Orientador: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T02:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_GuilhermeAugustoda_M.pdf: 2678513 bytes, checksum: 34afef846ff5c1c96bb5c9b85443853c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O presente estudo monitorou um sistema combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio com o objetivo de caracterizar a microfauna contida na biomassa aderida do reator aeróbio e determinar sua correlação com variáveis físicas e químicas, além de avaliar a redução da toxicidade do afluente do sistema para as espécies Vibrio fischeri e Girardia tigrina. O tratamento de esgoto com características sanitárias foi realizado por sistema em escala piloto constituído por filtro anaeróbio (FA), com volume de 300 L, seguido de biofiltro aeróbio submerso (BAS), com volume de 150 L, ambos preenchidos com meio suporte, seguidos de um decantador (DEC) com volume de 50 L. O sistema está instalado nas dependências do Laboratório de Protótipos de Tratamento de Águas e Efluentes (LABPRO) da FEC/UNICAMP. A pesquisa foi dividida em 4 etapas que se diferenciaram pela razão de recirculação entre efluente tratado e o efluente bruto que alimentava o sistema. Na etapa 1 (E1) não houve recirculação, ou seja, razão 0, na etapa 2 (E2) a razão foi de 1,5, na etapa 3 (E3) de 3,0 e na etapa 4 (E4) de 4,0. Foram monitorados 5 pontos de coleta no sistema: P1-esgoto bruto, P4- altura de 40 cm no BAS, P6-altura de 140 cm no BAS, P7-altura de 200 cm no BAS e P8-esgoto tratado. Foram coletadas amostras semanalmente para caracterização da microfauna e determinação das variáveis físicas e químicas, enquanto que os testes de toxicidade foram realizados 3 vezes em cada etapa sendo um no início, um no meio e outro no fim da etapa. A correlação foi estabelecida entre os grupos componentes da microfauna ¿ ciliados predadores de flocos (CPF), ciliados livre natantes (CLN), ciliados fixos (CF), amebas (AMB), flagelados (F) e micrometazoários (MTZ) ¿ e variáveis físicas e químicas tais como pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrito, nitrato, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), dentre outras. Na E1 foi encontrada correlação negativa entre o grupo F e as variáveis pH, alcalinidade parcial, alcalinidade total e nitrogênio amoniacal em P4. Em P7 foi determinada correlação positiva entre o grupo CF e pH, alcalinidade parcial, alcalinidade total, NTK e nitrogênio amoniacal, e correlação negativa com nitrato. Na E2 no ponto P4 foi possível correlacionar positivamente o grupo MTZ com nitrato, e negativamente com alcalinidade parcial. O grupo CLN foi correlacionado positivamente com nitrogênio amoniacal, NTK e DBO, e negativamente com nitrito e nitrato em P7. Na E3 o grupo CLN do P7 apresentou correlação positiva com pH, alcalinidade parcial e DBO, e negativa com oxigênio dissolvido e nitrato. Na E4 não foram obtidas correlações significantes para os pontos P4 e P6. Já em P7, o grupo AMB foi correlacionado positivamente com NTK. O esgoto bruto que alimentou o sistema apresentou toxicidade em todas amostras coletadas tanto para Vibrio fischeri quanto para Girardia tigrina. Para o organismo Vibrio fischeri todos os valores de CE50 determinados para o efluente tratado foram considerados não tóxico em cada etapa. Para Girardia tigrina ocorreu uma redução gradual da toxicidade do esgoto tratado ao longo de E1, E2 e E3, e não foi observada toxicidade em E4. P7 se mostrou como o melhor ponto para caracterização da microfauna devido à maior frequência dos grupos da microfauna, além de gerar maior número de correlações com as variáveis do que os pontos P4 e P6. Além disso, foi possível concluir que o sistema combinado foi considerado eficiente na redução de toxicidade para as espécies utilizadas de acordo com os parâmetros de operação aplicados ao sistema / Abstract: This study monitored an anaerobic-aerobic combined system aiming to characterize the microfauna contained in the aerobic reactor biomass and to determine its correlation to physical and chemical variables; it also aimed to asses the wastewater toxicity reduction of the system to the Vibrio fischeri and Girardia tigrina species. The treatment of wastewater with sanitary characteristics was accomplished by a pilot-scale system using an anaerobic filter (AF - 50 L) followed by a submerged aerobic biofilter (SAB - 150 L), both filled with support media, and a clarifier (50 ¿ L). The system is installed at the Laboratório de Protótipos de Tratamento de Águas e Efluentes (LABPRO) from FEC/UNICAMP. The research was divided into 4 stages that differentiate from each other by the recirculation ratio of treated effluent over affluent in the system. In stage 1 (S1), there was no recirculation, so the recirculation ratio was 0. In stage 2 (S2), the ratio was 1,5; in stage 3 (S3), the ratio was 3,0 and in stage 4 (S4), the ratio was 4,0. Five sample points were monitored in the system: P1 ¿ raw wastewater, P4 ¿ 40 cm height in SAB, P6 ¿ 140 cm height in SAB, P7 ¿ 