For the first time in many decades, a hemp pilot program was initiated in Virginia in 2016. Outdoor surveys were conducted in the 2017 and 2018 field seasons to record insect presence and feeding injury to plants. Multiple insect pests were present, including corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea [Boddie]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys [Stål]) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and cannabis aphid (Phorodon cannabis) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In 2019, indoor production surveys revealed that cannabis aphid, twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and hemp russet mite (Aculops cannabicola [Farkas]) (Acari: Eriophyidae) would likely cause production issues. Very little is known about the impact of insect defoliation in hemp so studies were conducted in 2018-2020 to determine impacts on yield and cannabinoid content of grain and cannabinoid variety hemp due to leaf surface area loss. In Virginia over two growing seasons, manual removal of leaf tissue in grain and CBD cultivars did not significantly impact observable effects on physical yield (seed or bud weight) or cannabinoid content (CBD or THC) at time of harvest. Corn earworm is the major pest of hemp produced outdoors and studies occurred to evaluate monitoring and management strategies. Pheromone traps may be valuable in determining when corn earworm moths are present in the vicinity of hemp fields but are not useful in predicting larval presence in buds or final crop damage. Larval presence and final crop damage are related. Brown marmorated stink bug does not appear to be a concern in hemp, at least at this time. / Doctor of Philosophy / For the first time in many decades, a hemp pilot program was initiated in Virginia in 2016. Outdoor surveys were conducted in the 2017 and 2018 field seasons to record insect presence and feeding injury to plants. Multiple insect pests were present, including corn earworm, brown marmorated stink bug, and cannabis aphid. In 2019, indoor production surveys revealed that cannabis aphid, twospotted spider mite, and hemp russet mite would likely cause production issues. Very little is known about the impact of leaf area loss due to insect feeding in hemp so studies were conducted in 2018-2020 to determine impacts on yield and cannabinoid content of grain and cannabinoid variety hemp due to leaf surface area loss. In Virginia over two growing seasons, manual removal of leaf tissue in grain and CBD cultivars did not significantly impact observable effects on physical yield (seed or bud weight) or cannabinoid content (CBD or THC) at time of harvest. Corn earworm is the major pest of hemp produced outdoors and studies occurred to evaluate monitoring and management strategies. Pheromone traps may be valuable in determining when corn earworm moths are present in the vicinity of hemp fields but are not useful in predicting larval presence in buds or final crop damage. Larval presence and final crop damage are related. Brown marmorated stink bug does not appear to be a concern in hemp, at least at this time.

Master of Science / Entomology / Brian McCornack / Several lepidopteran species infest developing panicles. Larval identification is challenging and time intensive, so current recommendations are often simplified by treating all larvae equally across species. Consequently, the yield-loss model developed for corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) by Buckley and Burkhardt (1962) has been the foundation for management recommendations in modern sorghum Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for the last 49 years. Additionally, although pest populations primarily include both fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and corn earworm, only a single species damage estimate is used in economic threshold (ET) and economic injury level (EIL) calculations despite multi-species infestations. This research demonstrates both the validation of current management recommendations for corn earworm and the verification of previously assumed damage potentials for fall armyworm feeding in developing sorghum panicles. These results have important implications for sorghum producers faced with making a management decision for multi-species infestations.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-01T15:40:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Jose Goncalves dos Santos Junior.pdf: 559829 bytes, checksum: ef023fd54c27d2757f1cfcc6eb367bf7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T15:40:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Jose Goncalves dos Santos Junior.pdf: 559829 bytes, checksum: ef023fd54c27d2757f1cfcc6eb367bf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The combined use of the entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner with other arthropod natural enemies is an approach to improve the management of insect pests. Among the natural enemies, the egg parasitoid Trichogramma (Westwood) is recognized by its efficacy against various pest species in different agroecosystems, and can be used combined with