There is a wide range of contemporary publications dealing with Maji Mai War in German East Africa (1905-1907) during which mor than 100000 people lost their lives as a consequence of brutal fighting, deliberate destruction and famine. Only three of these publications were written by Africans. The Swahili text reprinted here attests the view of Mzee bin Ramadhani, the headman (liwali) of Songea town, after colonial military had gained the upper hand in June 1906. It contains polemic statements against leaders and supporters of the Maji Maji movement and depicts aspects of mutual support of colonial officers and Swahili residents from a local perspective. His article as a whole presents the colonial regime as a non-interfering and supportive factor in regard to the Swahili Diaspora. Thus it is reasonable to assume that in his eyes succesful Swahili men were at least equal in many respects (e.g. linguistic competence, social experience, religious conviction) rather than inferior according to colonial understanding.

Dealing with the bibliographies and publications about and by J. L. Krapf, especially in the archives of the Basle Mission I was astonished and I got the feeling that such an amount and such a variety of work could not have been done by one person only. At fist, Krapf was a missionary by profession. He and Rebmann were called the pioneers of the East-African mission. Beyond this, however, different missionary societies were encouraged by the publications and proposals of Krapf to work in East Africa, e.g. the Church Missionary Society in the service of which Krapf and Rebmann started their work in Rabai Mpya, the Swedish Evangelical mission, the Methodist Mission, the St. Crishona Mission, the Hermannsburg Mission and the Berlin Evangelical Mission. Though all biographers cannot avoid to state that Krapf did not convince more than two (some biographies speak about only one) persons to the Christian belief during all of his missionary life there is no doubt that Krapfs visions influenced missionary work in East Africa. We can say that he was a strategist of Christian mission in East Africa

Lugha ni chombo muhimu sana cha mawasiliano kilichoundwa na sauti za nasibu za kusemwa na kutumiwa na jamii ya utamaduni fulani. Jinsi ambavyo zipo jamii nyingi za tamaduni mbalimbali duniani, vivyo hivyo ziko lugha mbalimbali zilizoundwa kukidhi haja ya mawasiliano ya tamaduni mbalimbali. Maingiliano ya jamii zenye tamaduni na lugha mbalimbali yanayotokana na mashirikiano katika shughuli za biashara na nyinginezo za kijamii, huzusha haja ya kuwepo kwa lugha moja itakayoweza kuwaungaanisha watu hao wenye tamaduni na lugha mbalimbali. Maingiliano kama hayo yanaweza kuwa katika viwango mbalimbali.

Over 50 years ago, Marshall McLuhan (2003), a specialist in communication issues, said that the world is becoming smaller and smaller every starting day, a result of the emergence of modern communication around the world. This situation has given birth to the conept `new technology´. This article will break down this new concept by looking at it through the lens of oral literature, which is used in Swahili communities. However, oral Swahili literature uses Kiswahili language, which is the languagge of communication at different levels throughout East and central Africa. The article will examine the ideals and opinions connected to oral literature described in the existing academic literature, and as one of the genres of narrative literature. It will look at the way in which the concept of new technology is explained by specialists, and in which ways this connects to oral literature. Advantages and effects which came about in the society after the coming of this notion will be discussed. The article ends with a conclusion and possible recommendations.