200 cm height in SAB, and P8 ¿ treated wastewater. Samples were collected weekly for microfauna characterization and determination of physical and chemical variables, while toxicity essays were conducted 3 times at each stage: one at the start of the stage, one in the middle of the stage, and the last one at the end of the stage. The correlation was established between the groups that constitute microfauna ¿ crawling ciliates (CC), free swimming ciliates (FSC), sessile ciliates (SC), testae amobae (TA), flagellates (F) and micrometazoa (MTZ), as well as physical and chemical variables, such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and others. In S1, negative correlation was established between group F and the variables pH, partial alkalinity, total alkalinity and ammonia nitrogen for P4. In P7, positive correlation was determined between group SC and ph, partial alkalinity, total alkalinity, TKN and ammonia nitrogen, and negative correlation to nitrate. In S2 for P4, it was possible to positively correlate the group MTZ to nitrate, and negatively to partial alkalinity. The group FSC correlated positively to ammonia nitrogen, TKN and BOD, and negatively to nitrite and nitrate in P7. In S3, the FSC group of P7 correlated positively to pH, partial alkalinity and BOD, and negatively to dissolved oxygen and nitrate. In S4, no significant correlation was found for P4 and P6. For P7, the TA group showed positive correlation to TKN. The raw wastewater that fed the system was determined as toxic to all samples collected to Vibrio fischeri and Girardia tigrina. For the organism Vibrio fischeri, all CE50 values determined for treated wastewater were considered nontoxic in every stage. For Girardia tigrina, a gradual toxicity reduction occurred for treated wastewater during S1, S2, and S3, but in S4, all samples were nontoxic. From the results, P7 showed to be the best point for microfauna characterization due to the bigger frequency of microfauna groups in this point and because it generated more significant coefficients that correlated to variables than points P4 and P6. In addition, the combined system is considered efficient when it comes to reducing toxicity for the species used according to the operation parameters applied in the system / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientadores: José Roberto Guimarães, Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T08:51:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Candello_FernandoPena_M.pdf: 1963368 bytes, checksum: 78504c5406b503757532a0a28430340c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os fármacos veterinários utilizados para aumentar a produtividade agropecuária podem atingir o solo, via excreção animal, e causar impactos sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos e terrestres. Nesse trabalho, implantou-se o recente ensaio padronizado pela ABNT de comportamento de fuga com minhocas Eisenia andrei (representantes da macrofauna terrestre) para avaliar o efeito subletal do antimicrobiano sulfadiazina (fármaco sintético da classe das sulfonamidas), utilizada de forma extensiva na produção animal. Dessa forma, desenvolveu-se metodologia alternativa de cultivo dessa espécie de minhoca conhecida como vermelha-da-califórnia a partir de restos vegetais domésticos, visando à obtenção de organismos viáveis para os testes. Validou-se o ensaio com uma substância de referência, obtendo-se uma CE50-48h de 819 mg H3BO3 kg-1 (intervalo a 95%: 628 a 1066 mg kg-1), caracterizando-o como uma ferramenta padronizada para avaliação ecotoxicológica rápida de solos contaminados. Também foram executados ensaios com a substância-teste sulfadiazina em solo artificial tropical, obtendo-se baixas respostas de fuga (máxima: 30%), afastando-se da curva concentração-resposta linear, mas permitindo uma discussão acerca dos efeitos assimétricos dos xenobióticos no ambiente / Abstract: Veterinary pharmaceuticals used to increase agricultural productivity can reach soil via animal excretions, and cause impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In this work, the recent standardized ABNT avoidance behavior test was implanted using earthworms Eisenia andrei (terrestrial macrofauna representatives) to assess the sublethal effects of antimicrobial sulfadiazine (a sulfonamide synthetic drug), extensively used in animal production. It was developed an alternative cultivation method of this red worms species made of household vegetable wastes, in order to obtain viable organisms for testing. The escape essay was validated with reference substance, resulting a EC50-48h of 819 mg H3BO3 kg-1 (95% confidence interval: 628-1066 mg kg-1), characterizing it as a standardized tool for rapid ecotoxicological screening of contaminated soil. Some essays were performed with the test-substance sulfadiazine in tropical artificial soil, resulting in low response avoidance (maximum 30 %), away from the linear concentration-response curve, but allowing a discussion on the xenobiotics asymmetric