B. thuringiensis. However, although B. thuringiensis exhibit several advantages, studies are required to ascertain about its selectivity for beneficial insects. The selection of isolates of B. thuringiensis is a way to assess the virulence to target insect pests, and the discovery of new toxins with higher entomopathogenic activity. Populations of Trichogramma should also be selected to avoid failure of its use, since this parasitoid has large variation regarding host preference and environmental conditions. Thus, this study selected isolates of B. thuringiensis (Bt) and populations of Trichogramma spp. to control of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The selection methodology identified the Bt isolates Bt 23 and Bt 26 as promissory to control of H.zea. Among populations of Trichogramma evaluated there was variability in relation to the parameters analyzed and the thermal conditions, and the population of T. atopovirilia (Tatp1) exhibited the best performance at 25°C, and the populations Tp13 and Tp16 of T. pretiosum in thethermal conditions of 18 and 30ºC respectively. Based on these results, the populations Tatp1 of T. atopovirilia and Tp13 and Tp16 of T. pretiosum have potential as biological control agent against H. zea as well as the isolates Bt 23 and Bt 26 of B. thuringiensis. / A utilização conjunta de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner com outros inimigos naturais é uma forma de incrementar o manejo de insetos-praga. Entre estes agentes, Trichogramma (Westwood) é reconhecido pela sua viabilidade e eficiência e, pode ser utilizado conjuntamente com B. thuringiensis. Porém, apesar de B. thuringiensis apresentar inúmeras vantagens, são necessários estudos que possibilitem comprovar sua seletividade a insetos benéficos. A seleção de isolados de B. thuringiensis é uma forma de avaliar a virulência a insetos-praga, além de possibilitar a descoberta de novas toxinas com maior atividade entomopatogênica. Populações de Trichogramma também devem ser selecionadas para evitar o insucesso da sua utilização, pois estes parasitóides apresentam grande variação, seja no comportamento de procura, preferência hospedeira e até mesmo às condições ambientais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar isolados de B. thuringiensis (B.t) e populações de Trichogramma spp. visando o controle de Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Os resultados apresentaram variabilidade emrelação à virulência dos isolados de B.t a H. zea, sendo que alguns não apresentaram índices satisfatórios de virulência, porém afetaram o desenvolvimento de H. zea. Foram identificados isolados promissores no controle de H. zea, a exemplo do B.t 23 e B.t 26. Entre as populações deTrichogramma avaliadas verificou-se variabilidade em relação aos parâmetros analisados e as condições térmicas, sendo que a população de T. atopovirilia (Tatp1) foi a que apresentou melhor desempenho a 25ºC e, as populações Tp13 e Tp16 de T. pretiosum nas condições térmicas de 18 e 30ºC respectivamente. Em virtude dos resultados encontrados, as populações de T. atopovirilia (Tatp1) e de T. pretiosum (Tp13 e Tp16) apresentam potencial para serem utilizadas em programas de controle biológico de H. zea.

L’imagerie musicale involontaire (IMIN) est un phénomène mental extrêmement commun. Il peut être défini en tant que type d’imagerie mentale musicale qui devient consciente sans effort ou intentionnalité et qui n’est pas pathologique. La forme la plus connue d’IMIN est le « ver d’oreille », qui se présente généralement comme un court extrait musical tournant en boucle en tête et dont on se débarrasse difficilement. L’objectif principal de la présente thèse est d’investiguer les mécanismes cognitifs sous-tendant le phénomène puisque, malgré l’intérêt répandu dans les médias populaires, son étude expérimentale est récente et un modèle intégré n’a pas encore été proposé. Dans la première étude, l’induction expérimentale a été tentée et les caractéristiques des images mentales d’épisodes d’IMIN ont été investiguées. Dans le laboratoire, des chansons accrocheuses (versus des proverbes) ont été présentées répétitivement aux participants qui devaient ensuite les chanter le plus fidèlement possible. Ils ont par après quitté le laboratoire, une enregistreuse numérique en mains, avec la consigne d’enregistrer une reproduction vocale la plus fidèle possible de ce qu’ils avaient en tête lors de tous leurs épisodes d’IMIN sur une période de quatre jours, ainsi que de décrire leur timbre. L’expérience a été répétée deux semaines plus tard. Douze des dix-huit participants du groupe expérimental ont rapporté des pièces induites comme épisodes d’IMIN, ce qui confirme l’efficacité de la procédure d’induction. La tonalité et le tempo des productions ont ensuite été analysés et comparés à ceux des pièces originales. Similairement pour les épisodes d’IMIN induits et les autres, les tempi produits et, dans une moindre mesure pour les non-musiciens, les tonalités étaient proches des originaux. Le timbre décrit était généralement une version simplifiée de l’original (un instrument et/ou une voix). Trois études se