В работе раскрыты основные подходы к определению понятия внешнеэкономическая деятельность предприятия, ее виды и принципы; рассмотрены формы выхода предприятий на внешние рынки и методические подходы к оценке эффективности внешнеэкономической деятельности. Проведен анализ деятельности ПАО «ТАГМЕТ» и обоснованы основные направления развития ВЭД. / The work reveals the main approaches to the definition of the concept of foreign economic activity of the enterprise, its types and principles; the forms of enterprises entering foreign markets and methodical approaches to assessing the effectiveness of foreign economic activity are considered. An analysis of TAGMET's activities has been carried out and the main areas of FEA development have been substantiated.

Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Infrastructure and related services are crucial for facilitating economic activities, creating employment opportunities and generating economic growth. The African continent has a huge infrastructure gap estimated by the World Bank at US$75 billion per annum. However, the current levels of public sector resources and foreign capital inflows in Africa are insufficient to fund this infrastructure gap. Africa, therefore, needs to explore new sources of funding to finance its infrastructure backlog. It is then natural that Africa should encourage the private sector to invest in the infrastructure sector. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the worldwide funded pensions market is about US$24.6 trillion of which US$16.2 trillion is held by pension funds (Inderst, 2009). Infrastructure investments provide important benefits including long-term and inflation-hedged cash revenues which are compatible with pension fund interests. Pension funds around the world have been already investing in infrastructure assets, for example in Latin America, Australia, Canada and the United States of America (US) amongst others. However, such experiences of pension fund participation in infrastructure financing in Africa are very rare. Anecdotal evidence suggests that African pension funds currently manage assets of about US$300 billion. If a small portion of the pension fund assets could be invested in infrastructure projects in Africa, the continent’s infrastructure gap could be partly addressed. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), a programme of the African Union, seeks to address the infrastructure gap and mobilise the necessary resources domestically and from outside the continent. NEPAD, together with the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the regional economic communities, has developed an Infrastructure Plan for Africa. This study explores the possibility of utilising some of the Africa pension fund assets for infrastructure investments especially in the NEPAD infrastructure projects. The global trends in pension fund investments in infrastructure are reviewed to propose a model for infrastructure investments by African pension funds and some recommendations are put forward on how to increase such investments. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Infrastruktuur en verwante dienste is krities vir die fasilitering van ekonomiese aktiwiteite, die skep van werksgeleenthede en om ekonomiese groei te genereer. Die Afrika-kontinent het ’n groot infrastruktuur-gaping wat deur die Wêreldbank op US$75 biljoen per jaar beraam word. Die huidige vlakke van openbare-sektor hulpbronne en buitelandse kapitaalinvloei is egter onvoldoende om hierdie infrastruktuur-gaping te befonds. Afrika moet daarom nuwe bronne vir befondsing ondersoek om sy infrastruktuur agterstand te befonds. Dit is dan natuurlik dat Afrika die privaatsektor sal aanmoedig om in die infrastruktuur-sektor te belê. Volgens die Organisasie vir Ekonomiese Samewerking en Ontwikkeling (OECD), is die wêreldwye pensioenmark omtrent US$24.6 triljoen waarvan US$16.2 triljoen deur pensioenfondse gehou word (Inderst, 2009). Infrastruktuur-beleggings bied belangrike voordele insluitend langtermyn- en inflasie-verskanste kontantinkomstes wat versoenbaar is met pensioenfonds belange. Pensioenfondse regoor die wêreld het alreeds begin om in infrastruktuurbates te belê, byvoorbeeld in Latyns-Amerika, Australië, Kanada en in die Verenigde State van Amerika. Sulke gevalle van pensioenfonds deelname aan infrastruktuur-finansiering in Afrika is egter seldsaam. Daar word gespekuleer dat Afrika se pensioenfondse tans bates bestuur van ongeveer US$300 biljoen. As ’n klein gedeelte van die pensioenfondsbates in infrastruktuur-projekte in Afrika belê kon word, sou die kontinent se infrastruktuur-gaping gedeeltelik aangespreek word. Die nuwe vennootskap vir Afrika se ontwikkeling (New Partnership for Africa’s Development, NEPAD), ‘n program van die Afrika Unie, streef daarna om die infrastruktuur gaping aan te spreek en die nodige hulpbronne binnelands en van buite die kontinent te mobiliseer. NEPAD, tesame met die Afrika Ontwikkelingsbank (AfDB) en die streek se ekonomiese gemeenskappe, het ’n infrastruktuur-plan vir Afrika ontwikkel. Hierdie studie ondersoek die moontlikheid om ’n gedeelte van Afrika se pensioenfondsbates vir infrastruktuur-beleggings aan te wend, veral in die NEPAD infrastruktuur-projekte. Die wêreldwye neigings in pensioenfondsbeleggings in infrastruktuur word ondersoek om ’n model voor te stel vir infrastruktuur-beleggings deur Afrika pensioenfondse en ’n paar aanbevelings word gemaak om sodanige beleggings te verhoog.