effects over the environment / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Plastic debris is an emerging environmental issue, with >10 million tons of plastics debris per annum entering the sea. Exposure to marine conditions facilitates the exponential fragmentation of plastic to micro-sized particles (microplastics). Marine and coastal sediments are a sink for microplastic pollution. Consequently, the ingestion of microplastics by a range of benthic marine invertebrates, including polychaete worms, has been reported in situ. Microplastics are vectors for priority pollutants capable of eliciting adverse health effects. However, the particle and chemical toxicity which microplastics could incur to ecologically-important marine invertebrates is unknown. This thesis aims to determine the potential for microplastics to cause harm in the marine environment, with a focus on benthic polychaete worms. Specifically, it assesses the potential particle toxicity which could arise from chemical-free microplastics; and the potential chemical toxicity which could arise from leached endogenous chemical additives or sorbed chemical pollutants. To address these, an integrative approach was employed, primarily using laboratory-based whole-sediment in vivo exposures, established cellular and whole-tissue toxicity assays, and analytical chemistry. For the first time, this thesis reports that chemical-free microplastics cause particle toxicity in the lugworm Arenicola marina. Feeding activity was reduced during exposure to 5% microscopic unplasticised polyvinylchloride (UPVC) by sediment weight, whilst exposure to ≥1% UPVC by sediment weight significantly reduced energy reserves relative to control animals. Evidence for the transfer and toxicity of endogenous additives from PVC to lugworms is provided. Lugworms exposed to 1% PVC by sediment weight exhibited a 70% increase in additive concentration, coinciding with inhibited mucus production and enhanced lipid reserves and oxygen consumption, compared to control lugworms. Ragworms (Hediste diversicolor) exposed to leached toxicants from bioplastic cigarette debris were found to exhibit significantly longer burrowing times, >30% weight loss, and >2-fold increase in DNA damage compared to control ragworms. Bio-concentration factors for nicotine – the biomarker of exposure - were 500 fold higher from leachates in seawater than from microfibres in sediment. Overall, this thesis provides evidence to suggest that the incorporation of microplastics into marine sediments can significantly impact the health of marine polychaete worms due to both particle and chemical effects. This emphasises the need to reconsider the classification of plastic as non-hazardous and questions whether we as humans are also at risk.

Master of Science / Department of Biology / Brett K. Sandercock / Monitoring programs indicate that numerous shorebird populations are subject to on-going declines. The U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan lists twenty-seven shorebird species as species of high concern and seven as highly imperiled, including the Buff-breasted Sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis). One hypothesis for ongoing population declines is exposure to toxic chemicals and pollutants. The purpose of this project was to characterize plasma cholinesterases (ChEs) of migratory shorebirds and address potential exposure to organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticides. Consumption or contact with these pesticides can cause mortality and a variety of sub-lethal effects. Buff-breasted Sandpipers and other upland shorebirds are particularly likely to encounter agrochemicals due to their habitat use at the non-breeding grounds. I sampled migratory shorebirds over three seasons, during north- and southbound migration in 2006 and 2007 in Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska and during the non-breeding season in 2007 in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. I collected blood samples and footwashings from reference sites, where OP and CB pesticides were not used, and agricultural sites, where these two insecticides were recommended for control of crop pests. I assessed several variables known to affect plasma ChE activity including body size, date of capture, time of capture, condition, sex, and region. Small-bodied species had higher levels of ChE activity in plasma than large-bodied species. Plasma ChE activities varied with date of capture in 3 of 5 species sampled in North America. Sex differences were significant in 1 of 4 species tested. Plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was higher among White-rumped Sandpipers sampled in North America but there was no difference between regions among Buff-breasted Sandpipers. Time of capture and individual condition did not affect plasma ChE activity. Estimates of exposure to ChE inhibitors were addressed in five species. Plasma AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities of Buff-breasted Sandpipers were lower at agricultural sites in South America but BChE activity was higher at agricultural sites in North America. There were no differences between sites in four other species tested. A meta-analysis across all species indicated that in 4 of 6 comparisons habitat type had a negative effect on AChE activity consistent with exposure to ChE inhibitors but there was a regional positive effect of agricultural habitat on BChE activity in North America. Comparison of body mass between sites suggested that use of habitats with potential pesticide application did not affect mass gain. Project results suggest that 1 of 5 shorebird species tested was exposed to ChE-inhibiting pesticides at the non-breeding grounds and future monitoring is necessary to assess potential effects at the population level. This study highlights the importance of complete sampling and addressing variability in plasma ChEs before making estimates of exposure to OP and CB pesticides. It provides the first estimates of migratory shorebird exposure to OP and CB pesticides, a potential conservation issue. Future research should include continued monitoring of Buff-breasted Sandpiper ChE levels and habitat use. Other sources of anthropogenic declines such as habitat loss and illegal hunting should be investigated for species that did not show evidence of exposure.

Dentre as tecnologias que surgiram para impulsionar a produtividade agrícola estão os agrotóxicos, cujo consumo tem aumentado nos últimos anos em todo o mundo. Estes podem agir toxicamente no meio ambiente, podendo contaminar o solo, os recursos hídricos e os organismos quando expostos direta e indiretamente a esses contaminantes. O produto comercial Vertimec® 18 EC é um desses potentes agrotóxicos e foi desenvolvido como inseticida para o controle de artrópodes da agricultura e usos domésticos. Estudos realizados com o produto revelaram interações com o meio ambiente, indicando toxicidade mesmo em concentrações baixas a organismos aquáticos (microcrustáceos e peixes). Dentro desse contexto o presente estudo visou avaliar os efeitos indiretos e diretos do agrotóxico Vertimec® 18 EC a partir da caracterização física, química, biológica e ecotoxicológica de amostras de água e sedimento de mesocosmos artificialmente contaminados e testes de toxicidade com o produto comercial. As análises físicas, químicas e biológica (clorofila), mostraram um efeito indireto do Vertimec® 18 EC na recuperação dos tratamentos contaminados, em relação à dinâmica dos nutrientes na água. As amostras de água e sedimento dos mesocosmos contaminados apresentaram efeito tóxico para o cladócero Ceriodaphnia silvestrii durante todo o período do experimento e esse efeito esteve diretamente relacionado com a aplicação do Vertimec® 18 EC. No entanto esse efeito não foi observado no fitoplâncton, o que foi demonstrado pelos testes realizados com a água proveniente do experimento in situ com Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Os valores de CE50, 48h e CI25 do Vertimec® 18 EC para Ceriodaphnia silvestrii foram de 81,64 e 6,3 nL/L. Além do efeito do agrotóxico, foi observado um efeito de confinamento nos mesocosmos, que resultou em toxicidade nos tratamentos controles. / Among the technologies that have emerged to boost agricultural productivity are pesticides whose consumption has increased in recent years throughout the world. These can act toxically in the environment and contaminate the soil, water and organisms when exposed directly and indirectly to these contaminants. The commercial product Vertimec® 18 EC is a potent pesticide such as insecticides and has been developed for the agricultural arthropods control and household uses. Studies with the product revealed interactions with the environment, indicating toxicity even at low concentrations to aquatic organisms (fish and microcrustaceans). Within this context, the present study aimed to assess the direct and indirect effects of pesticide Vertimec ® 18 EC from the physical, chemical, biological and ecotoxicological assessment of water and sediment samples of artificially contaminated mesocosms and toxicity testing with the commercial product. The physical, chemical and biological (chlorophyll) analysis showed an indirect effect of Vertimec® 18 EC on contaminated treatments recovery, against nutrients dynamic in the water. Samples of water and sediment contaminated mesocosms showed toxic effects to zooplankton Ceriodaphnia silvestrii throughout the experimental period and this effect was directly related to the application of Vertimec ® 18 EC. However, this effect was not observed in phytoplankton, which was demonstrated by performed tests with water from the experiment in situ with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The EC50 values, 48 and 18 CI25 of Vertimec ® EC to Ceriodaphnia silvestrii were 81.64 and 6.3 nL/L. In addition to the agrochemical effect, was observed a confinement effect of the enclosures that resulted in toxicity control treatments.