sont ensuite intéressées au lien entre le potentiel d’IMIN et la mémorabilité. Dans une étude préliminaire, 150 chansons du palmarès francophone radiophonique ont été évaluées en ligne par 164 participants, sur leur niveau de familiarité, d’appréciation et de potentiel d’IMIN. Les pièces ont ensuite été divisées en groupes de stimuli à faible et à fort potentiel d’IMIN, qui ont été utilisés dans une tâche typique de rappel libre/reconnaissance, premièrement avec des francophones (pour qui les pièces étaient familières) et ensuite avec des non-francophones (pour qui les pièces étaient non-familières). Globalement, les pièces à fort potentiel d’IMIN étaient mieux rappelées et reconnues que les pièces à faible potentiel. Une dernière étude a investigué l’impact de la variabilité inter-stimulus du timbre sur les résultats précédents, en demandant à une chanteuse d’enregistrer les lignes vocales des pièces et en répétant l’expérience avec ces nouveaux stimuli. La différence précédemment observée entre les stimuli à fort et à faible potentiel d’IMIN dans la tâche de reconnaissance a ainsi disparu, ce qui suggère que le timbre est une caractéristique importante pour le potentiel d’IMIN. En guise de conclusion, nous suggérons que les phénomènes mentaux et les mécanismes cognitifs jouant un rôle dans les autres types de souvenirs involontaires peuvent aussi s’appliquer à l’IMIN. Dépendamment du contexte, la récupération mnésique des pièces peut résulter de la répétition en mémoire à court terme, de l’amorçage à court et long terme ou de l’indiçage provenant de stimuli dans l’environnement ou les pensées. Une des plus importantes différences observables entre l’IMIN et les autres souvenirs involontaires est la répétition. Nous proposons que la nature même de la musique, qui est définie par la répétition à un niveau micro- et macro-structurel en est responsable. / Involuntary Musical Imagery (INMI) is a widely prevalent musical phenomenon. It can be defined as a type of musical mental imagery that becomes accessible to consciousness without any effort or intent and that is not pathological. The best known form of INMI is the “earworm”, which usually presents as a short excerpt of music running repetitively through one’s mind and which is difficult to get rid of. The goal of the present thesis is to build a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms at play, because, although the phenomenon is discussed abundantly in the popular literature and media, the scientific inquiries are recent and an integrated model has yet to be proposed. In the first study, experimental induction was attempted and the characteristics of INMI episodes’ mental images were assessed. In the laboratory, catchy songs (versus proverbs) were presented repeatedly to participants who had to sing them back (or reproduce the proverbs’ prosody) as accurately as possible. Participants then left for four days with a recording device, singing their INMI episodes as similarly as possible to their mental imagery and describing their timbre. The experiment was repeated two weeks later. Twelve out of the eighteen participants in the experimental group reported INMI episodes of the induced songs, which confirms the effectiveness of the induction procedure. The sung productions were then analyzed for key and tempo and were compared to the original versions. Produced tempi and, to a smaller extent in the case of non-musicians, keys were close to the originals, for both the induced and other INMI episodes. Described timbre was generally a simplified version of the original (one instrument and/or voice). Three studies then addressed the link between INMI potential and memorability. In a preliminary study, 150 francophone hit songs were evaluated online by 164 participants, as to their familiarity, liking and INMI potential. They were then divided into high and low INMI potential song groups and were used as stimuli in a typical free recall/recognition task, first with Francophones (for whom the songs were familiar) and then with non-Francophones (for whom the songs were unfamiliar). Globally, high INMI potential songs were better recalled and recognized than low INMI potential songs. A final study investigated the impact on the previous results of the timbre variability between songs, by asking a single female singer to make vocal recordings of the stimuli and repeating the experiment. The previously observed difference between high and low INMI potential songs on the recognition task disappeared, suggesting that timbre plays an important role in INMI potential. In conclusion, we suggest that mental phenomena and cognitive mechanisms applying to other involuntary thoughts and memories can also apply to INMI. Depending on the context, memory retrieval of the songs can happen as the result of short-term memory rehearsal, short and long-term priming or cuing from stimuli in the environment or thoughts. The biggest difference between INMI and other types of involuntary memories is repetition. We suggest that the nature of music, which is defined by repetition at a micro- and macro-structural level, explains this discrepancy.