In this dissertation the question of why people want to stay in the county-side has been analysed from an economic-historic perspective. The specific research question has been: Using which formal economic means of sustenance could those who remained in Ängersjö parish ensure their survival in the years 1950 to 1990? A number of different types of sources have been used, including income tax registers, data on migration, agricultural statistics, parish registers, interviews, and printed public statistics. The population of Ängersjö parish decreased through the entire period of investigation. In the early 1950s the population pyramid in Ängersjö resembled Sweden’s quite considerably. After this point, the tendencies towards depopulation grew stronger. By the early 1990s, the population had returned to the levels of the early 1800s, i.e. before the forest became valuable. This time, however, the proportion of older inhabitants was much larger. Most of the remaining households supported themselves through wage labour in the forestry sector, which essentially was a male preoccupation. At the margin, supplementary incomes, such as the renting of cottages and capital revenues, could add to household earnings, and contributions by women probably played an important part in that context. In addition, informal economic activities, such as berry-picking and the exchange of labour, could expand the means of support by a maximum of 20 percent. In spite of all these efforts, most of the remaining households earned less than an average Swedish industrial worker. The income differences could to some degree be compensated by lower housing and living costs, but many households probably enjoyed a lower material standard of living. Demonstrably, most of the remaining inhabitants of Ängersjö were willing to pay the economic price associated with the “feelings of freedom” or the upkeep of their ancestral home of which many inhabitants spoke. / Flexibilitet som tradition

The dissertation “Informal Economic Activities” takes a comprehensive approach to the informal economy by studying traditional shadow economic activities, household DIY activities, and the smuggling of illegal and legal goods. Chapter 2 analyzes shadow economic and DIY activities and presents a dual estimation for the development of both types of informal economic activities in Germany from 1970 to 2005. It also considers the impact of German reunification on shadow economic and DIY activities and employs a proper estimate of domestic currency in circulation within Germany as an indicator variable for the shadow economy. Chapter 3 studies an informal economic activity that has attracted much attention recently: legal goods smuggling, or the illegal trade of otherwise legal goods. The main channel of this type of smuggling is the falsification of trade documents. By reporting false amounts of exports and/or imports to authorities smugglers, or trade misinvoicers, seek to avoid paying taxes and/or tariffs. Chapter 4 widens the analysis of smuggling to the smuggling of illegal goods and studies the smuggling of legal and illegal goods across the U.S.-Mexico border in order to improve the understanding of illegal trade. Studying the U.S.-Mexican case is particularly interesting as most illegal drugs and immigrants enter the United States via the Mexican border. The empirical analyses in the dissertation “Informal Economic Activities” are based on structural equation models (SEMs). The results demonstrate that the informal economy is significant and that growth of the informal economy is not exclusive to developing countries, although it is a more serious problem in these countries. Moreover, although the informal economy covers a wide range of rather diverse economic activities, the dissertation works out that a few similarities exist. These are important, especially for policymakers, in first understanding what drives informal economic activities and second designing appropriate policies to deter them.