O objetivo geral do trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição e os efeitos tóxicos dos metais Cr e Cu sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos lênticos, incluindo seus componentes bióticos e abióticos, utilizando-se sistemas com diferentes níveis de complexidade e organização. Os sistemas utilizados na avaliação da toxicidade de Cr e Cu foram: a) testes uniespecíficos com Selenastrum capricornutum (microalga), Daphnia similis e Ceriodaphnia dubia (Cladocera), Chironomus xanthus (Diptera, Chironomidae), Oreochromis niloticus (peixe) e Pistia stratiotes (macrófita); b) experimentos em microcosmos (testes multiespecíficos) com as comunidades naturais da represa do Lobo; c) experimentos em mesocosmos, contando com água, sedimento, plâncton, bentos, peixes e macrófitas naturais da represa do Lobo. Nos testes de toxicidade todas as espécies foram mais sensíveis ao Cu que ao Cr, e a sequência de sensibilidade foi D. similis> C. dubia> S. capricornutum> C. xanthus > P. stratiotes > O. niloticus. Nos experimentos em microcosmos e mesocosmos, as concentrações-teste foram definidas como o valor máximo permitido pela Resolução nº 20/1986 do CONAMA para Cr6+ e Cu2+ para corpos dágua Classe 2 (50 µg.L-1 e 20 µg.L-1, respectivamente). Em todos os experimentos a concentração de clorofila foi reduzida significativamente após a adição dos metais. Os efeitos sobre a densidade e riqueza de espécies das comunidades zooplanctônicas foram mais severos para o Cr que para o Cu; porém Cladocera foi mais sensível ao Cu. Cromo provocou uma maior inibição na produção primária em abril de 2002, enquanto que em novembro/dezembro de 2002 a produção primária sofreu maior decréscimo após a adição de Cu. Ambos os metais estudados apresentaram efeitos significativos sobre um grande número de variáveis da água, como oxigênio dissolvido, amônio, distribuição das formas fosfatadas, clorofila e material em suspensão, sendo os efeitos do Cr mais severos que os do Cu, em relação ao número de variáveis afetadas e ao tempo de restauração do sistema. Os sedimentos não apresentaram alterações após a adição de metais. Foi observada a ocorrência de bioacumulação de Cr e Cu pelo plâncton, bentos, macrófitas e peixes. A toxicidade dos metais estudados foi reduzida após a inclusão de peixes e macrófitas, principalmente para Cu. Apesar das concentrações de Cr e Cu relativamente baixas empregadas, os metais provocaram efeitos nos compartimentos bióticos e abióticos do sistema. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho podem ser úteis como subsídio para a avaliação dos valores máximos permitidos pela Resolução nº 20/1986 do CONAMA para os metais estudados. / The general aim of this work was to evaluate the distribution and the toxic effects of the metals Cr and Cu on lenthic aquatic ecosystems, using systems of different complexity and organization levels. The systems used for Cr and Cu toxicity evaluations were: a) single-specific tests with Selenastrum capricornutum (microalgae), Daphnia similis e Ceriodaphnia dubia (Cladocera), Chironomus xanthus (Diptera, Chironomidae), Oreochromis niloticus (fish) and Pistia stratiotes (macrophyte); b) microcosms experiments (multi- specific tests) with the Lobos reservoir natural communities; c) mesocosms experiments, with natural water, sediment, plankton, benthics, fishes and macrophytes from Lobos reservoir. In the toxicity tests, all the species were more sensitive to Cu than to Cr, and the sensitiviness sequence was D. similis> C. dubia> S. capricornutum> C. xanthus > P. stratiotes > O. niloticus. In the microcosms and mesocosms experiments, the test-concentrations were the maximum value allowed by the CONAMA Resolution nº 20/1986 to Cr6+ and Cu2+ to Class 2 water bodies (50 µg.L-1 and 20 µg.L-1, respectively). In all experiments the chlorophyll concentration was significantly reduced after the metal addition. The effects on the Zooplankton density and richness were stronger to Cr than to Cu; however Cladocera was more sensitive to Cu. Chromium caused higher inhibition in primary production in April/ 2002, but in November/ December 2002 the primary production suffered higher inhibition by Cu addition. Both studied metals showed significant effects on several water variables, as dissolved oxygen, ammonium, phosphate forms distribution, chlorophyll and suspended material, being the Cr effects stronger than the Cu effects, in relation to the number of affected variables and the system restoration time. The sediments didnt show alterations after the metal addition. Chromium and Cu bioaccumulation was observed by plankton, benthic invertebrates, macrophytes and fishes. The toxicity of the studied metals was reduced by the fish and macrophyte inclusion, mainly to Cu. Although the concentration of Cr and Cu were low, toxic effects were observed on both biotic and abiotic system compartments. The results obtained in this work may be useful as subsidy to evaluation of the maximum value allowed by the CONAMA Resolution nº 20/1986 to the studied metals.

