The purpose of this work is to quantify the influences that affect the sales of selected products for toilet paper segment in the retail chain Tesco Czech Republic. The model is based on a long-term observation of the time series of sales and average prices for selected products. For the quantification is used an estimation of exponential function fot model which is subsequently verified. Parameter estimation is calculated by using the software EViews. The work compares the results of the model for different products and searching for the most effective way of promotion for each brand. The calculated parameters can be implemented for the planning of sales for toilet paper segment. The results show differences between branded and private toilet paper brand, that are caused by differences in the perception of quality by consumers.

The thesis aims is to determine the impact of minimum wage on unemployment of men, women, and the overall unemployment rate in the Czech Republic and selected EU countries. The theoretical part will be discussed different theoretical concepts that deal with the economic impact of the minimum wage as well as empirical studies that examine the impact of the minimum wage on unemployment and the arguments for and against introducing a minimum wage. Subsequently, the thesis will deal with the historical and current development of minimum wages in various EU countries and international documents which affect the formation of the minimum wage. The last part will be based on an econometric model determining whether a minimum wage, growth rate of GDP and the share of the minimum wage to the median wage influence the unemployment of men, women, and the overall unemployment rate in the period 1995 to 2014 the Czech Republic, Luxembourg and Hungary.

Tourism - in particular its determinants and effects - is an issue presently attracting much attention worldwide. International tourism is considered to be the largest single item of the world's foreign trade and for some countries it is the most important export industry and earner of foreign exchange. In addition to its economic significance, tourism contributes to the quality of life. It produces intangible benefits which are directly related to the physical and psychological health of people, and the enjoyment of the right to rest and free time. This applies with equal validity to both domestic and international tourism; the latter establishing international economic, political and socio-cultural links, as well as strengthening the domestic character of a nation. At the individual level, tourism satisfies the need to travel in search for relief from the stress of work and the routine of daily life in the big urban centres. At macro (country) level, tourism is, therefore, a human and economic activity which concerns most of us in many parts of the world, directly or indirectly. One country for which foreign tourism is of considerable importance is Greece. In order to identify likely supply constraints (e. g. tourist accommodation and basic infrastructure) and to establish the major market segments of Greek tourism, the growth and structure of foreign tourism in Greece between 1960 and 1984 is examined. Special attention is given to the magnitude of tourism in Greece and its economic effects on the national economy. The non-economic effects of tourism are also considered. This is followed by the construction of a tourist profile so that the types of foreign visitors that go to Greece are identified. Subsequently, an econometric model is developed and empirical results provided to explain foreign tourist arrivals in Greece and to assess the impact of promotional expenditure by the Greek National Tourist Organisation in a number of foreign tourist generating markets. Finally, a tourism marketing planning model is devised which highlights the main variables affecting the international tourism marketing policies of the Greek National Tourist Organisation and, in particular, empirical results are used in conjunction with- a tourism market choice matrix for selecting market targeting strategies. The major conclusion emerging from the research is that as the tourist industry in Greece is of vital importance, the adoption of a strategic, interdisciplinary and integrated tourism planning process along with the establishment of a tactically orientated task unit could provide important improvements in the effectiveness and contribution of tourism in Greece. A few proposals regarding future policies by the Greek authorities are made, such as the establishment of a co-ordinating body orchestrating the efforts of the appropriate groups relevant to the multifaceted nature of tourism. / Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)

Many aircraft owners in the general aviation industry do not possess maintenance and facility technicians of their own. They shop around to get the lowest possible price to maintain their aircraft. Mississippi has taxes on both labor and parts for aircraft maintenance at the rate of seven percent. The state government repealed these taxes in 2006, a question posted by local decision makers might be: what the economy would likely be after tax repeal? In response to this question, the study first developed an econometric model to estimate aircraft ownership. Then, the Impact Analysis for Planning model (IMPLAN model) was used to estimate the effect of repealing the aircraft maintenance labor and parts tax in Mississippi. The results showed the state output, employment, and labor income would increase substantially if the labor and parts taxes were repealed.