Submitted by JOSÉ PAULO GONÇALVES FRANCO DA SILVA null (jpgfdsilva@fca.unesp.br) on 2016-09-14T19:15:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bentivenha JPF_Dissertation_2016.pdf: 2117731 bytes, checksum: 70ae67a18a3d561f32eacb362814d40d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-19T19:12:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jpgf_dr_bot.pdf: 2117731 bytes, checksum: 70ae67a18a3d561f32eacb362814d40d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T19:12:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jpgf_dr_bot.pdf: 2117731 bytes, checksum: 70ae67a18a3d561f32eacb362814d40d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Entre as principais pragas da cultura do milho, destacam-se quatro espécies de lepidópteros da família Noctuidae: a lagarta-do-cartucho Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), a lagarta-da-espiga Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), e Striacosta albicosta (Smith). Essas espécies podem interagir e competir por alimento, uma vez que apresentam a mesma guilda alimentar, a espiga do milho. Canibalismo/predação também são comportamentos também apresentados durante o estágio larval para a maioria dessas espécies, o que intensifica a competição intraguilda. Somado a isso, o tipo de agroecossistema, que oferece uma grande variação de plantas hospedeiras para as espécies-praga, a recente identificação de H. armigera no continente americano, e também a disperssão de S. albicosta nos EUA, tem trazido vários questionamentos sobre o impacto das interações larvais no manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) e no manejo de resistência dos insetos (MRI). Além disso, o complexo manejo dessas espécies, juntamente com a adoção de híbridos de milho transgênicos (Bt), as doses subletais de Bt, e as estratégias de manejo da resistência, envolvendo as estratégias de refúgio, eleva a importância do comportamento de noctuídeos. Compreender o comportamento e interações larvais, primeiramente em milho não-Bt, é essencial para entender a prevalência de espécies nas culturas agrícolas, e para a obtenção de sucesso no MIP e MRI. Sendo assim, esse estudo avaliou as interações intraguilda de lagartas de diferentes espécies, bem como seus movimentos, através de estudos comportamentais em milho não-Bt. Inicialmente, as interações intraguilda de S. frugiperda, H. zea e S. albicosta foi investigada em condições de laboratório e campo nos EUA, através de cenários de interação em arenas específicas e estruturas de milho. Em outro estudo em laboratório, foi avaliado os movimentos de ataque e defesa entre S. frugiperda e H. zea em diferentes cenários de interação, com e sem alimentação, constituindo um estudo de etograma. Um estudo entre as espécies, anteriormente alopátricas, H. zea e H. armigera, foi conduzido envolvendo a interação intraguilda na cultura do milho, em competição intraespecífica e interespecífica, assim como a ocorrência e proporção das espécies em três regiões brasileiras. Finalmente, a interação intraguilda de S. frugiperda com Helicoverpa spp. foi investigada em cenários em condições de campo de laboratório, em milho no Brasil. Um sistema de rastreamento de vídeo foi utilizado para caracterizar parâmetros de comportamento larval resultado das interações. Em relação ao primeiro estudo, S. frugiperda apresentou vantagem nas interações sobre as outras espécies, enquanto que S. albicosta apresentou desvantagem nas interações. No segundo estudo, S. frugiperda exibiu predominância de movimentos defensivos quando interagindo com H. zea em mesmo ínstar. Por outro lado, lagartas de H. zea apresentaram predominância de comportamentos agressivos, e com canibalismo/predação ocorrendo em interações de sexto ínstar como oponentes de quarto ínstar. No terceiro estudo, H. zea foi predominante no Rio Grande do Sul e na região central do Brasil. No oeste da Bahia, a espécie foi predominante na primeira coleta, sendo a relação H. zea: H. armigera similar na segunda coleta. Lagartas de H. zea apresentaram vantagem na interação com H. armigera. O agroecossistema tem importante papel na ocorrência das espécies e impacta na interação e prevalência destas no meio ambiente. Lagartas de S. frugiperda apresentam vantagens na competição com Helicoverpa spp. Frequência e tempo se alimentando de lagartas de S. frugiperda são negativamente afetadas pelas interações. Lagartas de S. frugiperda movem curtas distâncias em comparação com H. zea. / Among the insect pests from maize crop, stand out the lepidopteran species belonging to