Dans les territoires de montagne en Europe, les paysages évoluent sous l’effet d’une double dynamique : l’augmentation du couvert forestier et l’intensification des paysages agricoles. A partir d’un cas d’étude, le Mont Lozère, nous montrons comment ces deux dynamiques peuvent rentrer en tension, en explorant la question des choix sociaux liés aux dynamiques paysagères. Nous développons dans cette thèse un cadre conceptuel original, qui associe le concept de service écosystémique avec celui de l’état de référence, que nous avons mis en oeuvre par une démarche compréhensive et un dispositif de recherche-action. A travers l’étude des représentations, nous avons mis à jour un glissement de l’état de référence au sein des paysages agricoles, perçu différemment par les acteurs. Nous avons ensuite révélé les mécanismes sous-jacents aux choix liés aux dynamiques des paysages agricoles, ce qui nous a permis d’identifier un besoin de concertation autour de l’état de référence. Nous y avons répondu par une proposition concrète à travers un jeu de rôles, destiné à mettre les acteurs en situation d’apprentissages et à les accompagner vers des choix plus concertés. Notre contribution porte à la fois sur la question de la conciliation de différents objectifs dans les aires protégées, le rôle de l’état de référence dans la gouvernance des paysages et la plus-value scientifique et opérationnelle du concept de service écosystémique. / In mountain areas in Europe, landscapes evolve under the effects of the dual dynamics of both an increase of forest cover and the intensification of farming landscapes. Based on a case study, on the Mont Lozère we show how these two dynamics can be caught in tension by studying the question of the social choices linked to such landscape dynamics. In this thesis, we develop an original conceptual framework combining the concepts of ecosystem services and baseline references into a comprehensive and a research-action approach. The analysis of representations revealed a shifting baseline on the perception of farming landscapes, which are diversely perceived by stakeholders. We then describe the mechanisms underlying the choices related to farming landscape dynamics, and identify the need for dialogue around this baseline. We respond to this need with a proposition from role playing games that may help foster social learning and encourage more concerted choices. Our contribution addresses both the question of reconciliating different objectives in protected areas, the role of the baseline in landscape governance and the scientific and operational added-value of the concept of ecosystem services.

O interesse em valorizar os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pela vegetação natural aumentou em um esforço para mitigar os efeitos da mudança do uso da terra. Nesta linha de pensamento, desenvolvemos um índice para valorar as comunidades de árvores - do ponto de vista antropocêntrico - da savana brasileira (Cerrado). O índice e a cartografia produzida servirão como ferramenta para a priorização da conservação, bem como para revelar como a colonização e a expansão da agricultura tem ocorrido. Para desenvolver o índice, foram produzidas novas camadas ambientais com resolução de 90m; A distribuição das 93 espécies mais comuns foi modelada; e a cartografia da distribuição de cada uso humano das árvores (alimentos, aromáticos, fibras, cosméticos, cortiça, etc., totalizando 20 usos) e um índice de valor total fo desenvolvido. O novo índice de valor, nomenado a Soma de Usos (SoU, Sum of Uses), representa o número esperado de usos para a montagem de espécies potenciais que poderia estar ocorrendo no lugar em condições ideais. O impacto da agricultura foi avaliado pela contabilização da área que foi convertida em lavouras. Nossos resultados indicam fortemente que a colonização humana e a expansão de terras cultivadas eliminaram as árvores de áreas que antes eram melhores prestadores de serviços ambientais. Por outro lado, observamos também que as áreas protegidas no Cerrado estão localizadas onde esperamos encontrar valor marginal para as espécies ótimas. Esses resultados nos levam a pensar que a estratégia de conservação pode estar longe de ser ideal para o maior remanescente arável do mundo. / The interest in valuing the ecosystem services provided by the natural vegetation has increased in an effort to mitigate the effects of land use change. In this line of thinking, we developed an index to value the tree communities -from an anthropocentric point of view- of the Brazilian savannah (Cerrado). The index and the cartography produced will serve as a tool for prioritization of conservation, has well as to unveil how colonization and agriculture expansion has taken place. In order to develop the index: new environmental layers at 90m resolution were produced; the most common 93 species’ distribution was modelled; and cartography for each use humans derive from the trees (food, aromatic, fiber, cosmetic, cork, etc., totaling 20 uses) and a total value index were developed. The new index of value, namely the Sum of Uses (SoU), represent the expected number of uses for the potential species assemblage that could be taking place under optimal conditions. The impact of agriculture was assessed by accounting for the area that has been converted to croplands. Our results strongly indicate that human settlement and cropland expansion have cleared the trees of areas that once were better than average ecosystem service providers. On the other hand, we also observe that protected areas in the Cerrado are located where we expect to find marginal value for the optimal communities. These results lead us to think that the conservation strategy might be far from optimal for the largest remaining arable patch in the world.

