Quando os primeiros desbravadores chegaram ao extremo Noroeste paulista por volta de 1800, suas interferências na paisagem passaram quase desapercebidas; entretanto, com a expansão da cultura cafeeira e a conseqüente valorização das terras no Oeste paulista pelos idos de 1.900, as transformações intensificaram-se, culminando na completa substituição da cobertura vegetal da região. Na esteira do café, vieram a ferrovia, novos colonizadores e novas atividades econômicas, incrementando a presença antrópica nessa porção do espaço e favorecendo a formação de novos municípios, como é o caso de Santa Fé do Sul, cidade fundada pela Companhia de Agricultura, Imigração e Colonização - CAIC, próxima a divisa com os estados de Minas Gerais e Mato Grosso do Sul. Graças ao planejamento feito durante sua concepção, este município conseguiu articular seu entorno, passando a assumir posição de relevância junto às localidades que foram fundadas nas suas proximidades. Hoje, esta porção do território paulista se vê as voltas novamente com um novo ciclo de mudanças. Desta feita, a força impulsionadora constitui-se no processo de globalização em curso no planeta. Atentando para isto, o presente estudo é desenvolvido objetivando analisar as mudanças em curso neste município, considerando seu histórico de ocupação e suas perspectivas de desenvolvimento. Nesta ótica, lança mão das metodologias propostas por George (1983), Tommasi (1994), Santos (1997), Rochefort (1998), Ipea (2001) e Locatel (2004) para estabelecer a polarização exercida por Santa Fé do Sul em seu entorno, assim como o perfil que possui. Ao final, apresenta uma proposta de zoneamento - utilizando o Sistema de Informações Geográficas - acompanhada por uma discussão sobre as alternativas de desenvolvimento mais adequadas para o município. / When the first pathfinders had arrived at the extreme Northwest of the São Paulo state by the year 1.800, their interferences in the landscape were almost unnoticed; however, with the expansion of the coffee plantation and consequent valuation of lands in the São Paulo state West by the year 1.900, the changes had been intensified, resulting in the complete substitution of the vegetal covering in that region. Following the coffee, many new things came. For instance: railroad, new settlers and new economic activities, increasing the human presence in this area and favoring the raising new cities; this is the case of Santa Fé do Sul, a city established by the CAIC - Companhia de Agricultura, Imigração e Colonização (Agriculture, Immigration and Settling Company), next to the boundary with the state of Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul. Due to the planning made for its conception, this city was able to articulate its surroundings, starting to assume a relevant position before the communities that had been established in its neighborhoods. Today, this portion of São Paulo State\'s territory is about to start a new changing cycle. But, at this time, the globalization process in course in the planet gives the simulation. Considering this, the present study is developed to analyze the present changes happening in the region, taking into account its history of occupation in function of its future development. Through this perspective, it makes use of the methodologies presented for authors as George (1983), Tommasi (1994), Santos (1997), Rochefort (1998) IPEA (2001) and Locatel (2004), to identify the polarization exerted by Santa Fé do Sul on its surroundings, as well as its currently existing profile. Considering the transformations that will occur in this area, it presents a zoning proposal using the Geographic Information System - GIS. Lastly, it presents a discussion about best development alternatives for the city.

Abstract The central concern of this study is the nature of informal economic activities among urban traders in Harare, Zimbabwe. The study focuses on a particular flea market and describes the precarious lives of a sample of informal traders. It is shown that, as through much of Africa, the market is a social as well as an economic nexus. It is not only the site of economic production and exchange constituting the survivalist activities that are increasingly important in the collapsing Zimbabwe economy, but also the site of diverse social relations. The thesis also shows that the formal and informal are part of the same deeply segmented economy and not two distinct, separate economies. The extended case study method is used to describe and analyse the nature of informal trading activities among traders dealing in four types of goods commonly found at the flea market: clothes and shoes, DVDs and video games, arts and crafts, and second-hand books. Primary and secondary sources, interviews with policy experts, researchers and activists, a total of 70 semi-structured interviews with traders and participant observation, over a period of one and a half years were used to obtain data on the nature of the informal economy in the current Zimbabwe crisis, and to profile these traders. The thesis describes the daily lives of the traders, their social characteristics and work histories, and the social relations of trust and reciprocity which enable them to source their goods. It is shown that the majority of the traders live an extremely precarious existence marked by low, unstable incomes. However, they should not be viewed as passive victims of the economic crisis, as they demonstrate qualities of resourcefulness and innovation. Nor are they totally excluded from global circuits of production and exchange. Global connections are identified and shown to be relevant to the sourcing and sale of goods. These connections suggest an alternative way of conceptualising globalisation.

