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Drought poses a threat to socio-economic activities across eastern Africa and its river basins. While there are indications that global warming may continue to enhance evaporation and intensify droughts at all scales, most drought projections over eastern Africa are based on rainfall alone and are limited to meteorological droughts. The present study combines rainfall and Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) to examine the characteristics of meteorological and hydrological droughts in present and future climates at the regional and river basin scales. To accomplish that we have applied five objectives; i) Study the temporal and spatial characteristics of eastern Africa droughts modes, ii) Investigate how some atmospheric teleconnections influence the characteristics of the Africa droughts modes, iii) Examine the influence of 1.5°C and 2°C global warming levels on drought modes in eastern Africa under two future climate scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP8.5 iv) Assess how increases in global warming will influence drought characteristics over eastern African river basins. v) Examine the potential impacts of climate change and land use change on water availability in the Rufiji River basin (RRB), Tanzania, with an emphasis of hydrological droughts in this basin. Different types of datasets, including gridded and station observation datasets, regional climate model simulations (CORDEX: Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment) and hydrological simulations (SWAT: Soil and Water Assessment Tool), were analysed for the study. The meteorological drought were characterised using two indices (i.e. Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, SPEI; Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI) at 3- and 12-month scales, while the hydrological droughts were characterised using four indices (i.e. soil water index, SWI; Surface Runoff Index, RFI; Water Yield Index, WYI; and Stream Flow index, SFI). The study combined principal component analysis (PCA) with wavelet analysis to identify the spatio-temporal structure of four dominant drought modes over the region. It also used wavelet coherence to quantify the influence of four atmospheric teleconnections (i.e. El Niño Southern Oscillation, ENSO; Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD; Tropical Atlantic Dipole Index, TADI; and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, QBO) on the drought modes. The study also projects the characteristics of future droughts over eastern Africa and its major river basins at different global warming levels (GWLs). Series of hydrological simulations were used to assess the sensitivity of future droughts to four land use change scenarios (i.e. increase in forestry, shrubs, cropland and agriculture) over the Rufiji River Basin (RRB), a prominent river basin in eastern Africa. Although eastern Africa have been documented with several drought studies, the application of a combination of PCA, Wavelet analysis, wavelet coherence and Self Organizing Maps provides more comprehensive representation of droughts in the region using SPEI/SPI derived from both models and observations The results of the study show that the four drought modes, which have their core areas over different parts of eastern Africa, account for more than 45% of drought variability in the region. All the drought modes are strongly coupled with either ENSO or IOD indices (or both); but, in addition, one of the modes is also strongly coupled with the TADI. CORDEX models give a realistic simulation of the relevant climate variables for calculating drought indices over eastern Africa and the river basins. However, the ensemble mean struggles to reproduce the spatial distribution and frequency of drought intensity in the region. The CORDEX simulations project no changes in the spatial structure of the drought modes but suggest an increase in SPEI drought intensity and frequency over the hotspots of the drought modes and elsewhere in the region. The magnitude of the increase, which varies over the drought mode hotspots, increases with increasing GWLs. The projections also show that the increase in intensity and frequency of drought can be attributed more to increased PET than to reduced precipitation. In contrast to the SPEI projection, the SPI projection shows a weak change in intensity and frequency of droughts, and the magnitude of the increase does not vary with the GWLs. Over the river basins, the SPEI projections are more robust than the SPI projections. Over the RRB, the future projections of some hydrological drought indices (i.e. RFI and SFI) follow the change in the SPEI projections, while others (i.e. SWI and WYI) follow that of SPI. Among the four land use scenarios considered, only forestry and shrubs show a substantial change in the hydrological drought indices. The results of the study thus give valuable insight into the characteristics of future droughts in eastern Africa and provide a useful guide to the effectiveness of using land cover to reduce the severity of hydrological droughts over river basins in the region. However, resolution of CORDEX dataset (50km, i.e. 0.44deg) could be among the potential limitation as it is too low to capture the influence of local-scale processes (e.g. sea breeze, mountain induced circulations) on drought over the region.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é o estudo da presença dos imigrantes japoneses na Liberdade, bairro central de São Paulo, no período anterior ao bairro ser oficialmente caracterizado pelo poder público como Bairro Oriental, o que ocorre na metade da década de 1970. O estudo aborda a instalação dos primeiros japoneses na Liberdade, as atividades econômicas que desenvolveram, as instituições japonesas de auxílio presentes e os setores do bairro que ocuparam de 1908 até a metade da década de 1960, período em que se envolveram em grande diversidade de atividades econômicas. / The objective of this research is to study the presence of Japanese immigrants in neighborhood of Liberdade, central district of São Paulo, in the period before the district was officially characterized by the government as Eastern District, which happens in the middle of the 1970s. The research shows the installation of the first Japanese in the neighborhood of Liberdade, the economic activities they have developed, the Japanese institutions of assistance and the sectors of the district they occupied from 1908 until the middle of the 1960s, a period when they have engaged in wide range of economic activities.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é o estudo da presença dos imigrantes japoneses na Liberdade, bairro central de São Paulo, no período anterior ao bairro ser oficialmente caracterizado pelo poder público como Bairro Oriental, o que ocorre na metade da década de 1970. O estudo aborda a instalação dos primeiros japoneses na Liberdade, as atividades econômicas que desenvolveram, as instituições japonesas de auxílio presentes e os setores do bairro que ocuparam de 1908 até a metade da década de 1960, período em que se envolveram em grande diversidade de atividades econômicas. / The objective of this research is to study the presence of Japanese immigrants in neighborhood of Liberdade, central district of São Paulo, in the period before the district was officially characterized by the government as Eastern District, which happens in the middle of the 1970s. The research shows the installation of the first Japanese in the neighborhood of Liberdade, the economic activities they have developed, the Japanese institutions of assistance and the sectors of the district they occupied from 1908 until the middle of the 1960s, a period when they have engaged in wide range of economic activities.