In our ever more populated world, the rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture is driving worldwide biodiversity loss, and the interactions between production landscapes and wildlife conservation are becoming increasingly important. Farming systems depend on ecosystem services such as biological control, while conservationists are calling for the establishment of conservation initiatives in non-preserve landscapes. Despite this, the goals of agriculture and the goals of predator-conservation are rarely mutual. Here, I demonstrate one of the first examples of a mutually beneficial scenario between agriculture and predator conservation. I used, as a case study, a reintroduction project that translocated individuals of the threatened New Zealand falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae) from the hills of Marlborough into vineyards, to determine if predators can survive within an agricultural landscape while simultaneously providing that landscape with biological control services. Examples of vertebrates providing biological control to agriculture are rare. I show that the presence of falcons in vineyards caused an economically important reduction in grape damage worth over US $230/ ha. Falcon presence caused a 78- 83% reduction in the number of introduced European pest birds, which resulted in a 95% reduction in the damage caused by these species. Falcon presence did not cause a reduction in the abundance of the native silvereye (Zosterops lateralis), but did halve the damage caused by this species. To assess the conservation value of the falcon translocations, I used remote videography, direct observations and prey analysis to measure the behavioural changes associated with the relocation of falcons from their natural habitat in the hills and into vineyards. Falcons in vineyard nests had higher nest attendance, higher brooding rates, and higher feeding rates than falcons in hill nests. Additionally, parents in vineyard nests fed their chicks a greater amount of total prey and larger prey items compared to parents in hill nests. I also found an absence of any significant diet differences between falcons in hill and vineyard habitats, suggesting that the latter may be a suitable alternative habitat for falcons. Because reintroduced juvenile falcons were released in areas devoid of adult falcons, it was possible that they were missing essential training normally provided by their parents. I used direct observations to demonstrate that the presence of siblings had similar effects to the presence of parents on the development of juvenile behaviour, with individuals flying, hunting, and playing more often when conspecifics were present. Finally, through the use of artificial nests and remote videography, I identified that falcons nesting in vineyards are likely to suffer lower predation rates. I also found that falcons in vineyards are predated by a less dangerous suite of animals (such as hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus, and avian predators), than their counterparts in the hills, which are predated by more voracious species (such as stoats, Mustela erminea, and feral cats, Felis catus). The work presented in this thesis has also added to the current knowledge of New Zealand falcon breeding behaviour, prey preferences, and behavioural development. Although agricultural regions globally are rarely associated with raptor conservation, and the ability of raptors to control the pests of agricultural crops has not been previously quantified, these results suggest that translocating New Zealand falcons into vineyards has potential for both the conservation of this species, and for providing biological control services to agriculture

O interesse em valorizar os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pela vegetação natural aumentou em um esforço para mitigar os efeitos da mudança do uso da terra. Nesta linha de pensamento, desenvolvemos um índice para valorar as comunidades de árvores - do ponto de vista antropocêntrico - da savana brasileira (Cerrado). O índice e a cartografia produzida servirão como ferramenta para a priorização da conservação, bem como para revelar como a colonização e a expansão da agricultura tem ocorrido. Para desenvolver o índice, foram produzidas novas camadas ambientais com resolução de 90m; A distribuição das 93 espécies mais comuns foi modelada; e a cartografia da distribuição de cada uso humano das árvores (alimentos, aromáticos, fibras, cosméticos, cortiça, etc., totalizando 20 usos) e um índice de valor total fo desenvolvido. O novo índice de valor, nomenado a Soma de Usos (SoU, Sum of Uses), representa o número esperado de usos para a montagem de espécies potenciais que poderia estar ocorrendo no lugar em condições ideais. O impacto da agricultura foi avaliado pela contabilização da área que foi convertida em lavouras. Nossos resultados indicam fortemente que a colonização humana e a expansão de terras cultivadas eliminaram as árvores de áreas que antes eram melhores