This thesis develops an econometric model of the Canadian clothing and textile industry for the purpose of investigating its structure, the market it faces, linkages between the market and the industry and the sensitivity of the industry to external factors. Using the model, several simulation experiments are conducted with the primary focus centered on the issues of protection accorded the industry. The future prospects of the industry under various alternative scenarios are evaluated. Empirical support is indicated for most of the hypotheses underlying the specification of the model. Some of the hypotheses are: the firms in the industry engage in imperfect competition; the industry operates under constant return to scale; price competitiveness is a significant factor in explaining the level of imports; domestic production capacity has an influence on imports. It is found in the thesis that clothing imports respond with a relatively high elasticity to changes in price as well as income, revealing a source of instability inherent in the clothing industry. As a system, the model is found to trace the history of the industry with reasonable accuracy. The model is also found to display a considerable degree of consistency and stability in its responses throughout the simulation experiments. The thesis thus provides a dynamic, structural and simultaneous economic system that can be validly used either as a forecasting tool or frame of reference in analyses. An ex-ante simulation intended as a reference forecast of the industry suggests that despite the present quota protection, the past downward trend observed in the clothing industry will likely continue in the future, while the textile industry will maintain a status quo. A simulation with a complete removal of tariff protection appears to support the argument that consumer gains will outweigh losses on the labour and production side. Another simulation suggests that there are policy options available that may be considered as effective means of stimulating the industry. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Nation as a brand represents the intangible assets of a country, encompassing various dimensions such as politics, economics, culture, history, and technology. However, much of extant work in nation branding has been limited to the empirical investigations of its positioning and implementation for specific countries, while other scholarly works in nation branding are conceptual. Various factors associated with nation branding are discussed in the literature, but there is no organizing mechanism to connect these factors to explore the dynamics underlying nation branding. To fill this gap, this dissertation attempts to identify the relevant factors underlying the deployment of nation branding, and to develop models to assess the association among these factors. Hunt and Morgan's resource advantage theory serves as the theoretical foundation of this dissertation's framework. After establishing panel data models that link the factors of building and developing the nation brand, the strategic implications of nation branding are discussed. Archival data were used for economic factors such as economic development, tourism, export, and inward foreign investment, and cultural, political, infrastructural, and geographical factors. The primary data were collected for qualitative factors perceived reputable brand and perceived reputable industry. The Anholt-GfK Roper's 2008 Nation Brands IndexSM was incorporated into the model as a moderating variable to test its impact on the relationship between the dependent variables and the independent variables. A total of 24 nations were analyzed to build and validate the models. This dissertation makes several contributions to the nation branding literature. First, it clarifies the definition of nation brand and nation branding. Second, it builds a predictive econometric model to connect the critical determinant and outcome factors of nation branding. Finally, it discusses nation branding strategies in terms of resource advantage theory and provides crucial insights on the development and management of a nation brand that can be used by researchers, marketing managers, and stakeholders of the nation brand to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of nation branding.

Universidade Federal do Cearà / Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o aspecto das receitas municipais no cÃlculo do Ãndice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH).Inicialmente, faz-se uma explanaÃÃo sobre o Ãndice de Gini, mostrando-se a possibilidade concreta de um paÃs crescer economicamente sem necessariamente promover a distribuiÃÃo de renda. Faz-se tambÃm uma conceituaÃÃo sobre o IDH, mostrando-se a forma de cÃlculo e uma anÃlise dos nÃmeros de alguns paÃses, do Brasil, com uma anÃlise mais detalhada dos municÃpios do estado do CearÃ.Em um estudo empÃrico sobre os municÃpios do CearÃ, tendo como base as receitas municipais de 1995 a 1999, utiliza-se um modelo economÃtrico, com o qual conclui-se que o impacto de um choque na receita municipal à sentido com maior intensidade nos municÃpios que tÃm maior IDH e nos anos mais distantes da mediÃÃo do Ãndice, o que permite-se que a melhoria do IDH està relacionada à polÃticas de mÃdio e longo prazo, a fim de que haja um prazo de maturaÃÃo para obtenÃÃo de resultados, devendo ser essa uma das grandes preocupaÃÃes dos governantes pÃblicos. / The objective of this paper is to assess the aspect of the municipal revenues in calculating the Human Development Index (HDI). First, an explanation is given on the Gini Index showing the real possibility for a country to grow economically without necessarily promoting the distribution of income. A judgement is also made on the HDI, showing how to calculate it as well as an analysis of numbers of some countries, of Brazil, including a more detailed analysis of the municipalities in the State of CearÃ. In an empirical study of CearÃâs municipalities, an econometric model is used based on the 1995 to 1999 municipalitiesâ revenues. With that mode we conclude that the impact of a shock in the municipal revenue is more intensely felt in those municipalities that have a higher HDI and in the years farther away from the index measuring. Hence, we can say that the improvement in the HDI is related to medium and long-term policies so that there is a maturation period to obtain results and this should be a concern of the public rulers.