This diploma thesis focuses on the review of economic activities of self-governing territorial units. Its aim is to outline the adjustment of the review of economic activities of self-governing territorial units in the Czech Republic. It shows the differences between the review of economic activities and audit of financial statements. It analyzes some of the results of the review of economic activities of self-governing territorial units in the period 2010 - 2012. Subsequently, the report seeks to clarify the differences in the outcome of the review of economic activities, the report on the results of the review of economic activities, prepared by civil servants (employees of regional authority) and auditors.

O empreendedorismo possui um conjunto de qualificações técnicas e comportamentais necessárias tanto ao mercado de trabalho, quanto para a construção de um novo empreendimento. A partir do final da década de 1990, o ensino do empreendedorismo passa a ter enorme difusão, principalmente com o programa do Governo Federal \"Brasil Empreendedor\", tendo como objetivo a disseminação em massa do empreendedorismo, e como principal ferramenta de gestão e orientação, o Plano de Negócios. Este trabalho tem por finalidade estudar a caracterização econômica dos diversos Planos de Negócios elaborados entre 2003 e 2014, por estudantes de graduação da FZEA/USP. Através do estudo, foi possível caracterizar os planos de negócio de acordo com as atividades econômicas e elos da cadeia produtiva, classificadas por suas variáveis econômicas. / Entrepreneurship has a set of technical and behavioral qualifications necessary both for the labor market and for the construction of a new enterprise. Since the end of the 1990s, entrepreneurship education has become widely diffused, especially with the \"Brasil Empreendedor\" Federal Government program, aimed at the mass dissemination of entrepreneurship, and as the main management and orientation tool, the Business Plan. This study aims to study the economic characterization of the various Business Plans elaborated between 2003 and 2014 by undergraduate students from FZEA / USP. Through the study, it was possible to characterize the business plans according to the economic activities and links of the productive chain, classified by their economic variables.

The thesis deals with the nature and the causes of the Czech migration into Ireland. Globalization, the available information and communication technologies and in general more accessible forms of transportation allow millions of people to effectuate their migration plans. From the historical point of view, migration is not unknown to Czech people. The goal of the thesis is to investigate the form and type of Czech migration into Ireland and to understand the causes and reasons of this migration and, if possible, determine whether the Czechs are transmigrants. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the integration of Czech people into the Irish job market and other areas of the life of Irish society. To achieve this, both quantitative and qualitative methods are used. The thesis aims to bring a compact portrayal of migration and integration of the chosen sample of the Czech immigrants into Ireland. Additionally, the thesis elicits particular underlying factors of integration and migration. Key words: Work migration, migration motivation of Czechs, integration, job market assertion, social integration, remittance, integration rate 2

