights práticos, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 17 profissionais de organizações presentes nos elos do sistema produtivo. Com isso foi possível fazer uma análise comparativa com dados secundários fornecidos por esses atores. A proposta de posicionamento é entendida como importante para promover os cafés brasileiros. Mas há condicionantes na matriz institucional que expressam ineficácia. Ao descentralizar as ações por regiões, o governo caracteriza a matriz institucional como redistributiva e se exime da função de coordenador do sistema configurando a proposta com baixo enforcement. As organizações regionais, por sua vez, ao reunir os atores dispersos, contribuem para o aprendizado coletivo, o compartilhamento de uma cultura que facilita a interpretação e para soluções compartilhadas. Pelo descompasso adaptativo entre a base e os demais agentes da cadeia, as organizações regionais, produtores individuais passam a concentrar atividades de outros elos para maximizar rendas e posicionar a marca local frente a nacional. Os resultados evidenciam que as características produtivas locais possibilitam diversas interligações e as estratégias individuais inviabilizam a integração das regiões produtoras em torno de uma única estratégia de marketing. O resultado é uma fuga do posicionamento da marca nacional segmentando em diversas marcas regionais, fato que se alinha mais consistentemente em uma estratégia multimarcas a oferta brasileira. Conclui-se que a ineficácia da proposta é consequência direta da matriz institucional. / The coffee market has been showing a new competitive behavior in recent decades. Social and environmental conditioning factors have driven new patterns, habits, values and consumption beliefs. To equate production limitatives and of system identity, have made the Brazilian government seek in the marketing tools the institutional mechanisms to coordinate and integrate the actions to achieve coherence and position the brand Coffees of Brazil (Cafés do Brasil) as a symbol of this country. The need to understand the behavior of the chain, how the institutional structure shapes the role of the actors and the efficiency of these in adapting the system was what motivated this study. Therefore, a qualitative exploratory research was conducted with the aim of achieving practical insights, through semi-structured interviews with 17 professionals from organizations present in the links of the productive system. With this, it was then possible to make a comparative analysis using secondary data provided by these actors. The positioning proposal is understood as important to promote the Brazilian coffees. But there are constraints on institutional matrix that express ineffectiveness. By decentralizing the actions by regions, the government characterizes the institutional matrix as redistributive and disclaims System coordinator role setting the proposal with low enforcement. Regional organizations, in turn, to gather the scattered actors, contribute to the collective learning, sharing a culture that facilitates the interpretation and shared solutions. Due to the adaptive imbalance of the base with the other chain agents, regional organizations, individual producers will specialize in other activities to maximize income and seek institutional legitimacy to defend the local brand faced to a national brand. The results show that local production characteristics enable many interconnections and individual strategies make it impossible to integrate producing regions around a single marketing strategy. The result is an escape from the national brand positioning targeting in several regional brands, a fact that lines up more consistently in a multi-brand strategy Brazil's offer. It is concluded that the ineffectiveness of the proposal is a direct consequence of the institutional matrix.

Income decreasing strategies conducted by management could be harmful for various stakeholders. One example is big bath accounting, which could be accomplished in numer- ous ways. This study focus on big baths achieved by recognising impairments of goodwill. Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine patterns of association between big bath accounting and impairment of goodwill within the telecommunication service industry in Europe. Further, this study aim at contributing to the discussion regarding utilisation of big baths through impairments of goodwill, and takes the perspective of an external stakehold- er. Delimitations - The study is restricted to European telecommunication entities comprised in STOXX Europe 600 Index. Method - This study was conducted using a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative research strategy with a deductive approach. The five indicators used to identify various big bath behaviours were inspired and derived from theory and previous research. Data from 2009 to 2015 was collected from the companies’ annual reports and websites, and analysed by the help of codification of each fulfilled indicator where 2009 merely served as a compara- tive year for 2010. By the use of a scoreboard the collected data was summarised on an ag- gregated yearly basis as the industry, not the specific companies, were analysed. Empirical findings - The results of this study suggests that big baths are executed among tele- communication companies within Europe. These are conducted simultaneously as impair- ments of goodwill are present, facilitated by earning management. A possible explanation is considered to be the room for interpretation inherent in IAS 36, enabling goodwill impair- ments to be recognised on managers’ command. Thereby an impairment could be “saved” for better or worse circumstances, or recognised when there exist an opportunity to max- imise (the manager's) wealth in the future. This study reveal the co-occurrence of goodwill impairments and big bath-indications, however a review of causal relationships are not en- abled by the limitations of the chosen method.

For the last decades, public authorities and private firms have emphasized their focus on integrating sustainability into corporate disclosure. The shift towards CSR instead of the traditional profit maximization narratives is evident in increased demand among various stakeholders for sustainability awareness. Thus, financial and non-financial disclosure legislation have become stricter, forcing companies to be more transparent (European Commission, n.d.). This thesis aims to examine CSR research by arguing from a previously unattended perspective of valuation. Thus, the formulated purpose “is to examine if CSR affects the deviation between intrinsic and market value of firms in the energy sector in Europe”. This sector is highly blamed for contributing to global warming by exhausting a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions (Mezher et al., 2010). Furthermore, this thesis distinguishes itself from other valuation articles by arguing from the paradigm of realism. In doing so, we argue that the intrinsic value is the independent reality instead of the market value. The market value is, in contrast, based on investors aggregated perception of the intrinsic value through information. This separation of the two values becomes theoretically evident from the perspective of irrationality. For this aim, a few well-established theories such as the market equilibrium theory and the efficient market hypothesis have been used to theoretically explain the deviation. To establish the empirical difference of deviation, a T-test was conducted on the ten most extreme ESG score firms in the European energy sector. The applied method for calculating the intrinsic value is a perpetuity version of the Residual Earning Method with an aggregated Capital Asset Pricing Model as the discount rate. In accordance with the implied result, we argue for a significant difference in both an absolute and relative deviation in this sector. Contradicting, our second test, regression analysis, could not validate if the stated finding depends on ESG and its components. Instead, the deviation could be viewed from the control variables: Size, risk, and profitability. Thus, a theoretical explanation could be an indirect relationship of ESG towards the deviation; however, further research is needed to verificate the finding. Ultimately, we contribute on two fronts, both towards theoretical and pragmatic knowledge by arguing from an un addressed research perspective, realism and establish that high ESG firms are undervalued compared to low ESG firms.

The adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has been a significant event in the accounting profession, as it provides a common language for financial reporting across the globe. The impact of IFRS adoption on earnings management practices in South Korean and Swedish manufacturing companies is studied in this research. The study aims to explore the influence of accounting regulation on companies' behavior towards earnings management practices. Applying insights from the Positive accounting theory (PAT) and Enforcement theory, the research provides a nuanced understanding of the role of regulations and enforcement in shaping corporate earnings management behaviors following the adoption of FRS. The study uses a comparative approach to examine the differences in IFRS adoption and earnings management practices in South Korea and Sweden. Data are collected from 21 manufacturing companies in each country, using secondary sources such as annual reports, financial statements, and other public records. South Korea shows the high frequency of manipulating income reports, while Sweden is among the countries with the lowest earning management level. Despite the difference in earnings management behavior, this study results indicate that after adoption of IFRS has reduced earnings management in both South Korean and Swedish manufacturing companies. The study concludes that the regulatory environment in each country had a bigger impact on Korean manufacturing companies on earnings management practices, compared to Sweden.