A busca pelo homem por uma vida saudável tem impulsionado pesquisas por novas substâncias capazes de atender tal desejo. O composto fenólico resveratrol (3, 4\', 5- trihidroxiestilbeno) é uma dessas substâncias que apresenta uma variedade de ações farmacológicas, como potencial antioxidante, capacidade antiinflamatória, proteção contra doenças cardíacas e câncer. Apesar dos inúmeros estudos sobre os benefícios do resveratrol à saúde, há poucos dados na literatura sobre sua toxicidade em organismos aquáticos, e principalmente sua concentração no ambiente, tornando o presente estudo fundamental para a contribuição de informações sobre a ecotoxicidade do resveratrol no ambiente aquático. O presente estudo avaliou a toxicidade do resveratrol em embriões e larvas de Danio rerio (zebrafish). Para isso foi realizado o ensaio in vitro de citotoxicidade do resveratrol, ensaios de ecotoxicidade e ensaio de biomarcadores enzimáticos. A avaliação do resveratrol por cromatografia líquida de alta pressão (HPLC) também foi realizada. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o índice de citotoxicidade (IC50), concentração do resveratrol que causou a morte de 50% das células da linhagem NCTC-L929 foi de 39 mg L-1. A concentração de resveratrol que causa mortalidade em 50% dos organismos expostos (CL50), nos ensaios de ecotoxicidade crônica de curta duração com larvas do peixe Danio rerio foi de 51,37 mg L-1. A CL50 obtida no ensaio de ecotoxicidade aguda no estágio embriolarval do peixe Danio rerio com 96 h de duração foi de 75,33 mg L-1 e a CL50 obtida no ensaio de ecotoxicidade aguda no estágio embriolarval do peixe Danio rerio com 168 h de duração foi de 50,87 mg L-1. Nas concentrações mais elevadas de resveratrol foram observadas deformidades em embriões e larvas. O resveratrol alterou as atividades das enzimas LDH e ChE no estágio embriolarval de Danio rerio. Na análise do resveratrol por HPLC não foi observado degradação do composto. / The concern about human being healthy life has driven researchers to study new compounds capable of reaching that desire. Resveratrol (3, 4\', 5 trihydroxystilbene) a phenolic compound, is one of these substances which presents a variety of pharmacological actions, as antioxidant potential, antiinflammatory capacity, protection against heart and cancer diseases. Despite the numerous studies on the benefits of resveratrol to health, there is little evidence in the literature of its toxicity to aquatic organisms, and especially its concentration in the environment, making the present study fundamental for the contribution of information on the ecotoxicity of resveratrol in the aquatic environment. The present study evaluated the toxicity of resveratrol in embryos and larvae of Danio rerio (zebrafish). For this purpose the in vitro cytotoxicity of resveratrol assay, ecotoxicity assays and enzyme biomarker assay were performed. The evaluation of resveratrol by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was also performed. According to the results, the cytotoxicity index (IC50), concentration of resveratrol that caused the death of 50% of the cells of the NCTC-L929 lineage was 39 mg L-1. The concentration of resveratrol that causes mortality in 50% of exposed organisms (LC50) in the short-lived chronic ecotoxicity assays with larvae of the Danio rerio fish was 51.37 mg L-1. The LC50 obtained in the embryo-active acute ecotoxicity test of the Danio rerio fish with 96 h duration was 75.33 mg L-1 and the LC50 obtained in the embryo-active acute ecotoxicity assay of the Danio rerio fish with 168 h duration was 50.87 mg L-1. At higher concentrations of resveratrol deformities were observed in embryos and larvae. Resveratrol altered the activities of LDH and ChE enzymes in the embryonal stage of Danio rerio. No degradation of resveratrol was observed in the HPLC analysis of compound.

