The French model of the nineteenth century led the way to modernity in establishing centralized administrative governments throughout Continental Europe. Several Napoleonic policies that led to the establishment of a modern centralized state were not positive in their effects on the local communities. Research widely categorizes resistance to the Napoleonic program as either militarily or economically based. This study uses the French court cases from the Court of Cassation dated 1804 to 1820 to provide a different interpretation to the discussion of local resistance to Napoleonic authority on an international level. Conscription fraud, contraband, and resistance to government officials reveal that the local reaction in the French jurisdiction was based on contempt for both economic and military policies. The research exhibits that the grass-roots nature of the resistance against the economic and military policies experienced under the Napoleonic umbrella were comparatively similar in local opposition.

En ny lagförändring medförde att revisionsplikten avskaffades, vilket kom att beröra bådebolag och intressenter, såsom revisionsbolag, banker och myndigheter. Den borgerligaalliansen lämnade ett vallöfte år 2006 om avskaffad revisionsplikt och den 1 november år2010 blev revisionen frivillig för ungefär 250 000 småbolag. De krav som ställs för attbolag skall vara skyldiga att ha revisor är att de har mer än tre anställda, omsättningenskall vara mer än 3 miljoner kronor och balansomslutningen skall vara mer än 1,5miljoner kronor. Minst två av dessa krav måste vara uppfyllda.Revisionspliktens avskaffande är en fördel för de små bolagen, då det handlar omkostnadsbesparingar, men det kan också innebära en nackdel. När ett bolag väljer attavskaffa revisorn innebär det att Skatteverket kommer att ha mer kontroll och bolagetkanske inte anses vara lika förtroendefullt som när de anlitar en revisor. Det kan uppståoro då frågan om fler skatte- och bokföringsbrott uppkommer hos intressenterna. Vissasmå bolag kommer välja att ha kvar revisorn oavsett lagförändringen, då det är enkvalitetsstämpel och säkerhet när revisorn granskar och ger råd till bolaget.Studiens problemformulering lyder: Hur påverkas intressenternas förtroende för demindre bolag som väljer att inte använda revisor efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten?Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om intressenternas förtroende för bolagen harpåverkats efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten. Ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt haranvänts i uppsatsen, där intervjuer har genomförts för att få en helhetsbild frånrespondenterna. Tidigare forskning har sammankopplats med intervjuerna för att kunnaanalysera svaren.Vår slutsats är att förtroendet inte kommer att bli sämre om bolagen har en långsiktigrelation med sin bank. Räkenskaper som är granskade av en revisor ellerredovisningskonsult kommer att ge en högre kvalitetsstämpel och förtroende. Detkommer däremot vara svårt att upptäcka ekobrott i bolag som döljer kvitton för revisorn.Banker och Skatteverket kommer att kunna kontrollera bolag mer, om det visar sig attekobrotten har ökat, vilket också leder till högre krav. Vi tror att många bolag kommer attha kvar revisorn för att det ger en trygghet och fördel vid krediter och affärer. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

<p>BACKGROUND The economic crimes related to the taxation authorities (SKM), aim at evading paying taxes and/or wrongly obtaining tax revenue. SKM has noticed that many newly established companies have intended to be carried on, only for a short period of time and with the aim of generating grant-revenues and in the meantime omit to pay or wrongly account for taxes. SKM wants to investigate the possibilities to develop a method of analysis to identify those corporations. </p><p>PURPOSE The purpose of this essay is to make a survey of, and identify companies, who fail in their obligations concerning income-tax return and paying taxes and charges and to try to see what is characteristic for those companies in order to find out a method of analysis. Further a study of literature will be done especially concerning who will commit economic crimes and the reasons why they do it. </p><p>REALISATION I have investigated how the 251 corporations which were registered for F-tax at the local tax office of Eastern Gothenburg (SKR) during 1996 have handled their settlements and income-tax returns from the registration1996 until 1998. I have worked with my essay under guidance of Olle Thegerström and I have under observance of the secrecy of the taxation authorities taken part of all information that have been necessary to fulfil this work. </p><p>RESULTS From the variables that I have used in my investigation I don't think that it is possible to develop a method to anticipate which companies who will fail in their obligations to SKM. That is not to say that there are not structures, which can anticipate how a company will develop. I think that it is values of the manager of business, which to a large extent direct how the company will act in different situations. His values influence in their turn a great number of factors. In that case a model would have to consist of unreasonably many variables related to individual performance. Such a model would be practically impossible and according to my opinion unacceptable from an ethical point of view to use in practice.</p>