Noctuidae family, covering the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), the Old World bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), and the western bean cutworm Striacosta albicosta (Smith). These species might interact and compete by food, once they share the same feeding guild, the maize ear. The cannibalism/predation behavior is also present during the larval stage for most of these species, with exception of S. albicosta, which enhance the intraguild competition of them. In addition to this changing agroecosystem, which offer a range of host plant to these species, the recent identification of H. armigera in American continent, and also the dispersion of S. albicosta in the USA, have been raised several concerns involving the impact of larval interactions in the integrated pest management (IPM) and insect resistance management (IRM). Also, the complex management of these species, along with the adoption of transgenic (Bt) maize hybrids, the sub doses of Bt, and the resistance management strategies, involving refuge strategy, take the importance of noctuids behavior to other level. Understanding the larval behavior and interaction, firstly on non-Bt maize, is essential to find the possible prevalence of species in agricultural crops, and to obtain successes in IPM and IRM. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the intraguild interaction among larvae of different species and their movements, throught behavioral studies on non-Bt maize. Initially, the intraguild interaction of S. frugiperda, H. zea and S. albicosta was investigated under laboratory and field conditions in the USA, using several interaction scenarios with arenas and maize tissue. In another study in laboratory, it was assessed the attack and defense movements between S. frugiperda and H. zea in different interaction scenarios, with and without food, aiming to build an ethogram. A study between the allopatric species, H. zea and H. armigera, was carried out involving their intraguild interactions on maize crops, in intraspecific and interspecific scenarios, as well the larval occurrence and proportion in three regions of Brazil. Finnally, the intraguild interaction of S. frugiperda with the Helicoverpa spp. was investigated on scenarios in laboratory and field conditions, on maize in Brazil. A video-tracking system was utilized to characterize larval behavior parameters resulted from interactions. Regarding the first study, S. frugiperda presented advantage in interaction with the other species, while S. albicosta has disadvantage in the interactions. In the second study, S. frugiperda exhibited a predominance of defensive movements when competing against H. zea in the same instars. On the opposite, larvae of H. zea showed distinguished aggressive movements, with cannibalism and predation occurring in interactions between 6th instar with opponents in 4th instar. In the following study, H. zea was predominant in Rio Grande do Sul and central of Brazil. In western Bahia, the species was predominant in the first crop season, being the relation H. zea: H. armigera more similar in the second crop season. Larvae of H. zea presented advantage in interaction with H. armigera. The agroecosystem plays an important role in the species occurrence and impacts the interactions and prevalence of them in the environment. Larvae of S. frugiperda presented competitive advantage on Helicoverpa spp. Frequency and feeding time period in food of S. frugiperda larvae were negatively affected by interactions. Larvae of S. frugiperda moved shorter distances compared to H. zea.

During 2013 and 2014, studies were conducted to determine the effects of Helicoverpa zea and Spodoptera frugiperda on both damage and yield of Sorghum bicolor. Results from damage ratings suggest that the amount of damage per single larva decreases as population density increases. Also, yield results suggest that one H. zea and one S. frugiperda larva per panicle results in a 3.6 and 4 percent yield loss, respectively. Additionally, a dynamic EIL was determined using crop value along with various yield potentials and control costs. Other research studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of diamide and pyrethroid insecticides on headworms when applied at midge timing for different locations and planting dates. Results suggest that diamides provide longer and better control of headworms than do pyrethroids. However, applying diamides as a preventative application at midge timing may not be economically feasible when grain prices are low.