O objetivo geral do trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição e os efeitos tóxicos dos metais Cr e Cu sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos lênticos, incluindo seus componentes bióticos e abióticos, utilizando-se sistemas com diferentes níveis de complexidade e organização. Os sistemas utilizados na avaliação da toxicidade de Cr e Cu foram: a) testes uniespecíficos com Selenastrum capricornutum (microalga), Daphnia similis e Ceriodaphnia dubia (Cladocera), Chironomus xanthus (Diptera, Chironomidae), Oreochromis niloticus (peixe) e Pistia stratiotes (macrófita); b) experimentos em microcosmos (testes multiespecíficos) com as comunidades naturais da represa do Lobo; c) experimentos em mesocosmos, contando com água, sedimento, plâncton, bentos, peixes e macrófitas naturais da represa do Lobo. Nos testes de toxicidade todas as espécies foram mais sensíveis ao Cu que ao Cr, e a sequência de sensibilidade foi D. similis> C. dubia> S. capricornutum> C. xanthus > P. stratiotes > O. niloticus. Nos experimentos em microcosmos e mesocosmos, as concentrações-teste foram definidas como o valor máximo permitido pela Resolução nº 20/1986 do CONAMA para Cr6+ e Cu2+ para corpos dágua Classe 2 (50 µg.L-1 e 20 µg.L-1, respectivamente). Em todos os experimentos a concentração de clorofila foi reduzida significativamente após a adição dos metais. Os efeitos sobre a densidade e riqueza de espécies das comunidades zooplanctônicas foram mais severos para o Cr que para o Cu; porém Cladocera foi mais sensível ao Cu. Cromo provocou uma maior inibição na produção primária em abril de 2002, enquanto que em novembro/dezembro de 2002 a produção primária sofreu maior decréscimo após a adição de Cu. Ambos os metais estudados apresentaram efeitos significativos sobre um grande número de variáveis da água, como oxigênio dissolvido, amônio, distribuição das formas fosfatadas, clorofila e material em suspensão, sendo os efeitos do Cr mais severos que os do Cu, em relação ao número de variáveis afetadas e ao tempo de restauração do sistema. Os sedimentos não apresentaram alterações após a adição de metais. Foi observada a ocorrência de bioacumulação de Cr e Cu pelo plâncton, bentos, macrófitas e peixes. A toxicidade dos metais estudados foi reduzida após a inclusão de peixes e macrófitas, principalmente para Cu. Apesar das concentrações de Cr e Cu relativamente baixas empregadas, os metais provocaram efeitos nos compartimentos bióticos e abióticos do sistema. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho podem ser úteis como subsídio para a avaliação dos valores máximos permitidos pela Resolução nº 20/1986 do CONAMA para os metais estudados. / The general aim of this work was to evaluate the distribution and the toxic effects of the metals Cr and Cu on lenthic aquatic ecosystems, using systems of different complexity and organization levels. The systems used for Cr and Cu toxicity evaluations were: a) single-specific tests with Selenastrum capricornutum (microalgae), Daphnia similis e Ceriodaphnia dubia (Cladocera), Chironomus xanthus (Diptera, Chironomidae), Oreochromis niloticus (fish) and Pistia stratiotes (macrophyte); b) microcosms experiments (multi- specific tests) with the Lobos reservoir natural communities; c) mesocosms experiments, with natural water, sediment, plankton, benthics, fishes and macrophytes from Lobos reservoir. In the toxicity tests, all the species were more sensitive to Cu than to Cr, and the sensitiviness sequence was D. similis> C. dubia> S. capricornutum> C. xanthus > P. stratiotes > O. niloticus. In the microcosms and mesocosms experiments, the test-concentrations were the maximum value allowed by the CONAMA Resolution nº 20/1986 to Cr6+ and Cu2+ to Class 2 water bodies (50 µg.L-1 and 20 µg.L-1, respectively). In all experiments the chlorophyll concentration was significantly reduced after the metal addition. The effects on the Zooplankton density and richness were stronger to Cr than to Cu; however Cladocera was more sensitive to Cu. Chromium caused higher inhibition in primary production in April/ 2002, but in November/ December 2002 the primary production suffered higher inhibition by Cu addition. Both studied metals showed significant effects on several water variables, as dissolved oxygen, ammonium, phosphate forms distribution, chlorophyll and suspended material, being the Cr effects stronger than the Cu effects, in relation to the number of affected variables and the system restoration time. The sediments didnt show alterations after the metal addition. Chromium and Cu bioaccumulation was observed by plankton, benthic invertebrates, macrophytes and fishes. The toxicity of the studied metals was reduced by the fish and macrophyte inclusion, mainly to Cu. Although the concentration of Cr and Cu were low, toxic effects were observed on both biotic and abiotic system compartments. The results obtained in this work may be useful as subsidy to evaluation of the maximum value allowed by the CONAMA Resolution nº 20/1986 to the studied metals.