<p>Problemdiskussion: För 25 år sedan infördes revisionsplikt i Sverige för samtliga aktiebolag. Idag diskuteras huruvida den lagen ska avskaffas och vilka bolag som ska kunna avsäga sig revision.</p><p>Syfte: Författarna vill utreda om en avskaffad revisionsplikt kan leda till en ökning av den ekonomiska brottsligheten, därtill hur denna lagförändring kan påverka Skatteverkets arbete att bekämpa den.</p><p>Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts. Där den empiriska datainsamlingen bygger på intervjuer med tre regionchefer på skattverket. Den övriga datainsamlingen har skett via Internet, litteratur och via databaser vid Örebro universitet.</p><p>Slutsats: För att den ekonomiska brottsligheten ska öka som en följd av revisionspliktens avskaffande krävs det att företaget anser att nyttan att frånsäga sig revision är större än den hjälp revisorn bistår med idag. Många bedömer att företag i framtiden kommer att använda sig av frivillig revision eftersom deras intressenter kommer att kräva detta.</p> / <p>Problem discussion: 25 years ago the Swedish government decided to introduce an audit duty for all limited companies in Sweden. Today the discussion are about however this law should be abolished or not and what companies who are able to use this possibility to choose audit.</p><p>Purpose: The authors purpose are to investigate however the abolishing of the audit duty could lead to an increase of the economic crime and if it’s going to influence the national tax board (skatteverket) in there work to control the economic crime.</p><p>Method: The authors have made a qualitative study. They got there empirical information collected from three personal interviews at the national tax board (skatteverket). The remaining information was collected from Internet, literature and computer database at the University of Örebro.</p><p>Conclusion: The economical crime should not be increased by the abolishing of the audit duty unless the companies consider that the benefit from getting away from the audit duty will give them more profits than what the auditor can give theme in form of knowledge and practical advice.</p>

BACKGROUND The economic crimes related to the taxation authorities (SKM), aim at evading paying taxes and/or wrongly obtaining tax revenue. SKM has noticed that many newly established companies have intended to be carried on, only for a short period of time and with the aim of generating grant-revenues and in the meantime omit to pay or wrongly account for taxes. SKM wants to investigate the possibilities to develop a method of analysis to identify those corporations. PURPOSE The purpose of this essay is to make a survey of, and identify companies, who fail in their obligations concerning income-tax return and paying taxes and charges and to try to see what is characteristic for those companies in order to find out a method of analysis. Further a study of literature will be done especially concerning who will commit economic crimes and the reasons why they do it. REALISATION I have investigated how the 251 corporations which were registered for F-tax at the local tax office of Eastern Gothenburg (SKR) during 1996 have handled their settlements and income-tax returns from the registration1996 until 1998. I have worked with my essay under guidance of Olle Thegerström and I have under observance of the secrecy of the taxation authorities taken part of all information that have been necessary to fulfil this work. RESULTS From the variables that I have used in my investigation I don't think that it is possible to develop a method to anticipate which companies who will fail in their obligations to SKM. That is not to say that there are not structures, which can anticipate how a company will develop. I think that it is values of the manager of business, which to a large extent direct how the company will act in different situations. His values influence in their turn a great number of factors. In that case a model would have to consist of unreasonably many variables related to individual performance. Such a model would be practically impossible and according to my opinion unacceptable from an ethical point of view to use in practice.