prestadores de serviços ambientais. Por outro lado, observamos também que as áreas protegidas no Cerrado estão localizadas onde esperamos encontrar valor marginal para as espécies ótimas. Esses resultados nos levam a pensar que a estratégia de conservação pode estar longe de ser ideal para o maior remanescente arável do mundo. / The interest in valuing the ecosystem services provided by the natural vegetation has increased in an effort to mitigate the effects of land use change. In this line of thinking, we developed an index to value the tree communities -from an anthropocentric point of view- of the Brazilian savannah (Cerrado). The index and the cartography produced will serve as a tool for prioritization of conservation, has well as to unveil how colonization and agriculture expansion has taken place. In order to develop the index: new environmental layers at 90m resolution were produced; the most common 93 species’ distribution was modelled; and cartography for each use humans derive from the trees (food, aromatic, fiber, cosmetic, cork, etc., totaling 20 uses) and a total value index were developed. The new index of value, namely the Sum of Uses (SoU), represent the expected number of uses for the potential species assemblage that could be taking place under optimal conditions. The impact of agriculture was assessed by accounting for the area that has been converted to croplands. Our results strongly indicate that human settlement and cropland expansion have cleared the trees of areas that once were better than average ecosystem service providers. On the other hand, we also observe that protected areas in the Cerrado are located where we expect to find marginal value for the optimal communities. These results lead us to think that the conservation strategy might be far from optimal for the largest remaining arable patch in the world.

O interesse em valorizar os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pela vegetação natural aumentou em um esforço para mitigar os efeitos da mudança do uso da terra. Nesta linha de pensamento, desenvolvemos um índice para valorar as comunidades de árvores - do ponto de vista antropocêntrico - da savana brasileira (Cerrado). O índice e a cartografia produzida servirão como ferramenta para a priorização da conservação, bem como para revelar como a colonização e a expansão da agricultura tem ocorrido. Para desenvolver o índice, foram produzidas novas camadas ambientais com resolução de 90m; A distribuição das 93 espécies mais comuns foi modelada; e a cartografia da distribuição de cada uso humano das árvores (alimentos, aromáticos, fibras, cosméticos, cortiça, etc., totalizando 20 usos) e um índice de valor total fo desenvolvido. O novo índice de valor, nomenado a Soma de Usos (SoU, Sum of Uses), representa o número esperado de usos para a montagem de espécies potenciais que poderia estar ocorrendo no lugar em condições ideais. O impacto da agricultura foi avaliado pela contabilização da área que foi convertida em lavouras. Nossos resultados indicam fortemente que a colonização humana e a expansão de terras cultivadas eliminaram as árvores de áreas que antes eram melhores prestadores de serviços ambientais. Por outro lado, observamos também que as áreas protegidas no Cerrado estão localizadas onde esperamos encontrar valor marginal para as espécies ótimas. Esses resultados nos levam a pensar que a estratégia de conservação pode estar longe de ser ideal para o maior remanescente arável do mundo. / The interest in valuing the ecosystem services provided by the natural vegetation has increased in an effort to mitigate the effects of land use change. In this line of thinking, we developed an index to value the tree communities -from an anthropocentric point of view- of the Brazilian savannah (Cerrado). The index and the cartography produced will serve as a tool for prioritization of conservation, has well as to unveil how colonization and agriculture expansion has taken place. In order to develop the index: new environmental layers at 90m resolution were produced; the most common 93 species’ distribution was modelled; and cartography for each use humans derive from the trees (food, aromatic, fiber, cosmetic, cork, etc., totaling 20 uses) and a total value index were developed. The new index of value, namely the Sum of Uses (SoU), represent the expected number of uses for the potential species assemblage that could be taking place under optimal conditions. The impact of agriculture was assessed by accounting for the area that has been converted to croplands. Our results strongly indicate that human settlement and cropland expansion have cleared the trees of areas that once were better than average ecosystem service providers. On the other hand, we also observe that protected areas in the Cerrado are located where we expect to find marginal value for the optimal communities. These results lead us to think that the conservation strategy might be far from optimal for the largest remaining arable patch in the world.