Submitted by Leonardo Cavalcante (leo.ocavalcante@gmail.com) on 2018-04-17T14:38:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2899186 bytes, checksum: 1514ed37935ed49e7f5cb98a73c26440 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T14:38:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2899186 bytes, checksum: 1514ed37935ed49e7f5cb98a73c26440 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / There is a significant diversity of social movements, forming networks of solidarity that need to be studied, strengthened or even created, in order to prevent many territories from succumbing to the force of capital and their ways of transcending the urban, Creating the false idea that traditional peoples or communities are incompatible with urban space and its urbanity. The urban model and its complexity, in the way that reaches the traditional communities of artisanal fishing are contributing to generate the disinterest of the artisanal fisherman for the fishing activity and other activities related to the sea. The lack of planning and management of the authorities with the housing situation of the fishermen and their work situation have taken the fishermen and the authorities to an imaginary of disbelief in this economic activity exerted centuries ago in the Brazilian coast. The most viable solution can be found in a sea management system that contains elements that benefit fishermen in their most diversified work and income possibilities related to the sea, notably the coast of Paraíba. In this sense, in the search for fomenting a discussion about a new look at artisanal fishing and the professionals who execute it aims, in a general way, to propose a model of marine artisanal fishing development in Paraíba. To do so, the research is qualitative because it presents the historical materialist way of looking at reality, the research method is case study, the methodological procedures and the research instrument interview are considered the most satisfactory mechanisms to arrive at a truth and consequently, the thesis. In this perspective, some priorities for the implementation of fisheries management are considered essential, such as ice factory, fuel subsidy, production outflow guarantee, small company benefiting production, as well as implementation of fisheries for fishermen, are some examples of the real needs of the artisanal fishermen of Paraíba. As a solution it is possible to discuss the creation of small fishing terminals on beaches with a greater concentration of fishermen, which would serve as propellants for fishing, at the same time as they would serve as areas for processing and sale of production, as well as inspection and training for professionals With regard to empowerment, fisheries, aquaculture and tourism-related activities. From this perspective, the vision of artisanal fisheries is Covered to the management of the sea, because it is considered here that economic activities must be diversified to guarantee work and income throughout the year, just as a model of management of the sea must propose its Zoning, considering areas of fishing, diving, aquaculture and bathing, both on the beaches and on the sand banks. The management of the sea linked to the territorialisation of traditional fishing communities tends to bring an organization and dynamics to the artisanal fishing sector and its complexity. / Existe uma diversidade significativa de movimentos sociais, formando redes solidárias que precisam ser estudadas, fortalecidas ou mesmo criadas, no sentido de impedir que muitos territórios venham a sucumbir à força do capital e suas formas de se travestir no urbano, criando a falsa ideia de que os povos ou comunidades tradicionais são incompatíveis com o espaço urbano e sua urbanidade. O modelo urbano e sua complexidade, da maneira que alcança as comunidades tradicionais de pesca artesanal estão contribuindo para gerar o desinteresse do pescador artesanal pela atividade pesqueira e demais atividades relacionadas ao mar. A falta de planejamento e gestão das autoridades com a situação de moradia dos pescadores e sua situação de trabalho têm levado os pescadores e as autoridades a um imaginário de descrença nesta atividade econômica exercida há séculos na costa brasileira. A solução mais viável pode ser encontrada num sistema de gestão do mar, que contenha elementos que beneficiem os pescadores em suas diversas possiblidades de trabalho e renda relacionadas com o mar, notadamente o mar da costa paraibana. Neste sentido, na busca por fomentar uma discussão sobre um novo olhar em relação à pesca artesanal e os profissionais que a executam, se objetiva, de forma geral, propor um modelo de desenvolvimento da pesca artesanal marinha na Paraíba. Para tanto, a pesquisa é qualitativa por apresentar a forma materialista histórica de ver a realidade, o método de pesquisa Estudo de Caso, os procedimentos metodológicos e o instrumento de pesquisa entrevista são considerados os mecanismos mais satisfatórios para se chegar a uma verdade e consequentemente, a tese. Nesta perspectiva, algumas prioridades para a implementação da gestão da pesca são consideradas essenciais, como fábrica de gelo, subsídio para combustível, garantia de escoamento da produção, pequena empresa que beneficie a produção, como também implementação de pesqueiros para os pescadores, são alguns exemplos das reais necessidades dos pescadores artesanais da Paraíba. Como solução é possível discutir a criação de pequenos terminais pesqueiros por praias com maior concentração de pescadores, que serviriam como propulsores da pesca, ao mesmo tempo em que serviriam como espaços para beneficiamento e venda da produção, como também de fiscalização e formação para os profissionais no tocante à empoderamento, pesca, aquicultura e atividades ligadas ao turismo. Nesta perspectiva, a visão sobre a pesca artesanal é abrangida para a uma gestão do mar, pois aqui se considera que atividades econômicas devem ser diversificadas para garantir trabalho e renda ao longo do ano, assim como um modelo de gestão do mar deve propor o seu zoneamento, considerando áreas de pesca, mergulho, aquícolas e banhos, tanto nas praias como nos bancos de areais. A gestão do mar atrelada à territorialização das comunidades tradicionais de pesca tende a trazer uma organização e dinâmica ao setor da pesca artesanal e sua complexidade.