<p>Most urban areas of developing countries were hitherto experiencing unprecedented growth in their population, the phenomenon commonly referred to as urbanization, which in this study can be said to be the proportion of urban population relative to the total population of a region. </p><p>This phenomenon has opportunities vis-à-vis challenges, whose impact on natural resources in general and water resources in particular, cannot be over- emphasized. It is within the context of these urban challenges that this study attempts to look into and possibly assess the situation in the urban and peri- urban areas of Kumasi Metropolitan Area (KMA) in Ghana, whose urbanization processes is prejudiced by this study to be increasing rapidly. </p><p>The study specifically attempted to assess thechanges in the urbanization patterns and the possible future urbanization trend of the area within a specific time frame. The study also attempts to look at the causes of this urbanization, and its impact on water resources in the Area, both qualitatively and quantitatively, envisaged to be the results of socio-economic activities taking place in the Area. Finally, the study attempts to look into the measures put in place to curb these challenges. </p><p>Amid paucity of data, however, the study reveals that the most single contributor of urbanization processes in the area has been migration from the countryside, and in particular from the northern part of the country. The study also reveals the fact that even though the general quality standard of some water resources is better, the largely uncontrolled socio-economic activities, coupled with the deplorable sanitary conditions in the KMA, has potential to degrade the water resources in the KMA. In addition, the study reveals that little attention is given, in terms of policy formulation to curb this urbanization processes and to protect water resources in the area.</p>

Most urban areas of developing countries were hitherto experiencing unprecedented growth in their population, the phenomenon commonly referred to as urbanization, which in this study can be said to be the proportion of urban population relative to the total population of a region. This phenomenon has opportunities vis-à-vis challenges, whose impact on natural resources in general and water resources in particular, cannot be over- emphasized. It is within the context of these urban challenges that this study attempts to look into and possibly assess the situation in the urban and peri- urban areas of Kumasi Metropolitan Area (KMA) in Ghana, whose urbanization processes is prejudiced by this study to be increasing rapidly. The study specifically attempted to assess thechanges in the urbanization patterns and the possible future urbanization trend of the area within a specific time frame. The study also attempts to look at the causes of this urbanization, and its impact on water resources in the Area, both qualitatively and quantitatively, envisaged to be the results of socio-economic activities taking place in the Area. Finally, the study attempts to look into the measures put in place to curb these challenges. Amid paucity of data, however, the study reveals that the most single contributor of urbanization processes in the area has been migration from the countryside, and in particular from the northern part of the country. The study also reveals the fact that even though the general quality standard of some water resources is better, the largely uncontrolled socio-economic activities, coupled with the deplorable sanitary conditions in the KMA, has potential to degrade the water resources in the KMA. In addition, the study reveals that little attention is given, in terms of policy formulation to curb this urbanization processes and to protect water resources in the area.

Nos últimos anos, o estudo de propriedades de redes espaciais urbanas conhecidas como centralidades, tem sido utilizado com frequência para descrever fenômenos de ordem sócio-econômica associados à forma da cidade. Autores têm sugerido que centralidades são capazes de descrever a estrutura espacial urbana (KRAFTA, 1994; ANAS et al., 1998) e, portanto através do estudo de centralidades, é possível reconhecer os espaços que mais concentram fluxos, os que possuem os maiores valores de renda da terra, os mais seguros, entre outros aspectos que parecem estar diretamente relacionados com o fenômeno urbano. A hipótese dessa pesquisa admite que centralidades em redes espaciais urbanas desempenham um papel fundamental na formação da estrutura espacial urbana e na maneira como são organizados os usos do solo da cidade. Assim, essa pesquisa investiga qual modelo de centralidade, processado sobre diversas formas de se descrever o espaço urbano na forma de uma rede, é capaz de apresentar resultados mais fortemente correlacionados com a distribuição espacial de atividades econômicas urbanas. Nessa pesquisa são avaliados cinco modelos de centralidade, aplicados sobre diferentes redes espaciais urbanas com a intenção de se verificar qual deles apresenta maior correlação com a ocorrência de atividades econômicas. Para realizar tal exercício, esses modelos são aplicados sobre três tipos de redes espaciais urbanas (axial, nodal e trechos de rua) – oriundas da configuração espacial de três cidades brasileiras – processados de forma geométrica e topológica. Os modelos de centralidade aplicados são conhecidos como centralidade por Alcance (SEVTSUK; 2010), centralidade por Excentricidade (PORTA et al.; 2009, 2011), centralidade por Intermediação (FREEMAN, 1977), centralidade por Intermediação Planar (KRAFTA, 1994) e centralidade por Proximidade (INGRAM, 1971). O coeficiente de correlação Pearson (r) é utilizado como ferramenta capaz de descrever qual modelo de centralidade, associado a qual tipo de representação espacial e qual modo de processamento de distâncias melhor se correlaciona com a distribuição de atividades econômicas urbanas nessas cidades. As evidências encontradas nessa pesquisa sugerem que os modelos de centralidade por Alcance, centralidade por Excentricidade e centralidade por Intermediação Planar destacam-se em comparação com os demais modelos processados. Além disso, os valores de correlação Pearson (r) mais relevantes foram obtidos quando os modelos de centralidade foram processados considerando-se a geometria da rede formada por trechos de rua, indicando que um tipo de representação espacial mais desagregada e processada de forma geométrica seria mais capaz de apresentar os melhores valores de correlação para a compreensão do fenômeno urbano estudado. / In recent years, the study of urban spatial networks has been often used to describe urban phenomena associated with the shape of the city. Researches suggested that centralities are able to describe the urban spatial structure (KRAFTA, 1994; ANAS et al., 1998) and then it is possible to recognize the spaces with more flows, which have the highest values of land revenue, the safest, among other aspects related to urban phenomenon. The hypothesis of this research accepts that centrality in urban spatial networks play a key role for the urban spatial structure and the way of land uses is organized. Thus, there would be some measures of centrality in urban spatial networks that would be more associated with economic activities occurring in the city. The research will evaluate five measures of centrality applied on three types of urban spatial networks (axial map, node map and segment map). Therefore we will use five models of centrality in urban spatial networks known as reach (SEVTSUK, MEKONNEN, 2012), straightness (PORTA et al., 2006b), betweenness (FREEMAN, 1977), planar betweenness (KRAFTA, 1994) and closeness (INGRAM, 1971) in order to determine which this most highly correlated with the occurrence of economic activities. The relationships between these measures of centrality and locations of economic activities are examined in three Brazilian cities, using as methodology the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The highest correlation between the results of centrality in urban spatial networks and the location of economic activities will suggest which centrality measure, way of to describe urban space like a network and distance processing method (euclidian or topologic) is more associated with the occurrence of these activities in the city. The results indicate that Reach, Straightness and Planar Betweenness are most outstanding models of centrality. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficients (r) most relevant were obtained when models of centrality are processed considering euclidian paths in the street segments network, suggesting that this type of spatial network and distances processing method generates centralities with more significant correlation values within the urban phenomenon studied.

Nos últimos anos, o estudo de propriedades de redes espaciais urbanas conhecidas como centralidades, tem sido utilizado com frequência para descrever fenômenos de ordem sócio-econômica associados à forma da cidade. Autores têm sugerido que centralidades são capazes de descrever a estrutura espacial urbana (KRAFTA, 1994; ANAS et al., 1998) e, portanto através do estudo de centralidades, é possível reconhecer os espaços que mais concentram fluxos, os que possuem os maiores valores de renda da terra, os mais seguros, entre outros aspectos que parecem estar diretamente relacionados com o fenômeno urbano. A hipótese dessa pesquisa admite que centralidades em redes espaciais urbanas desempenham um papel fundamental na formação da estrutura espacial urbana e na maneira como são organizados os usos do solo da cidade. Assim, essa pesquisa investiga qual modelo de centralidade, processado sobre diversas formas de se descrever o espaço urbano na forma de uma rede, é capaz de apresentar resultados mais fortemente correlacionados com a distribuição espacial de atividades econômicas urbanas. Nessa pesquisa são avaliados cinco modelos de centralidade, aplicados sobre diferentes redes espaciais urbanas com a intenção de se verificar qual deles apresenta maior correlação com a ocorrência de atividades econômicas. Para realizar tal exercício, esses modelos são aplicados sobre três tipos de redes espaciais urbanas (axial, nodal e trechos de rua) – oriundas da configuração espacial de três cidades brasileiras – processados de forma geométrica e topológica. Os modelos de centralidade aplicados são conhecidos como centralidade por Alcance (SEVTSUK; 2010), centralidade por Excentricidade (PORTA et al.; 2009, 2011), centralidade por Intermediação (FREEMAN, 1977), centralidade por Intermediação Planar (KRAFTA, 1994) e centralidade por Proximidade (INGRAM, 1971). O coeficiente de correlação Pearson (r) é utilizado como ferramenta capaz de descrever qual modelo de centralidade, associado a qual tipo de representação espacial e qual modo de processamento de distâncias melhor se correlaciona com a distribuição de atividades econômicas urbanas nessas cidades. As evidências encontradas nessa pesquisa sugerem que os modelos de centralidade por Alcance, centralidade por Excentricidade e centralidade por Intermediação Planar destacam-se em comparação com os demais modelos processados. Além disso, os valores de correlação Pearson (r) mais relevantes foram obtidos quando os modelos de centralidade foram processados considerando-se a geometria da rede formada por trechos de rua, indicando que um tipo de representação espacial mais desagregada e processada de forma geométrica seria mais capaz de apresentar os melhores valores de correlação para a compreensão do fenômeno urbano estudado. / In recent years, the study of urban spatial networks has been often used to describe urban phenomena associated with the shape of the city. Researches suggested that centralities are able to describe the urban spatial structure (KRAFTA, 1994; ANAS et al., 1998) and then it is possible to recognize the spaces with more flows, which have the highest values of land revenue, the safest, among other aspects related to urban phenomenon. The hypothesis of this research accepts that centrality in urban spatial networks play a key role for the urban spatial structure and the way of land uses is organized. Thus, there would be some measures of centrality in urban spatial networks that would be more associated with economic activities occurring in the city. The research will evaluate five measures of centrality applied on three types of urban spatial networks (axial map, node map and segment map). Therefore we will use five models of centrality in urban spatial networks known as reach (SEVTSUK, MEKONNEN, 2012), straightness (PORTA et al., 2006b), betweenness (FREEMAN, 1977), planar betweenness (KRAFTA, 1994) and closeness (INGRAM, 1971) in order to determine which this most highly correlated with the occurrence of economic activities. The relationships between these measures of centrality and locations of economic activities are examined in three Brazilian cities, using as methodology the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The highest correlation between the results of centrality in urban spatial networks and the location of economic activities will suggest which centrality measure, way of to describe urban space like a network and distance processing method (euclidian or topologic) is more associated with the occurrence of these activities in the city. The results indicate that Reach, Straightness and Planar Betweenness are most outstanding models of centrality. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficients (r) most relevant were obtained when models of centrality are processed considering euclidian paths in the street segments network, suggesting that this type of spatial network and distances processing method generates centralities with more significant correlation values within the urban phenomenon studied.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar, para o Brasil, Nordeste e Sudeste, os determinantes da desigualdade salarial das pessoas ocupadas em trÃs setores da economia: AgrÃcola, IndÃstria e ServiÃos. No presente estudo foram consideradas as principais fontes de geraÃÃo e reproduÃÃo de desigualdade no mercado de trabalho: heterogeneidade dos trabalhadores, segmentaÃÃo e discriminaÃÃo. Os dados utilizados foram os microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de DomicÃlios (PNAD) nos anos 2004 e 2013. Para tanto, foi utilizado o mÃtodo de Cowell e Fiorio (2011) que une a decomposiÃÃo por fatores, jà abordada por Shorrocks (1982) e Fields (2003), com uma decomposiÃÃo por subgrupos. Os resultados mostraram que a contribuiÃÃo da educaÃÃo para a desigualdade nÃo ocorre de maneira uniforme entre os setores e entre as regiÃes. Na atividade agrÃcola nordestina e brasileira, o mercado de trabalho tende a gerar desigualdades com mais intensidade do que reproduzir, jà que a variÃvel formalidade foi a que mais explicou a desigualdade dentro deste setor, enquanto que nos ServiÃos e na IndÃstria, a educaÃÃo se mostrou mais importante do que as variÃveis ligadas à segmentaÃÃo e discriminaÃÃo do mercado de trabalho. No Sudeste, a educaÃÃo desempenhou um papel mais homogÃneo, sendo o fator que mais contribuiu para a desigualdade nas trÃs atividades econÃmicas. / This paper aims to analyze, to Brazil, Northeast and Southeast, the determinants of wage inequality of employed people in three sectors of the economy: Agriculture, Industry and Services. The current study considered the main sources of generation and reproduction of inequality in the labor market heterogeneity of workers, segmentation and discrimination. The database used was the data from the National Survey for Domicile Sample (PNAD) in 2004 and 2013. For this purpose, it was used the method of Cowell and Fiorio (2011) which joins the decomposition by factors, already discussed by Shorrocks (1982 ) and Fields (2003), with the decomposition by subgroups. The results showed that the contribution of education to inequality does not occur heterogeneously between sectors and regions. In the Northeastern and Brazilian agricultural activity, the labor market tends to generate inequalities with more intensity than reproduce, as the variable formality was the one that best explained the inequality within the agricultural sector, while in the Services and Industry, the education was more important than the variables linked to segmentation and discrimination in the labor market. In the Southeast, education plays a more homogeneous role, being the primary contributor to the inequality of the three economic activities.

Nos últimos anos, o estudo de propriedades de redes espaciais urbanas conhecidas como centralidades, tem sido utilizado com frequência para descrever fenômenos de ordem sócio-econômica associados à forma da cidade. Autores têm sugerido que centralidades são capazes de descrever a estrutura espacial urbana (KRAFTA, 1994; ANAS et al., 1998) e, portanto através do estudo de centralidades, é possível reconhecer os espaços que mais concentram fluxos, os que possuem os maiores valores de renda da terra, os mais seguros, entre outros aspectos que parecem estar diretamente relacionados com o fenômeno urbano. A hipótese dessa pesquisa admite que centralidades em redes espaciais urbanas desempenham um papel fundamental na formação da estrutura espacial urbana e na maneira como são organizados os usos do solo da cidade. Assim, essa pesquisa investiga qual modelo de centralidade, processado sobre diversas formas de se descrever o espaço urbano na forma de uma rede, é capaz de apresentar resultados mais fortemente correlacionados com a distribuição espacial de atividades econômicas urbanas. Nessa pesquisa são avaliados cinco modelos de centralidade, aplicados sobre diferentes redes espaciais urbanas com a intenção de se verificar qual deles apresenta maior correlação com a ocorrência de atividades econômicas. Para realizar tal exercício, esses modelos são aplicados sobre três tipos de redes espaciais urbanas (axial, nodal e trechos de rua) – oriundas da configuração espacial de três cidades brasileiras – processados de forma geométrica e topológica. Os modelos de centralidade aplicados são conhecidos como centralidade por Alcance (SEVTSUK; 2010), centralidade por Excentricidade (PORTA et al.; 2009, 2011), centralidade por Intermediação (FREEMAN, 1977), centralidade por Intermediação Planar (KRAFTA, 1994) e centralidade por Proximidade (INGRAM, 1971). O coeficiente de correlação Pearson (r) é utilizado como ferramenta capaz de descrever qual modelo de centralidade, associado a qual tipo de representação espacial e qual modo de processamento de distâncias melhor se correlaciona com a distribuição de atividades econômicas urbanas nessas cidades. As evidências encontradas nessa pesquisa sugerem que os modelos de centralidade por Alcance, centralidade por Excentricidade e centralidade por Intermediação Planar destacam-se em comparação com os demais modelos processados. Além disso, os valores de correlação Pearson (r) mais relevantes foram obtidos quando os modelos de centralidade foram processados considerando-se a geometria da rede formada por trechos de rua, indicando que um tipo de representação espacial mais desagregada e processada de forma geométrica seria mais capaz de apresentar os melhores valores de correlação para a compreensão do fenômeno urbano estudado. / In recent years, the study of urban spatial networks has been often used to describe urban phenomena associated with the shape of the city. Researches suggested that centralities are able to describe the urban spatial structure (KRAFTA, 1994; ANAS et al., 1998) and then it is possible to recognize the spaces with more flows, which have the highest values of land revenue, the safest, among other aspects related to urban phenomenon. The hypothesis of this research accepts that centrality in urban spatial networks play a key role for the urban spatial structure and the way of land uses is organized. Thus, there would be some measures of centrality in urban spatial networks that would be more associated with economic activities occurring in the city. The research will evaluate five measures of centrality applied on three types of urban spatial networks (axial map, node map and segment map). Therefore we will use five models of centrality in urban spatial networks known as reach (SEVTSUK, MEKONNEN, 2012), straightness (PORTA et al., 2006b), betweenness (FREEMAN, 1977), planar betweenness (KRAFTA, 1994) and closeness (INGRAM, 1971) in order to determine which this most highly correlated with the occurrence of economic activities. The relationships between these measures of centrality and locations of economic activities are examined in three Brazilian cities, using as methodology the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The highest correlation between the results of centrality in urban spatial networks and the location of economic activities will suggest which centrality measure, way of to describe urban space like a network and distance processing method (euclidian or topologic) is more associated with the occurrence of these activities in the city. The results indicate that Reach, Straightness and Planar Betweenness are most outstanding models of centrality. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficients (r) most relevant were obtained when models of centrality are processed considering euclidian paths in the street segments network, suggesting that this type of spatial network and distances processing method generates centralities with more significant correlation values within the urban phenomenon studied.

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This diploma thesis deals with the issue of unauthorized economic activities of Ukrainian migrants in the Czech Republic, which in this case are understood as all the economic activities of these migrants, which are in some way contrary to the valid legislation - i.e. both completely illegal and quasi-legal activities. The thesis builds on a number of important theories and concepts, such as the dual labour market theory, network theory, institutional theory, client system, or precarisation. The main objective of this diploma thesis is to describe and structure the phenomenon of unauthorized economic activities of Ukrainian migrants in the Czech Republic. First, the thesis presents the statistical data concerning the studied phenomenon and outlines the legislative anchoring the employment of Ukrainian migrants within the Czech labour market. This is followed by the description of general context of Ukrainian labour migration to the Czech Republic, its main reasons and associated risk factors. Then attention is paid to the very phenomenon of unauthorized economic activities with a main focus on its causes, forms, consequences and possible solutions. In the research part of this diploma thesis, the data are mainly drawn from interviews with experts on the given issue working in different areas -...