This master‘s thesis deals with ecotoxicity assessment of plasma-activated solutions. Various plasma-activated solutions were prepared in the experiments. In the vast majority of tests, it was plasma-activated tap water – PAW. Depending on the test organism, dilution water was further processed, namely dilution water for Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna. In this master‘s thesis the ecotoxicological effects were assessed through aquatic ecotoxicity tests with an aquatic plant Lemna minor, on a crustaceans T. platyurus and D. magna and on agricultural crops Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa L. . Crustaceans are fresh-water organisms on which the water contamination can be quickly and quite easily assessed. These plasma-activated solutions were also tested for acute ecotoxicity of soil organisms by ecotoxicological contact tests with Eisenia fetida, springtails Folsomia candida and seeds of L. sativa. Tests on T. platyurus and D. magna were performed in time intervals and a change in mortality was observed depending on PAW concentration. If the test results allowed, the LC50, IC50, A and NR escapism values were calculated. When the measured and calculated values did not allow such a calculation, the overall effect of PAW on organisms was assessed and a significant difference was calculated for the L.sativa root growth inhibition test. The final results showed that PAW has an ecotoxic effect on aquatic organisms, while it has rather beneficial effects on terrestrial organisms.

<p>Per-and  polyfluoroalkyl  substances  (PFAS)  are  a  large  group  of  emerging  contaminants  that include astrong carbon-flourine bond that makes the compounds resistant to physical, chemical and  biological  degradation.  They  are  found  in  drinking  water  supplies,  daily  human  products, manufacturing  facilities,  and  in  areas  where  aqueous  film-forming  foam  (AFFF)was  used  to extinguish fires. Toxicity levels of these chemicals can vary depending on the characteristics of the specific chemical; longer carbon chain has shown to be more bioaccumulative and toxic than shorter chain length PFAS. Many studies have recognized perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to be a substantial concern due to their known toxicity to wildlife. For example, studies show strong evidence that PFOA and PFOS suppress the antibody response from animals. Due to adverse health effects and public concern, the U.S stopped perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) manufacturing and switched to the production of an alternative fluorinated compound known  as  hexafluoropropylene  oxide  (HFPO)  dimer  acid  or  GenX,  which  is  thought  to  beless bioaccumulative and therefore, potentially less toxic. These anthropogenic pollutants are one of many stressors acting on aquatic organisms like anurans. Natural stressors such as the devastating fungal  pathogen Batrachocytrium  dendrobatidis(Bd)  is  another  stressor  impacting  amphibian populations.  Despite the co-occurrence of these stressors, no studies have examined interactive effects of the fungal pathogen Bd and PFAS, or whether PFAS effects carry over into the terrestrial environment aftera larvae  exposure. This study  tested the growth and developmental effects of PFOS, PFOA, and GenX, on gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles, followed by a Bd challenge in metamorphs. Our results demonstrate that a PFAS larval exposure interacted witha terrestrial Bdchallenge to influence growth and development. Bdexposed animals were significantly shorter (smaller snout vent length)  and had a significant increase in body condition and mass. This is the first study to report effects on amphibian terrestrial life stages after larval exposure to PFAS and to report an increased sensitivity to Bd. The environmentally relevant concentrations tested in this study  (<10  parts  per  billion)  lend  ecological  significance  to  these  results  however,  additional studies are needed to understand the mechanisms behind these effects.</p>