Orientador: Enrique Ortega Rodriguez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T20:19:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Watanabe_MarcosDjunBarbosa_D.pdf: 12354355 bytes, checksum: 2217565ceb1d984dcb8ad72e314a9171 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os sistemas de produção agrícola ocupam extensas áreas inseridas em bacias hidrográficas as quais, por sua vez, têm sua sustentabilidade afetada pela interferência de tais sistemas em seus ciclos biogeoquímicos. Apesar da importância do suprimento de energia e alimentos para a sociedade, outros bens e serviços são também fundamentais para o seu bem-estar. É o caso da água, que é um fator de produção para a indústria e agricultura, e também essencial para a manutenção dos domicílios e do comércio em áreas urbanas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho pretende estudar de que maneira sistemas produtores de energia e alimentos afetam aqueles produtores de água na bacia do Taquarizinho. Este estudo construiu um modelo determinístico para simular e realizar a valoração dos fluxos hidrológicos em áreas ocupadas por agricultura, pastagens e mata nativa. O foco da pesquisa foi a comparação, ao longo do tempo, do valor monetário dos fluxos gerados por diferentes tipos de uso da terra (USD ha-1ano-1) para diferentes cenários de ocupação da bacia: Cerrado, sistema agroflorestal (SAF), agricultura convencional, agricultura de plantio direto, pastagem com manejo e pastagem sem manejo. A metodologia empregada utiliza o conceito de emergia para a valoração de serviços ambientais (e de áreas agrícolas), a qual atribui valor aos mesmos em equivalentes de dólar baseando-se na relação entre a energia dos inputs e o fluxo de massa de água para cada uma das entradas geradas pelo mesmo sistema. Além disto, vinculou-se o modelo hidrológico aos principais processos de sequestro e emissão de carbono na bacia, a fim de entender como o ciclo do carbono é afetado pelo ciclo hidrológico e quais os valores monetários relacionados a tais fluxos biogeoquímicos vinculados à captura de carbono na biomassa, na liteira e no solo. Os resultados do modelo denominado hidro-carbono revelam que há uma hierarquia em relação à prestação de serviços hidrológicos e do carbono, a qual é relacionada aos seguintes cenários, de maneira decrescente: Cerrado, sistema agroflorestal, pastagem com manejo, agricultura de plantio direto, pastagem sem manejo e agricultura convencional. Entende-se que os resultados monetários obtidos podem ser úteis para dar suporte aos mecanismos de compensação à proteção de sistemas produtores de água e carbono em bacias hidrográficas / Abstract: Agricultural production systems occupy large areas in river basins whose sustainability is affected by human interference on its biogeochemical cycles. Although food and energy production are important to human well-being, other goods and services are also fundamental to society. Water, for instance, is a production factor for industrial and agricultural sectors, and is also essential to household consumption placed in rural and urban areas. Thus, this research project studied how food and energy production systems affect the ecosystem services of water production and net carbon sequestration in Taquarizinho watershed. In order to do so, a deterministic model was used to simulate hydrological and carbon flows in areas occupied by agricultural activities, pastures and native vegetation. The model compares values of water and carbon-related ecosystem services (USD ha-1yr-1) over time under different land-use scenarios in Taquarizinho watershed: native savanna, agroforestry, conventional cropping system, no-tillage cropping system, degraded pastures and improved pasture management. The methodology used is in accordance to the emergy concept which makes possible ecosystem services valuation based on the ratio of energy inputs and mass outputs leaving the river basin. In the model, we coupled hydrological and carbon processes in order to understand how carbon cycle is affected by changes in land-use and hydrological processes. Results shown that there is an hierarchy related to water and carbon services provision, which is related to the following scenarios, in descending order: native savanna, agroforestry, improved pasture management, no-tillage cropping system, degraded pasture, and conventional cropping system. The results in this thesis may be useful to support public policy oriented to compensation mechanisms aimed at enhancing water and carbon-related ecosystem services at river basin level / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

There is increasing concern about potential climate-driven regime shifts– large abrupt shifts in social-ecological systems that could have large impacts onecosystems services and human well-being. This paper aims to synthesize the potentialpathways for building resilience to such regime shifts. Ten examples from the RegimeShift Database provided the cases for analysis. Causal loop diagrams were used toanalyze feedback mechanisms at different scales and identify “leverage points” –places to intervene in the system in order to build resilience. Sixteen of these leveragepoints were identified, most of which relate to agricultural management. Mostfeedback mechanisms include at least one leverage point highlighting the potential forbuilding resilience to climate-induced regime shifts. The most common leverage pointsidentified in our analyses were vegetation cover, algae volume and atmospherictemperature. These leverage points were compared to mitigation strategies discussedby the IPCC. This comparison indicates that current climate change mitigationstrategies do not alter most of the leverage points directly. This suggests that IPCCstrategies should be broadened in order to reduce the risk of regime shifts, and theassociated impacts on human well-being.

La valeur esthétique des paysages et des espèces est un élément central de la conservation de la biodiversité, puisqu’elle fait intervenir les dimensions affectives et émotionnelles de notre rapport à la nature. Le lien entre biodiversité et perception esthétique demeure cependant peu étudié dans le cadre des services écosystémiques.Suite à un premier travail de synthèse ayant permis de poser les bases conceptuelles et méthodologiques de l’esthétique des paysages, trois études menées sur des systèmes sous-marins à différentes échelles ont permis de mieux comprendre et de quantifier le lien entre les différentes facettes de la biodiversité et la perception esthétique.Les résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence que la nature du lien entre biodiversité et préférences esthétique est dépendante de l’échelle de perception : à une échelle multi-spécifique, la biodiversité et la composition en espèces ont un effet positif sur les préférences esthétiques, tandis que les préférences à l’échelle spécifiques sont déconnectées du fonctionnement écologique des écosystèmes.Ces résultats confirment l’importance de la valeur esthétique dans notre perception de la biodiversité, qui pourrait avoir des conséquences majeures sur la façon dont nous protégeons notre environnement. L’approche fonctionnaliste de l’expérience esthétique est proposée et décrite afin de promouvoir une perception esthétique basée sur la compréhension et la reconnaissance des processus écologiques. Des pistes d’éducation à la biodiversité basée sur une expérience esthétique engagée sont également proposées afin de reconnecter les besoins écologiques et les préférences esthétiques. / The aesthetic value of landscapes and species is a central element for the conservation of biodiversity, since it involves the emotional and emotional dimensions of our relationship to nature. However, the links between biodiversity and aesthetic perception remains poorly studied and recognized within the ecosystem services framework.Following a first critical review, that described the conceptual and methodological bases of landscape aesthetics, three studies on underwater systems at different scales have been computed in order to better understand the link between the different facets of biodiversity and aesthetic perception.The results revealed that the link between biodiversity and aesthetic preferences is dependent on the scale of perception: at a multi-specific scale, biodiversity and species composition have a positive effect on aesthetic preferences, while preferences at a specific scale are disconnected to the ecological functioning of ecosystems.These results confirm the importance of aesthetic value in our perception of biodiversity, which could have major consequences in the way we protect our environment. The aesthetic experience based on the understanding of ecological functioning is proposed and described in order to promote an aesthetic perception relevant to ecological processes. Education to biodiversity based on engaged aesthetic is also proposed, in order to reconnect ecological needs and aesthetic preferences.

Deteriorating quantity and quality of wetland ecosystem services is a major challenge for the conservation of the Lawuba wetland: socioeconomically the most important wetland area in Swaziland. In response, this study was designed to assess local dependent communities’ factual knowledge of the benefits and threats to the wetland, and their attitudes towards its conservation. In addition, the study employed environmental valuation techniques to estimate the annual economic value of the wetland’s fibre provisioning services and four notions of resource rent associated with the harvested fibre: rent on fibre consumed on site as a final product; and rent on fibre transported for 90 kilometres to Manzini market where it is sold, either as a final product or used as an intermediate input in the production of handicrafts. The fibre ecosystem service was specifically selected on account of its socioeconomic significance. Value of the fibre provisioning service was estimated using market price-based methods, while the magnitude of the different notions of resource rent was estimated using the net price method. A random sample of 63 respondents was used to provide data on the benefits, threats, attitudes, and annual economic value which households attach to the harvested fibre. This sample also provided data used to compute the resource rent associated with fibre harvested and consumed on-site. A random sample of 5 respondents provided data used to compute the resource rent on fibre transported and sold in Manzini as a final consumption good. Finally, a random sample of 5 respondents provided data used to compute the resource rent on fibre manufactured at Lawuba and sold in Manzini. Households had high levels of knowledge of the benefits and threats to the Lawuba wetland. They also had positive attitudes towards its conservation. Chi-square and ANOVA tests rejected the null hypothesis of no association between household: (i) knowledge of the benefits derived from the wetland and income (F = 12.67, p = 0.000), (ii) knowledge of the threats endangering the wetland and education (χ2 = 38.474, p = 0.000), (iii) knowledge of the threats endangering the wetland and income (F = 7.25, p = 0.000), (iv) attitudes towards its conservation and income (F = 13.320, p = 0.000) and (v) attitudes towards its conservation and gender (χ2 = 11.854, p = 0.003). The value of fibre provisioning services was estimated at between US $20,310 and US $32,673 per annum, which translates to US $70 per capita per annum. Magnitude of the resource rent increased along the value chain as theory would predict. It was estimated at US $1.92 (for fibre harvested and consumed on site), US $2.27 (for fibre sold at Manzini as a final product), and US $18 (for fibre manufactured at Lawuba and sold in Manzini). Inasmuch as the study established a positive resource rent, no institutions currently exist for rent capture and appropriate re-investment to support sustainable wetland conservation. The study thus recommends the need to set up suitable resource management institutions. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Biologisk mångfald och produktionen av ekosystemtjänster minskar och framtida klimatförändringar förväntas påskynda den processen. Genom att kartlägga ekosystemtjänster och de nyttor de ger till människor kan det hjälpa till att belysa naturens värde och skapa incitament för att skydda och bevara dem. Möjligheten till rörligt friluftsliv, en viktig ekosystemtjänst i Sverige, har ett samhälleligt värde då det bidrar till människors hälsa och välbefinnande. Denna studie syftar till att bidra till en vägledning för att rumsligt kartlägga ekosystemtjänster i Sverige med fokus på rörligt friluftsliv. Resultatet visar att kartläggningarna delas upp i kartering av naturområden och av de människor som använder dem. Dessa benämns ofta som tillgång och efterfrågan. En koppling ses mellan valet av metoder och dataunderlag i förhållande till vilket syfte och fokusområde kartläggningarna har. Ett mönster går att urskilja i återkommande aktiviteter i kartläggningarna, vilket resulterar i ett förslag på vägledande flödesdiagram över turordningen av aktiviteterna. / Biodiversity and thus the delivery of ecosystem services are declining, and future climate change is expected to accelerate the process. By mapping ecosystem services and the benefits they provide to humans, one can shed light on the value of nature, and help create incentives in protecting and preserving it. The opportunity for outdoor recreation, an important ecosystem service in Sweden, has a social value as it contributes to human health and wellbeing. This study aims at to contributing to a guide for spatially mapping ecosystem services in Sweden, with a focus on outdoor recreation. The result shows that outdoor recreation mappings can be about mapping either natural areas or the people who use them. These are often referred to as supply and demand. A connection is seen between the choice of methods and data, in relation to the aim and focus of the studies. A pattern is revealed in recurring activities in the mappings, resulting in a suggested flow chart for the sequence of activities when mapping outdoor recreation.