A globalização desencadeou uma maior aproximação econômica entre os indivíduos, as empresas e os governos do mundo todo. Desta forma, de maneira muito rápida são executadas decisões de investimentos por parte dos aplicadores financeiros por todo o mundo na busca de governos ou empresas que se disponham a pagar “mais juros” sobre o capital financeiro aplicado. Assim, a globalização financeira e a abertura econômica estão intimamente relacionadas com o câmbio e a política monetária. A essência dessa relação foi desenvolvida na década de 1960 por Mundell e Fleming como a "Trindade Impossível", a qual destaca que é possível atingir apenas dois dos três desejáveis objetivos de uma nação: a integração financeira, a estabilidade da taxa de câmbio e a autonomia monetária. Neste contexto, o objetivo central deste estudo será analisar a influência da globalização financeira na determinação da taxa de juros brasileira, observando o atual contexto da globalização financeira no mundo e no Brasil e as interações entre os mercados monetário e de câmbio. Então, este estudo é de grande relevância porque a globalização fez com que o globo deixasse de ser apenas uma figura astronômica, mas sim um território no qual todos se encontram relacionados e há uma gama de relações que passam desapercebidas no dia a dia, que aqui serão evidenciadas. Para isso, há cinco partes neste estudo. A primeira parte apresentará uma introdução do tema; a parte dois abordará a globalização financeira, desde uma visão geral sobre o assunto até os seus efeitos no mundo e no Brasil; a parte três apresentará as interações dos mercados monetário e de câmbio; a parte quatro apresentará a Trindade Impossível; a parte cinco avaliará aspectos que afetam a política monetária brasileira, a partir de um estudo econométrico, que explica a taxa de juros do Brasil como função de alguns parâmetros endógenos e exógenos; e a parte seis destacará as principais conclusões sobre a influência da globalização financeira na determinação da taxa de juros do Brasil, especialmente nos últimos quinze anos da história brasileira. / Globalization approached individuals, businesses and governments economically around the world. In this way, financial investors take decisions searching for governments or companies which are willing to pay "more interests" for the financial capital invested. Thus, financial globalization and economic liberalization are closely related to the exchange rate and monetary policy. The essence of this relationship was developed in the 1960s by Mundell and Fleming as the "Trinity Impossible", that means to achieve only two out of three desirable goals of a nation: financial integration, exchange rate stability and monetary autonomy. In this context, the main goal of this study is to analyze the influence of financial globalization that affects Brazilian interest rates, observing the current context of financial globalization in the world and in Brazil; and the interactions between monetary and exchange markets. So, this study is very important because globalization has made the globe not just an astronomical figure, but a territory in which everybody is related, and there is an range of relationships unrealized every day. That will become apparent in this study. For that, there are five parts in this study. Part one will be an introduction of the theme; part two will deal with financial globalization, from an overview of the subject to its effects in the world and in Brazil; part three will present the interactions of monetary and exchange markets; part four will present the Trinity Impossible; part five will evaluate aspects that affect Brazilian monetary policy, by a econometric model, which explains Brazilian interest rates as a function of some endogenous and exogenous parameters; and part six will highlight the main findings on the influence of financial globalization that affects Brazilian interest rates, especially in the last fifteen years in Brazilian history.

A globalização desencadeou uma maior aproximação econômica entre os indivíduos, as empresas e os governos do mundo todo. Desta forma, de maneira muito rápida são executadas decisões de investimentos por parte dos aplicadores financeiros por todo o mundo na busca de governos ou empresas que se disponham a pagar “mais juros” sobre o capital financeiro aplicado. Assim, a globalização financeira e a abertura econômica estão intimamente relacionadas com o câmbio e a política monetária. A essência dessa relação foi desenvolvida na década de 1960 por Mundell e Fleming como a "Trindade Impossível", a qual destaca que é possível atingir apenas dois dos três desejáveis objetivos de uma nação: a integração financeira, a estabilidade da taxa de câmbio e a autonomia monetária. Neste contexto, o objetivo central deste estudo será analisar a influência da globalização financeira na determinação da taxa de juros brasileira, observando o atual contexto da globalização financeira no mundo e no Brasil e as interações entre os mercados monetário e de câmbio. Então, este estudo é de grande relevância porque a globalização fez com que o globo deixasse de ser apenas uma figura astronômica, mas sim um território no qual todos se encontram relacionados e há uma gama de relações que passam desapercebidas no dia a dia, que aqui serão evidenciadas. Para isso, há cinco partes neste estudo. A primeira parte apresentará uma introdução do tema; a parte dois abordará a globalização financeira, desde uma visão geral sobre o assunto até os seus efeitos no mundo e no Brasil; a parte três apresentará as interações dos mercados monetário e de câmbio; a parte quatro apresentará a Trindade Impossível; a parte cinco avaliará aspectos que afetam a política monetária brasileira, a partir de um estudo econométrico, que explica a taxa de juros do Brasil como função de alguns parâmetros endógenos e exógenos; e a parte seis destacará as principais conclusões sobre a influência da globalização financeira na determinação da taxa de juros do Brasil, especialmente nos últimos quinze anos da história brasileira. / Globalization approached individuals, businesses and governments economically around the world. In this way, financial investors take decisions searching for governments or companies which are willing to pay "more interests" for the financial capital invested. Thus, financial globalization and economic liberalization are closely related to the exchange rate and monetary policy. The essence of this relationship was developed in the 1960s by Mundell and Fleming as the "Trinity Impossible", that means to achieve only two out of three desirable goals of a nation: financial integration, exchange rate stability and monetary autonomy. In this context, the main goal of this study is to analyze the influence of financial globalization that affects Brazilian interest rates, observing the current context of financial globalization in the world and in Brazil; and the interactions between monetary and exchange markets. So, this study is very important because globalization has made the globe not just an astronomical figure, but a territory in which everybody is related, and there is an range of relationships unrealized every day. That will become apparent in this study. For that, there are five parts in this study. Part one will be an introduction of the theme; part two will deal with financial globalization, from an overview of the subject to its effects in the world and in Brazil; part three will present the interactions of monetary and exchange markets; part four will present the Trinity Impossible; part five will evaluate aspects that affect Brazilian monetary policy, by a econometric model, which explains Brazilian interest rates as a function of some endogenous and exogenous parameters; and part six will highlight the main findings on the influence of financial globalization that affects Brazilian interest rates, especially in the last fifteen years in Brazilian history.