Quando os primeiros desbravadores chegaram ao extremo Noroeste paulista por volta de 1800, suas interferências na paisagem passaram quase desapercebidas; entretanto, com a expansão da cultura cafeeira e a conseqüente valorização das terras no Oeste paulista pelos idos de 1.900, as transformações intensificaram-se, culminando na completa substituição da cobertura vegetal da região. Na esteira do café, vieram a ferrovia, novos colonizadores e novas atividades econômicas, incrementando a presença antrópica nessa porção do espaço e favorecendo a formação de novos municípios, como é o caso de Santa Fé do Sul, cidade fundada pela Companhia de Agricultura, Imigração e Colonização - CAIC, próxima a divisa com os estados de Minas Gerais e Mato Grosso do Sul. Graças ao planejamento feito durante sua concepção, este município conseguiu articular seu entorno, passando a assumir posição de relevância junto às localidades que foram fundadas nas suas proximidades. Hoje, esta porção do território paulista se vê as voltas novamente com um novo ciclo de mudanças. Desta feita, a força impulsionadora constitui-se no processo de globalização em curso no planeta. Atentando para isto, o presente estudo é desenvolvido objetivando analisar as mudanças em curso neste município, considerando seu histórico de ocupação e suas perspectivas de desenvolvimento. Nesta ótica, lança mão das metodologias propostas por George (1983), Tommasi (1994), Santos (1997), Rochefort (1998), Ipea (2001) e Locatel (2004) para estabelecer a polarização exercida por Santa Fé do Sul em seu entorno, assim como o perfil que possui. Ao final, apresenta uma proposta de zoneamento - utilizando o Sistema de Informações Geográficas - acompanhada por uma discussão sobre as alternativas de desenvolvimento mais adequadas para o município. / When the first pathfinders had arrived at the extreme Northwest of the São Paulo state by the year 1.800, their interferences in the landscape were almost unnoticed; however, with the expansion of the coffee plantation and consequent valuation of lands in the São Paulo state West by the year 1.900, the changes had been intensified, resulting in the complete substitution of the vegetal covering in that region. Following the coffee, many new things came. For instance: railroad, new settlers and new economic activities, increasing the human presence in this area and favoring the raising new cities; this is the case of Santa Fé do Sul, a city established by the CAIC - Companhia de Agricultura, Imigração e Colonização (Agriculture, Immigration and Settling Company), next to the boundary with the state of Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul. Due to the planning made for its conception, this city was able to articulate its surroundings, starting to assume a relevant position before the communities that had been established in its neighborhoods. Today, this portion of São Paulo State\'s territory is about to start a new changing cycle. But, at this time, the globalization process in course in the planet gives the simulation. Considering this, the present study is developed to analyze the present changes happening in the region, taking into account its history of occupation in function of its future development. Through this perspective, it makes use of the methodologies presented for authors as George (1983), Tommasi (1994), Santos (1997), Rochefort (1998) IPEA (2001) and Locatel (2004), to identify the polarization exerted by Santa Fé do Sul on its surroundings, as well as its currently existing profile. Considering the transformations that will occur in this area, it presents a zoning proposal using the Geographic Information System - GIS. Lastly, it presents a discussion about best development alternatives for the city.

The present article describe us an overview of regulatory law, his function and thecharacteristics that it should present to achieve the goal of improve some relevant economic activities for the needs of the society. After that, the author will describe us the present situation of regulation on Argentinian law. / El presente artículo nos describe un panorama del derecho regulatorio, su función y las características que debe poseer, para cumplir su fin de optimizar actividades económicas que importen al bienestar de la sociedad. Luego de ello, pasa a describirnos el actual panorama del derecho regulatorio en Argentina.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Created in 1773 in order to accommodate vagrants and vagabonds who had nowhere to live and work, Sobral village developed an economy based on livestock, agriculture and trade. The interconnection of these activities enabled the development of a mixed economy, which created economic networks between ranchers, farmers and traders, thus forming heterogeneous elite. This was related to a mass of poor and free men who worked the cattle ranches, the farms and small businesses. We believe that these trade relations approached the elite and the poor men, which enabled the recent training in specialized activities, as well as the local business area. This enabled these men would create social strategies, enabling them to act freely in the economy, a profit with their work and generating prospects to be part of Sobral's elite. In our research, we analyzed the working relationships developed in Sobral Village to observe how they occur and how they influenced the personal trajectory of the residents. For this, we use the documents of the Board, which recorded economic activities, realizing the importance of each to the formation of Sobral's population. / Criada em 1773 com o objetivo de acomodar vadios e vagabundos que nÃo tinham onde morar e trabalhar, a Vila de Sobral desenvolveu uma economia baseada na pecuÃria, na agricultura e no comÃrcio, o que proporcionou o desenvolvimento de uma economia mista onde a interligaÃÃo dessas atividades criou redes econÃmicas que ligaram pecuaristas, agricultores e comerciantes, formando uma elite heterogÃnea que se relacionava com uma massa de homens pobres e livres que trabalhavam nas fazendas de gado, nas lavouras e no pequeno comÃrcio. Esse envolvimento nos levou a pensar a realidade dos homens livres e sem posses na Vila, onde as relaÃÃes criadas aproximaram elite e homens pobres, principalmente, nas relaÃÃes comerciais, permitindo aos Ãltimos a formaÃÃo em atividades especializadas e o domÃnio do comÃrcio local. Isso possibilitaria a esses homens criar estratÃgias sociais que lhes permitiam atuar livremente na economia, obtendo lucro com seu trabalho, gerando perspectivas de fazer parte da elite de Sobral. Tendo essas afirmativas como base, analisamos as relaÃÃes de trabalho desenvolvidas na Vila de Sobral para observar como elas ocorriam e como influenciaram na trajetÃria pessoal dos moradores. Para isso, utilizamos os documentos da cÃmara que registraram as atividades econÃmicas, percebendo a importÃncia de cada uma delas para a formaÃÃo da populaÃÃo de Sobral.