Problemdiskussion: För 25 år sedan infördes revisionsplikt i Sverige för samtliga aktiebolag. Idag diskuteras huruvida den lagen ska avskaffas och vilka bolag som ska kunna avsäga sig revision. Syfte: Författarna vill utreda om en avskaffad revisionsplikt kan leda till en ökning av den ekonomiska brottsligheten, därtill hur denna lagförändring kan påverka Skatteverkets arbete att bekämpa den. Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts. Där den empiriska datainsamlingen bygger på intervjuer med tre regionchefer på skattverket. Den övriga datainsamlingen har skett via Internet, litteratur och via databaser vid Örebro universitet. Slutsats: För att den ekonomiska brottsligheten ska öka som en följd av revisionspliktens avskaffande krävs det att företaget anser att nyttan att frånsäga sig revision är större än den hjälp revisorn bistår med idag. Många bedömer att företag i framtiden kommer att använda sig av frivillig revision eftersom deras intressenter kommer att kräva detta. / Problem discussion: 25 years ago the Swedish government decided to introduce an audit duty for all limited companies in Sweden. Today the discussion are about however this law should be abolished or not and what companies who are able to use this possibility to choose audit. Purpose: The authors purpose are to investigate however the abolishing of the audit duty could lead to an increase of the economic crime and if it’s going to influence the national tax board (skatteverket) in there work to control the economic crime. Method: The authors have made a qualitative study. They got there empirical information collected from three personal interviews at the national tax board (skatteverket). The remaining information was collected from Internet, literature and computer database at the University of Örebro. Conclusion: The economical crime should not be increased by the abolishing of the audit duty unless the companies consider that the benefit from getting away from the audit duty will give them more profits than what the auditor can give theme in form of knowledge and practical advice.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A dissertação analisa as possibilidades e apresenta os pressupostos para harmonização do Direito Penal Económico na África Austral. Nela trabalha-se com a hipótese de que o referido processo é inexorável no âmbito da integração regional. Para o efeito, são abordadas questões criminologicas, exigências político-criminais bem como dogmáticas que permitam propor a referida harmonização legislativas, na perspectiva do direito a constituir. É destacada a pertinência de se empreenderem reformas nas legislações penais dos Estados-membros, com vista a atender aos ilícitos econômicos, considerando que a acentuada disparidade legislativa é um factor que, de certa forma, pode cercear as acções que têm sido realizadas no âmbito da prevenção e combate a criminalidade econômica na região. Disserta-se sobre as peculiaridades do delinquente e especificidades da delinquência econômica ao nível da SADC e, seguidamente, se descreve a forma de concretização da almejada harmonização, tendo como base dois estudos realizados sobre a matéria e igual número de modelos, os quais priorizam dois eixos, designadamente: o eixo dos delitos e o das penas; sendo que no primeiro descata-se a necessidade de uniformizar não só as condutas delituosas a tipificar, mas, sobretudo a técnica para sua tipificação. Como segundo eixo, aborda-se a pertinência de se aproximar as medidas de reação penal as sanções penais. Por fim, em sede da conclusão realça-se a existência de fundamentos e requisitos dogmáticos, político-criminais e criminológicos que permitem realizar a harmonização do Direito penal econômico na SADC, como medida necessária para a prevenção e represão da criminalidade econômica transnacional, intrínsecamente ligada aos processos da globalização e de integração regional em curso. / The dissertation analyzes the possibilities and presents the conditions to achieve the harmonization of Economic Criminal Law in Southern Africa. In this view, the dissertation deal with criminological, criminal policy as well as dogmatic issues in order to propose such desired legislative harmonization and aiming to address the interrelationship between the various forces that support and those that hinder penal harmonization. As a main hypothesis, the dissertation considers that the criminal legislative harmonization is a necessary process in the context of regional integration, especially for those countries located in regions with close economic and political ties (as it is the case of southern African countries). Its emphasized the relevance of undertaking reforms on the SADCs members-states nationals criminal laws in order to improve prevention and combating economic crimes, as far as the differences on the members-states internal criminal legislations is a concern in the region. Is described the characteristics of the delinquents as well as the economic crimes on the SADC region. In this view, is explained how to undertake the desired harmonization, based on two studies and the same number of models related to the harmonization of economic criminal law. It is proposed that the harmonization process has to be made in two axes, mainly: the axis of the offenses and of the penalties. On the first degree is explained the need to harmonize the actions to be legally qualified as economic crimes as well as the legal mechanism for their legal provision. In the second axis is mentioned the issues regarded to the harmonization of criminal penalties. Finally, in the conclusion is underlined and demonstrated the presence of considerable factors and requirements towards the harmonization of economic criminal law in SADC, as it is a necessary measure to protect intra-state economic and financial interests, the common regional objectives as well as to prevent and combat transnational economic crimes, which is, indeed, strongly linked to the worldwide globalization and to the knit regional integration process.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A dissertação analisa as possibilidades e apresenta os pressupostos para harmonização do Direito Penal Económico na África Austral. Nela trabalha-se com a hipótese de que o referido processo é inexorável no âmbito da integração regional. Para o efeito, são abordadas questões criminologicas, exigências político-criminais bem como dogmáticas que permitam propor a referida harmonização legislativas, na perspectiva do direito a constituir. É destacada a pertinência de se empreenderem reformas nas legislações penais dos Estados-membros, com vista a atender aos ilícitos econômicos, considerando que a acentuada disparidade legislativa é um factor que, de certa forma, pode cercear as acções que têm sido realizadas no âmbito da prevenção e combate a criminalidade econômica na região. Disserta-se sobre as peculiaridades do delinquente e especificidades da delinquência econômica ao nível da SADC e, seguidamente, se descreve a forma de concretização da almejada harmonização, tendo como base dois estudos realizados sobre a matéria e igual número de modelos, os quais priorizam dois eixos, designadamente: o eixo dos delitos e o das penas; sendo que no primeiro descata-se a necessidade de uniformizar não só as condutas delituosas a tipificar, mas, sobretudo a técnica para sua tipificação. Como segundo eixo, aborda-se a pertinência de se aproximar as medidas de reação penal as sanções penais. Por fim, em sede da conclusão realça-se a existência de fundamentos e requisitos dogmáticos, político-criminais e criminológicos que permitem realizar a harmonização do Direito penal econômico na SADC, como medida necessária para a prevenção e represão da criminalidade econômica transnacional, intrínsecamente ligada aos processos da globalização e de integração regional em curso. / The dissertation analyzes the possibilities and presents the conditions to achieve the harmonization of Economic Criminal Law in Southern Africa. In this view, the dissertation deal with criminological, criminal policy as well as dogmatic issues in order to propose such desired legislative harmonization and aiming to address the interrelationship between the various forces that support and those that hinder penal harmonization. As a main hypothesis, the dissertation considers that the criminal legislative harmonization is a necessary process in the context of regional integration, especially for those countries located in regions with close economic and political ties (as it is the case of southern African countries). Its emphasized the relevance of undertaking reforms on the SADCs members-states nationals criminal laws in order to improve prevention and combating economic crimes, as far as the differences on the members-states internal criminal legislations is a concern in the region. Is described the characteristics of the delinquents as well as the economic crimes on the SADC region. In this view, is explained how to undertake the desired harmonization, based on two studies and the same number of models related to the harmonization of economic criminal law. It is proposed that the harmonization process has to be made in two axes, mainly: the axis of the offenses and of the penalties. On the first degree is explained the need to harmonize the actions to be legally qualified as economic crimes as well as the legal mechanism for their legal provision. In the second axis is mentioned the issues regarded to the harmonization of criminal penalties. Finally, in the conclusion is underlined and demonstrated the presence of considerable factors and requirements towards the harmonization of economic criminal law in SADC, as it is a necessary measure to protect intra-state economic and financial interests, the common regional objectives as well as to prevent and combat transnational economic crimes, which is, indeed, strongly linked to the worldwide globalization and to the knit regional integration process.