O presente trabalha busca avaliar o processo de liberalização da conta capital em implementação no Brasil a partir da década de 1990, através da pesquisa nos trabalhos já registrados na literatura internacional (capítulo 2), associada a uma abordagem empírica própria (capítulo 4). Utiliza-se de dois índices independentes para avaliar o comportamento do setor externo da economia (ICC, de jure, e IAF, de facto), e, assim, realizar maiores inferências econométricas sobre tal processo, somando-se às iniciativas anteriores em compreender os vínculos entre a abertura financeira e o desempenho macroeconômico nos países em desenvolvimento em geral, e no Brasil, em particular. Nesse sentido, identificou-se a ampliação do grau de conversibilidade da conta capital do País no período 1990-2005 (capítulo 3) sem, entretanto, se verificar uma evidência de geração de benefícios em termos de crescimento econômico e de redução de volatilidade macroeconômica, nos termos apontados nos exercícios econométricos – o IAF chega, inclusive, a apontar uma relação robusta do aumento dos fluxos financeiros com uma maior oscilação da taxa de câmbio. Os resultados apresentados vão ao encontro da tendência predominante na literatura internacional, qual seja, de que não se consegue estabelecer uma relação causal positiva e robusta entre liberalização financeira e crescimento econômico. No mesmo sentido, a experiência brasileira na liberalização financeira, capturada pela evolução do ICC e do IAF, parece estar vinculada a um aumento na taxa de juros, e não a sua redução. Esses resultados confirmam a hipótese de que a integração de um país em desenvolvimento aos fluxos de capitais internacionais leva à necessidade de práticas de juros mais altas para atraí-los e os manter no País. Conclui-se pela conveniência de um grau ótimo de exposição dos países periféricos aos fluxos de capitais internacionais, controlando riscos e proporcionando avanços econômicos, sobretudo contando com um gerenciamento prudencial da conta capital por parte das autoridades monetárias. / The present study seeks to investigate the dynamics of capital account liberalization in implementation in Brazil since the 1990’s, analyzing previous papers on international literature (chapter 2), associated with an empirical framework, based on a vector autoregressive (VAR) method (chapter 4). It’s used two independents index as proxies in order to evaluate the behavior of external sector of the economy (ICC, de jure, and IAF, de facto), and, hence, make the econometric inferences about such process. In general terms, the aim is to contribute by comprehending the relation between financial openness and macroeconomic performance in developing countries, in general, and specifically in Brazil. For such, the task identified the broadening of capital account convertibility in the period 1990-2005 (chapter 3), without verifying evidences on benefits such as economic growth or reduction of macroeconomic volatile, according to the econometric exercises – IAF, indeed, supports a strong relation between the increase of financial flows with a greater variability on exchange terms. The empirical findings are similar to those predominant on international literature, i.e., that it does not exist a positive and strong association between financial liberalization and economic growth. In fact, brazilian experience on financial liberalization, measured by the ICC and IAF, seems to be related to an increase on interest rates, and not on its reduction, as could be supposed, which confirm the hypothesis that integration of a developing country to international capital flows creates the necessity of higher interest rates to attract and maintain then in a country. We conclude for the convenience of an optimum exposition of periphery economies to international capital flows, through a prudent management of capital account by the monetary authorities, controlling associated risks while permitting economic advances.