Hovedopgave. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

This thesis will examine Tanzania’s development landscape through Amartya Sen’s perspective, as per his conception of development that is put forth in Development as Freedom. Applying Sen’s conception of development to the case of Tanzania reinforces his view that development is an intricate process that is dependent on the expansion of various freedoms. It also yields unique insights about the most pressing issues that are currently impeding progress in the country. I will first clarify Sen’s framework and provide an explanation of development that corresponds with his ideals. Next, I will assess Tanzania’s state of affairs in terms of Sen’s five freedoms. I will then consider the impact of the recent expansion of technology in Tanzania, as well as discuss the question of inequality, which is a topic that Sen does not adequately address in his book. Finally, I will conclude with a discussion of the most pressing challenges that the country is facing and suggest what implications these challenges might have for Tanzania’s future.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze how five Swedish business-to-business (B2B) small- and medium sized enterprises (SME) perceive risk when internationalizing to East African countries. By distinguishing these risks the aim has been to increase the understanding and awareness of the affect that these risks can have on a firm’s internationalization process. To be able to gain a deeper insight of the reality the study has been conducted with a qualitative method and an inductive research approach. The primary data has been collected by conducting interviews with the firms that has been a part of this multiple case study. In order to increase the understanding and thereby fulfill the purpose of this study, the main research question is formulated as follows: how do Swedish B2B SMEs perceive the various risks that they face when internationalizing to East African countries? The theoretical framework has its foundation within the risk theory which is connected to the Uppsala internationalization model, the network theory, motives and triggers for internationalization and the choice of entry mode. The empirical data describes how the case companies entered the East African market, which risks they have encountered and how knowledge has affected their risk perception. In the analysis the empirical data and the theoretical framework is discussed in order to see whether the theories corresponds with the reality of these firms. Furthermore the analysis describes how the firms’ knowledge and relations affect their perception of risk, which risks the firms have encountered within the general environment, industry environment and the firm specific environment as well as how their previous knowledge has affected their perception of risk. The conclusion indicates that Swedish B2B SMEs internationalizing to East African countries encounter several risks, however the perception of these risks differentiates based on the firms previous knowledge of the market. The significance lie within being aware of the risks and thereby being able to see these risks as strategically manageable.

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Cette étude de la littérature kenyane, qui concerne principalement des auteurs féminins, a comme postulat que les écrivaines du Kenya, bien que prolifiques, ont été pendant très longtemps négligées par la critique littéraire et souvent étudiées dans le cadre de la littérature feminine du soi-disant “tiers monde.” Leur spécificité était ainsi occultée. Cette étude entreprend de remédier à cette situation en faisant une analyse détaillée de quelques romans représentatifs tout en utilisant le genre romanesque comme document social reflétant la position de la femme dans la société kenyane. Le roman, qui est ici le document principal, est donc examiné en tant qu’outil culturel. Etant donné le nombre élevé de romans écrits par des auteures kenyanes, cette étude utilise une méthodologie orientée vers des cas, sélectionnant les romans les plus représentatifs de la littérature féminine kenyane. Ces textes recouvrent une longue période allant des premières publications romanesques dans les années 60, juste après l’indépendance du Kenya, jusqu’au début du millénaire.Les théories utilisées dans cette analyse émanent des études postcoloniales, des “cultural studies,” et des études de genre. Cette étude fournit donc un survol détaillé du roman féminin kenyan, qui ambitionne de susciter des études semblables sur les écrivaines du Kenya mais également d’autres pays de l’Afrique de l’Est et, de manière plus large, du continent africain. / This study of Kenyan literature, which focuses specifically on female writers, is based on the premise that female writers, though prolific, have for a long time been neglected by literary critics, and even when focused upon, are lumped together with other so-called ‘Third world’ female writers. Thus, the idiosyncrasies in their particular works are very often overlooked. This study seeks to correct this by undertaking an in-depth study of each of the novels explored, while at the same time using each of them to undertake a study of the Kenyan society with particular attention to the situation of the woman as depicted in the texts. The novel, which is here the primary source, is examined as a cultural tool. Given the large number of novels that have been written by Kenyan women writers, this study uses a case-oriented methodology to select a few novels that are used as representative samples for Kenyan writing by women. The texts selecte! d cover a long time period; published from the mid-sixties just after Kenya’s independence, to the outset of the present millennium. The study is guided by theories that are drawn from postcolonial studies, cultural studies, and gender studies. It is our hope that this study gives a comprehensive state of the art survey on the Kenyan novel, with a specific focus on the state of the Kenyan woman, thus clearing the way for similar studies to be carried out on women writers not only in Kenya, but in the other countries in the East African region and the African continent at large.

The purpose of the dissertation is to establish a framework with which to assess the prospective gains from regional monetary integration among five neighboring countries in East Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. The neo-classical theory assumes that economic and monetary union would stimulate additional growth in such a union as a whole, with the trickle-down effects of overall development, and would enhance factor mobility, solving the problem of regional disparity automatically. Past experiences of African regionalism have shown that countries that participated in a monetary union were able to pursue credible monetary policies. This economic performance has been credited to their monetary policy discipline. Since countries in East Africa are small both in terms of their individual populations and the respective sizes of their economies, the study concludes that regional integration is a useful way of increasing their economic clout and bargaining power on the global scene. / Economics / Thesis (M. Comm.)