The dissertation “Informal Economic Activities” takes a comprehensive approach to the informal economy by studying traditional shadow economic activities, household DIY activities, and the smuggling of illegal and legal goods. Chapter 2 analyzes shadow economic and DIY activities and presents a dual estimation for the development of both types of informal economic activities in Germany from 1970 to 2005. It also considers the impact of German reunification on shadow economic and DIY activities and employs a proper estimate of domestic currency in circulation within Germany as an indicator variable for the shadow economy. Chapter 3 studies an informal economic activity that has attracted much attention recently: legal goods smuggling, or the illegal trade of otherwise legal goods. The main channel of this type of smuggling is the falsification of trade documents. By reporting false amounts of exports and/or imports to authorities smugglers, or trade misinvoicers, seek to avoid paying taxes and/or tariffs. Chapter 4 widens the analysis of smuggling to the smuggling of illegal goods and studies the smuggling of legal and illegal goods across the U.S.-Mexico border in order to improve the understanding of illegal trade. Studying the U.S.-Mexican case is particularly interesting as most illegal drugs and immigrants enter the United States via the Mexican border. The empirical analyses in the dissertation “Informal Economic Activities” are based on structural equation models (SEMs). The results demonstrate that the informal economy is significant and that growth of the informal economy is not exclusive to developing countries, although it is a more serious problem in these countries. Moreover, although the informal economy covers a wide range of rather diverse economic activities, the dissertation works out that a few similarities exist. These are important, especially for policymakers, in first understanding what drives informal economic activities and second designing appropriate policies to deter them.

[pt] O presente trabalho analisa de que maneira o município do Rio de Janeiro implementou sua política de preservação do patrimônio cultural local e utilizou os instrumentos jurídicos disponíveis à tutela dos bens de natureza imaterial, notadamente, a partir de 2013, com a criação de um novo Livro de Registro: o das Atividades Econômicas Tradicionais e Notáveis. Parte-se do debate acerca das nuances da concepção do patrimônio cultural imaterial (PCI) como categoria analítica, para reconhecer que o PCI carrega um potencial contestador capaz de respaldar as lutas dos grupos e sujeitos historicamente subalternizados, evidenciando, assim, o caráter essencialmente político dessa categoria. Após realizar uma análise das principais construções normativas nacionais e internacionais sobre o assunto, utiliza-se a metodologia do caso-referência para investigar o rebatimento da utilização do Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Para tanto, empreende-se dois recortes: um temporal e outro territorial, que correspondem, respectivamente, à região central da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e ao período da gestão do Prefeito Eduardo Paes (2009-2016). O desenvolvimento da pesquisa permitiu demonstrar que o patrimônio imaterial carioca, nos casos referência analisados, foi capturado pela lógica empreendedora, neutralizando a potência contestadora dessa categoria e, consequentemente, dando início ao processo de apagamento da memória dos referidos sujeitos e grupos historicamente subalternizados. / [en] This thesis focuses on the means by which the City Hall of Rio Janeiro implemented a policy for the preservation of local cultural heritage and used legal instruments available to the protection of intangible goods, notably from 2013, as of the creation of a new category: The Traditional and Notable Economic Activities s Book of Registry. The research is based on the debate about the conception of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) as an analytical category, in order to recognize that the ICH carries a challenging potential capable of supporting the struggles of historically subalternized groups and subjects, thus revealing the essentially political nature of this category. After conducting an analysis of the main national and international normative constructions on the subject, the thesis concentrates on the study of a selected case in order to investigate the repercussions of the use of Intangible Cultural Heritage in the city of Rio de Janeiro. To do so, two approaches are undertaken: one temporal and one territorial, corresponding respectively to the central region of the city of Rio de Janeiro and the administration of Mayor Eduardo Paes (2009-2016). The development of the research intends to demonstrate that Rio s intangible heritage was captured by the entrepreneurial thinking, which led to the neutralization of the challenging power of this category and permitted the beginning of the memory deletion process of those historically subalternized subjects and groups.