Magister Legum - LLM / The law relating to money laundering is not a new branch of law although it seems to be just emerging in this modern era of advanced technology and organised crime. It evolved in the 18th century with the case of Rex v William Kidd et al1 from the so-called golden age of piracy. With the increase in the sophistication of the world economy, the techniques of money laundering have become correspondingly complex, leading to incoherent and uneven prosecutorial policies with regard to crimes related to money laundering. This is specially so in developing African countries like Zambia, where the legal system is still evolving on this terrain. Inevitably, a lot of pertinent legal issues and impediments remain unresolved, particularly when prosecuting highcalibred white collar perpetrators such as former heads of state.

Diploma thesis focuses on property and economic crimes in the Czech Republic. There are presented selected property and economic crimes which are associated with accounting and in where accounting plays a role. The first part of the thesis presents basic definitions related to crimes according to criminal law. There are introduced definitions as a criminal act, facts of the case, subjects of criminal proceedings and stages of criminal proceedings. The second part of the thesis deals with accounting and its application in an investigation process. This part emphasizes connection between accounting and evidence check. The third part is focused on an analysis of property and economic crimes in the Czech Republic, referring to the recent studies concerning this issue. This part describes property offenses and economic crimes that can be associated with accounting. The final part of the thesis analyses selected property and economic crimes based on judicature of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic.