Starting with the idea that unsustainable practices contribute to issues of social justice and poverty as much as to ecological issues. Chapter 1 traces the origins of the terms sustainable and development individually to see how it is that they came together. Chapter 2 traces the major international conferences and documents and their use of the terms sustainable development. Chapter 3 takes a phenomenology approach to get a bit deeper into sustainable development. I examine the most commonly cited definition of sustainable development as well as a broader definition of sustainable development as a process of change. Chapter 4 examines the field of environmental ethics and argues that constant debates over value distract policy makers from the central question of what morally motivates people to support environmental ethics views. Chapter 5 examines the institution and regime building process, and the conclusion offers three questions to measure our progress.

Black carbon (BC), the incomplete combustion product from biomass and fossil fuel burning, is ubiquitously found in soils, sediments, ice, water and atmosphere. Because of its polyaromatic molecular characteristic, BC is believed to contribute significantly to the global carbon budget as a slow-cycling, refractory carbon pool. However, the mass balance between global BC generation and accumulation does not match, suggesting a removal mechanism of BC to the active carbon pool, most probable in a dissolved form. The presence of BC in waters as part of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool was recently confirmed via ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry, and dissolved black carbon (DBC), a degradation product of charcoal, was found in marine and coastal environments. However, information on the loadings of DBC in freshwater environments and its global riverine flux from terrestrial systems to the oceans remained unclear. The main objectives of this study were to quantify DBC in diverse aquatic ecosystems and to determine its environmental dynamics. Surface water samples were collected from aquatic environments with a spatially significant global distribution, and DBC concentrations were determined by a chemical oxidation method coupled with HPLC detection. While it was clear that biomass burning was the main sources of BC, the translocation mechanism of BC to the dissolved phase was not well understood. Data from the regional studies and the developed global model revealed a strong positive correlation between DBC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics, indicating a co-generation and co-translocation between soil OC and BC. In addition, a DOC-assistant DBC translocation mechanism was identified. Taking advantage of the DOC-DBC correlation model, a global riverine DBC flux to oceans on the order of 26.5 Mt C yr-1 (1 Mt = 1012 g) was determined, accounting for 10.6% of the global DOC flux. The results not only indicated that DOC was an important environmental intermediate for BC transfer and storage, but also provided an estimate of a major missing link in the global BC budget. The ever increasing DBC export caused by global warming will change the marine DOM quality and may have important consequences for carbon cycling in marine ecosystem.

A expansão da agricultura tem levado a utilização intensiva de agrotóxicos para o controle de pragas agrícolas que apresentam sérios riscos de contaminação tanto de ambientes aquáticos como terrestres. A contaminação da biota do solo pode causar efeitos sobre diversos processos ecossistêmicos tendo em vista a importância que estes organismos desempenham na estrutura do solo. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos do inseticida/acaricida Kraft 36EC sobre a composição da fauna edáfica total e sobre a composição da comunidade de colêmbolos utilizando os atributos funcionais, em uma escala temporal, durante dois períodos amostrais. De forma geral, ambas as estações apresentaram diferenças na composição da fauna edáfica ao longo do tempo, nos dois tratamentos. Os colêmbolos foram os organismos mais sensíveis ao inseticida. As variáveis ambientais (temperatura e umidade) influenciaram nos efeitos do inseticida/acaricida sobre os organismos, principalmente em situações extremas. Os índices de diversidade [média por atributo (mT) e diversidade funcional (FD)] com as morfoespécies de colêmbolos, demostraram que o inseticida acaricida reduziu a diversidade funcional. Tais resultados estavam relacionados com a dominância de espécies epiedáficas (superficiais), em relação as hemiedáficas (mais afetadas pelo inseticida), principalmente no vigésimo primeiro dia. A atividade alimentar (teste bait lamina) foi reduzida ao longo do período de exposição. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que mesmo em doses recomendadas o inseticida/acaricida afetou a composição da fauna edáfica. Além disso, esse trabalho demonstrou a importância de pesquisas que avaliam não apenas dados taxonômicos como também a estrutura funcional das comunidades edáficas. Nesse sentido, podemos predizer possíveis alterações dos agrotóxicos sobre os processos ecossistêmicos. / The expansion of agriculture has led to the intensive use of pesticides for the control of agricultural pests that present serious risks of contamination in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Contamination of soil biota by these pollutants can have effects on various ecosystem processes in view of the importance that these organisms play in the soil structure. The objective of this research was to evaluate the possible effects of the acaricide insecticide Kraft 36EC on the composition of the total soil fauna and on the composition of the community of collembolans using the functional traits, over time, during the dry and rainy season. In general, there are differences in the composition of the edaphic fauna over time, in both treatments. The collembolans were the most sensitive to insecticidal organisms. Environmental variables can influence the effects on organisms, especially in extreme situations.The diversity index [average per attribute (mT) and functional diversity (FD)] with morphospecies collembolan, showed that the insecticide reduced functional diversity. These results were related to the dominance of epiedaphic species (surface), in relation to hemiedaphic (more affected by insecticide), especially in the twenty-first day. Feeding activity (test blade bait) was reduced over the exposure period. The results showed that even at recommended doses the insecticide affected the composition of the edaphic fauna. In addition, this work has demonstrated the importance of research that evaluates not only taxonomic data but also the functional structure of edaphic communities. In this way, it is possible to predict possible changes in agrochemicals on ecosystem processes.

O pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) é um instrumento econômico baseado na transferência de benefícios em troca de práticas conservacionistas que assegurem ou aumentem a prestação de serviços ambientais. O instrumento vem ganhando força como estratégia de conservação e restauração de ambientes naturais e, embora bastante pesquisado nos últimos anos, ainda não há um sistema de avaliação que apresente resultados de forma rápida e transmita segurança aos atores envolvidos. Diante dessa lacuna, este trabalho tem como objetivo propor um modelo de avaliação da efetividade de esquemas de pagamentos por serviços ambientais hídricos localizados na Mata Atlântica que tenham como foco a conservação de vegetação nativa em propriedades rurais privadas. A estrutura de avaliação foi construída a partir do referencial teórico, por meio de revisão bibliográfica sistemática. Para verificar o funcionamento do modelo elaborado, aplicou-se a estrutura em cinco casos de PSA hídricos localizados na Mata Atlântica. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo construído é robusto, pois apresenta clareza sobre os tipos de dados que utiliza e sobre a maneira como é feito o julgamento; flexível – pois pode ser aplicado também em outros tipos de esquemas de PSA com as devidas adequações, e de aplicação relativamente simples, permitindo o uso de dados secundários. Quanto à avaliação do PSA observou-se que os esquemas estudados não atendem todas as condições indicadas pela literatura acadêmica como importantes para o êxito do instrumento. Até mesmo as condições fundamentais para o êxito do PSA mais citadas no referencial teórico como: gestão participativa com estabelecimento de relações de confiança e compreensão do contexto para verificar se o PSA é a melhor solução para o problema local não são efetivamente empregadas. Tais resultados também são observados nos casos de PSA internacionais de acordo com a literatura internacional. Pode-se concluir que o modelo de avaliação proposto gera informações úteis e confiáveis acerca do desenvolvimento dos esquemas de PSA hídricos, além disso, identifica os problemas de modo que as partes interessadas possam ter um panorama da situação do esquema. Os resultados da aplicação do modelo de avaliação nos casos estudados na Mata Atlântica mostram que tais esquemas apresentam problemas que dificultam o alcance dos objetivos a que se propõem principalmente no que diz respeito a custo-efetividade e relação custo-benefício, gestão participativa e adicionalidade. / Payment for environmental services (PES) - is an economic instrument based on the transfer of benefits in exchange for conservation practices to ensure or enhance the provision of environmental services. The instrument has been gaining strength as a conservation strategy and restoration of natural environments and although widely researched in recent years still presents difficulties due to the lack of an evaluation system that gives results quickly and transmits security to the actors involved. Given this gap this paper aims to propose a model of evaluation of the effectiveness of water for environmental services payment schemes located in the Atlantic Forest that focus on the conservation of native vegetation on private farms. The evaluation framework was built from the theoretical framework, through a systematic literature review, looking up which important conditions for the success of the PES. To check the operation of the elaborate model we apply the structure in six cases of water PES located in the Atlantic Forest. The results showed that the constructed model is robust, as it has clarity on the types of data you use and the way it is done the trial, flexible, it can also be applied to other types of PES schemes with the necessary adjustments, and relatively simple application, allowing the use of secondary data. As for the evaluation of PES it was observed that the studied schemes do not meet all conditions set by the academic literature as important to the success of the instrument. Even the basic conditions for the success of PES most mentioned in theoretical as participatory management with the establishment of trusts and understanding of the context to see if the PES is the best solution to the local problem is not effectively used. Such results are also observed in cases of International PES. We can conclude that the proposed evaluation model generates useful and reliable information about the development of water PES schemes also identifies problems so that interested parties may have an overview of the layout of the situation. The results of the implementation of the evaluation model in the cases studied in the Atlantic Forest showed that such schemes present problems that hinder the achievement of objectives that mainly propose regarding the costeffectiveness and cost-effective, participatory management and additionality.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-05-14T17:14:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Ulisses Bezerra de Franca.pdf: 2023273 bytes, checksum: 980a8d350639f6331e8e513ee5874fbe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T17:14:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Ulisses Bezerra de Franca.pdf: 2023273 bytes, checksum: 980a8d350639f6331e8e513ee5874fbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-18 / The disorderly growth of urban centers has brought a series of social and environmental complications, among them the fragmentation of green areas, the loss of biodiversity and the introduction of exotic and invasive species that directly affect the provision of ecosystem services. Such services are fundamental in urban environments, especially in poorly planned cities, such as the city of São Paulo. Thus, it is fundamental to evaluate the urban green spaces, mainly regarding the composition of species and carbon stock. In this sense, the present master's work investigated the floristic composition of public square trees in the city of São Paulo, as well as the carbon stock associated with this vegetation. Thirteen public squares were selected in four Regional Prefectures belonging to two zones, East and West. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than 5 cm were selected and identified by means of collection of the preferentially flowering branch and the DAP and height were measured. They were inventoried 1510 individuals, belonging to 29 botanical families and 91 different species. Of this total, 56.4% were exotic species, 45.3% native and 0.3% undetermined. The most representative botanical family of this study was Fabaceae and in relation to functional groups, 87% of the individuals were trees and only 13% were palm trees. The square with the greatest abundance of species was José Ória and Carlos januário and in general, a positive correlation was observed between the size of the area of the square and abundance of species, however, the size of the area was not correlated (alpha <95%) with other attributes And ecological ecological indexes. However, floristic similarity was found in squares of the same size, with emphasis on the taxonomic family level. It was observed that all the individuals stored a total of 464.9 tons of C, being that this value is equivalent to 65.2 Ton C. ha-1. The exotic species had great contribution in the storage of the element in their respective trunks. Thus, the urban green areas of the present study show a floristic pattern that follows some tendencies of urbanized areas outside the country, due to the scarcity of studies of this nature in Brazil, and they store a reasonable amount of C per hectare of area Sampled, thus providing a great environmental service for the city of São Paulo. Based on these possible results, it is hoped to contribute to proposals and management plans for urban afforestation in the city of São Paulo, especially with regard to the creation of ecological corridors for the transit of urban fauna. / O crescimento desordenado dos centros urbanos tem trazido uma série de complicações de ordem social e ambiental, dentre as quais se destacam a fragmentação das áreas verdes, a perda da biodiversidade e a introdução de espécies exóticas e invasoras que afetam diretamente a prestação de serviços ecossistêmicos. Tais serviços são fundamentais em ambientes urbanos, principalmente em cidades mal planejadas, como é o caso da cidade de São Paulo. Assim, torna-se fundamental a avaliação dos espaços verdes urbanos, principalmente no que diz respeito a composição de espécies e estoque de carbono. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho de mestrado investigou a composição florística de árvores de praças públicas da cidade de São Paulo, bem como o estoque de carbono associado a esta vegetação. Treze praças públicas foram selecionadas em quatro Prefeituras Regionais pertencentes a duas zonas, a Leste e a Oeste. Todas as árvores com diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) maior do que 5 cm foram selecionadas e identificadas por meio de coleta do ramo preferencialmente florido e tiveram o DAP e a altura mensuradas. Foram inventariados 1510 indivíduos, pertencendo a 29 famílias botânicas e 91 espécies diferentes. Deste total, 56,4% eram espécies exóticas, 45,3% nativas e 0,3% indeterminadas. A famílias botânicas mais representativa deste estudo foi Fabaceae e em relação aos grupos funcionais 87% dos indivíduos eram árvores e apenas 13% palmeiras. A praça com maior abundância de espécies foi José Ória e Carlos Januário e em geral, notou-se correlação positiva entre o tamanho da área da praça e abundância de espécies, porém, o tamanho da área não foi correlacionado (alfa<95%) com outros atributos e índices ecológicos. No entanto, encontrou-se similaridade florística em praças de mesmo tamanho, com destaque para o nível taxonômico de família. Observou-se que todos os indivíduos estocam um total de 464,9 toneladas de C, sendo que este valor equivale a 65,2 Ton C. ha-1. As espécies exóticas tiveram grande contribuição no armazenamento do elemento em seus respectivos troncos. Com isso, nota-se que as áreas verdes urbanas do presente estudo apresentam um padrão florístico que segue algumas tendências de áreas urbanizadas fora do país, dado a escasses de estudos desta natureza no Brasil, e estocam uma quantidade razoável de C por hectare de área amostrada, prestando assim um ótimo serviço ambiental para a cidade de São Paulo. A partir destes possíveis resultados, espera-se contribuir para propostas e planos de manejo da arborização urbana da cidade de São Paulo, principalmente no que tange a criação de corredores ecológicos para o trânsito da fauna urbana.

Biologisk mångfald och produktionen av ekosystemtjänster minskar och framtida klimatförändringar förväntas påskynda den processen. Genom att kartlägga ekosystemtjänster och de nyttor de ger till människor kan det hjälpa till att belysa naturens värde och skapa incitament för att skydda och bevara dem. Möjligheten till rörligt friluftsliv, en viktig ekosystemtjänst i Sverige, har ett samhälleligt värde då det bidrar till människors hälsa och välbefinnande. Denna studie syftar till att bidra till en vägledning för att rumsligt kartlägga ekosystemtjänster i Sverige med fokus på rörligt friluftsliv. Resultatet visar att kartläggningarna delas upp i kartering av naturområden och av de människor som använder dem. Dessa benämns ofta som tillgång och efterfrågan. En koppling ses mellan valet av metoder och dataunderlag i förhållande till vilket syfte och fokusområde kartläggningarna har. Ett mönster går att urskilja i återkommande aktiviteter i kartläggningarna, vilket resulterar i ett förslag på vägledande flödesdiagram över turordningen av aktiviteterna. / Biodiversity and thus the delivery of ecosystem services are declining, and future climate change is expected to accelerate the process. By mapping ecosystem services and the benefits they provide to humans, one can shed light on the value of nature, and help create incentives in protecting and preserving it. The opportunity for outdoor recreation, an important ecosystem service in Sweden, has a social value as it contributes to human health and wellbeing. This study aims at to contributing to a guide for spatially mapping ecosystem services in Sweden, with a focus on outdoor recreation. The result shows that outdoor recreation mappings can be about mapping either natural areas or the people who use them. These are often referred to as supply and demand. A connection is seen between the choice of methods and data, in relation to the aim and focus of the studies. A pattern is revealed in recurring activities in the mappings, resulting in a suggested flow chart for the sequence of activities when mapping outdoor recreation.

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This thesis deals with city ecosystem services and how are these services perceived by the visitors of the city nature areas. Specifically, the thesis deals with ecosystem services provided in the city Carlsbad. As the city Carlsbad is the spa city, great deal of visitors of the city nature areas are tourists and that is why are included in the research both city residents and also temporary visitors of the city. From the point of view of the usual division of the ecosystem services, as it was defined by Millennium ecosystem assessment (provisioning services, regulating services, cultural and supporting services), this thesis focuses mainly on the cultural and supporting ecosystem services, because this spectrum of services is presented in the greatest measure in cities in general and these services are overall the most appreciated in the urban areas. As a methodology was chosen a quantitative research, which was conducted by standardized questionnaire consisting of 19 questions. The survey was carried out in electronical form and it took part from November to December 2016. In total, 206 questionnaires were collected. Through the survey was found out, that people are aware of the services provided by nature environment in city as well as the respondents agree, that city nature areas influence the...

Economy professor Kjell Nordström argued at the Nordic Business forum Sweden, that regions such as Värmland would turn into wastelands in the aftermath of digitalization and urbanization. Digitalization has rapidly changed service provision effecting the provider-user interaction and service options available. To stay competitive, a sustainability report on the region recommends local actors to find common goals to enhance the value-proposition providing advantages not offered by larger elsewhere controlled or e-commerce actors. Previous studies regarding value co-creation conclude that due to macro level influences such as digitalization, a systemic approach is vital. Hence, this thesis uses a service ecosystem, approach addressing the problem and research inquiries regarding relationship market influence in and among various levels and relationship construction for mutual member goals capturing value. The aim of this thesis is to explore how actors can increase their resilience towards macro level influences. The empirical data was gathered through conducting a qualitative exploratory case study using non-probability sampling to map the service ecosystem around a resilient actor. The data collection comprised of field observation, a brief document analysis and seven semi-structured interviews. Five interviews with different actors supported by two interviews with key customers. The data was processed and thematically analyzed through coding and grouping. Findings was then compared to the theoretical framework and discussed in relation to the background and problem. The study concluded that actors were unable of making an impact individually and essentially need goal alignment for institutional change. However, depending on actor size, type, level of digitalization, and market aim, the importance varies. Actors primarily targeting a regional market were considered dependent on goal alignment and institutional change for resilience. By accomplishing collective goals ecosystem members indirectly achieve individual goals increasing competitiveness, enhancing the business climate. Through institutional change members counteract and restructure the ecosystem adjusting to macro level changes affecting the meso and micro interaction creating resilience.