An exploratory descriptive design was used to examine income-generating self-help groups in the rural area of Moutse, Mpumalanga, South Africa in terms of viability and ability to empower women economically. Income-generating self-help groups of women in Moutse have grown over the years with the initiative of the extension officers of the Department of Agriculture. These groups are also used by the women to enhance personal growth and family support. The success of the income-generating groups relates to abstract needs, such as the individual member's motivation, self-esteem gained through participation in decisionmaking processes and the implementation of projects. Skills are acquired in the process of participation in which abstract and concrete needs are addressed. The failures of the groups are as a result of lack of funding, unavailability of resources, lack of appropriate support and training, lack of co-operation and some unhealthy competition among groups in the area which results in the groups not being economically viable. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Science)

An exploratory descriptive design was used to examine income-generating self-help groups in the rural area of Moutse, Mpumalanga, South Africa in terms of viability and ability to empower women economically. Income-generating self-help groups of women in Moutse have grown over the years with the initiative of the extension officers of the Department of Agriculture. These groups are also used by the women to enhance personal growth and family support. The success of the income-generating groups relates to abstract needs, such as the individual member's motivation, self-esteem gained through participation in decisionmaking processes and the implementation of projects. Skills are acquired in the process of participation in which abstract and concrete needs are addressed. The failures of the groups are as a result of lack of funding, unavailability of resources, lack of appropriate support and training, lack of co-operation and some unhealthy competition among groups in the area which results in the groups not being economically viable. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Science)

L’attractivité des territoires vis-à-vis des investissements directs étrangers constitue, avec l’ouverture accrue des espaces économiques et politiques, un élément clé de l’intensification des flux d’échanges et d’investissements.Pour tous les pays et, plus particulièrement, pour ceux ne disposant pas d’un marché national important, l’établissement d’un diagnostic d’attractivité et la détermination d’axes prioritaires de développement constituent une démarche fondamentale applicable particulièrement à l’exemple du Luxembourg, une économie considérée comme une petite économie mature ouverte (PEMO).A travers cette recherche, on s’attachera à appliquer et à adapter un modèle d’analyse des fondements de l’attractivité, puis un modèle de détermination des orientations économiques et institutionnelles à privilégier.Cette recherche conduit à définir une démarche prospective structurée, appliquée à la PEMO considérée :- en partant de l’établissement d’une liste de déterminants de compétitivité et d’attractivité ayant potentiellement trait à une PEMO en général, validée ensuite pour le cas concret du Luxembourg par un panel de décideurs ;- en permettant l’établissement d’un diagnostic d’attractivité portant sur la situation actuelle de la PEMO considérée ;- pour déboucher sur la détermination d’activités prioritaires et de profilsd’investisseurs directs étrangers à privilégier, dans un « espace de référence » géo - sectoriel reconsidéré.Cette recherche devrait permettre d’identifier les secteurs d’investissement les plus attractifs pour les entreprises étrangères dans une PEMO comme le Luxembourg. / Together with increased economic and political openness, a location’s or territory’s attractiveness and competitiveness for foreign direct investment (FDI) are key elements for intensifying investment and trade flows.For countries, especially those without a national market of significant scale, establishing a way to identify and analyse priorities for economic development is fundamental.This research defines a general analytical framework applicable to the concepts of attractiveness and competitiveness, and, building on this framework, develops a specific model that could assist key institutions as to identify their preferred orientations in the specific context of an economy considered as a small open mature economy (SOME), in particular, Luxembourg.This research will lead to the definition of a prospective structured approach by:- providing a list of factors which potentially influence the competitiveness and attractiveness of SOMEs; this list having been validated with respect to Luxembourgby national decision makers;- establishing a method for analysing the current situation regarding attractiveness and competitiveness in Luxembourg; and- identifying priority sectors for FDI that could be targeted in a specific location/territory of reference such as Luxembourg.