O uso da tecnologia e a globalização são fatores que moldaram a geração de estudantes do século XXI, levando-os a serem mais integrados socialmente e estimulando-os a tomarem decisões de forma colaborativa. Tais características têm sido apontadas em prospecções e debates sobre os espaços de aprendizagem do futuro em diversos países, levando ao surgimento de questões relacionadas às mudanças educacionais e materiais a serem realizadas para acompanhar esta geração. Apesar disso, o espaço de ensino e aprendizagem das escolas de hoje ainda é baseado em modelos tradicionais de ensino. Escolas tradicionais foram concebidas a partir de pedagogias focadas na transmissão verticalizada do conteúdo, enquanto pedagogias emergentes empregam a investigação, experimentação, colaboração e atividades multidisciplinares nos processos de aprendizagem. Países europeus têm investido no redesenho de espaços de escolas tradicionais para apoiar abordagens pedagógicas inovadoras. No Brasil, o discurso pedagógico defendido pelas diretrizes educacionais preconiza que o conhecimento deve ser construído pela ação do aluno e pela interação social. Paradoxalmente, as salas de aula das escolas brasileiras, mesmo as escolas construídas para atender abordagens inovadoras, não estimulam a interação entre os alunos. Nas escolas brasileiras, o pátio escolar parece constituir o único espaço que potencializa a atitude autônoma e espontânea dos estudantes. O principal óbice para esta utilização parece se concentrar na falta de controle pedagógico dada a ausência de barreiras físicas e dimensões do pátio. Este estudo sugere que, através de intervenções físicas de baixo custo, o pátio escolar pode ser utilizado para a transmissão de conteúdos curriculares do ensino fundamental, propiciando a interatividade e comunicação entre os alunos sem perda de controle pedagógico. Para demonstrar este potencial, realizou-se um experimento com alunos de 13 e 14 anos, envolvendo a utilização de objetos manipuláveis vinculados a conteúdos curriculares. O experimento consistiu na transformação do playground do pátio de uma escola de ensino fundamental em contexto de aprendizagem a partir da construção de duas intervenções, nas quais brinquedos do playground foram utilizados como componentes. A utilização dos objetos e do espaço do pátio pelos alunos foi registrada através da observação das relações estabelecidas entre professores e alunos no espaço do pátio; das formas de distribuição e agrupamento espontâneo e das atitudes autônomas e interativas entre os alunos. Os dados coletados foram analisados em diagramas representando a ocupação do pátio durante os experimentos e comparados à ocupação de uma sala de aula padrão para o mesmo número de alunos, um grupo de 35 estudantes. Verificou-se que os alunos concentraram-se mais próximos à intervenção do que seria possível na sala de aula. Foi criada uma hierarquia implícita na relação entre professor e alunos em que, no pátio, o posicionamento do professor não se diferenciou espacialmente do posicionamento dos alunos, dando ao professor liberdade para trocar constantemente de posição e interagir com os alunos. Foi possível concluir que os experimentos polarizaram a distribuição dos alunos no espaço do pátio, que não houve perda do controle pedagógico e que a concentração dos alunos ao redor das intervenções não dependeu da delimitação espacial geralmente obtida através de paredes da sala de aula convencional. / The use of technology and the globalization have shaped twenty-first century students. Hence, this generation tends to be more socially integrated and also makes decisions collaboratively. These characteristics have been identified in surveys and debates about the future of learning spaces in several countries, leading to the emergence of issues related to educational and material changes to be made in order to support this generation. Nevertheless, teaching and learning spaces in schools today is still based on traditional models of education. Traditional schools were designed for pedagogies that are focused on vertical transmission of knowledge. On the other hand, emerging pedagogies employ research, experimentation, collaboration and multidisciplinary activities in the learning process. European countries have invested in redesigning traditional schools spaces to support innovative teaching approaches. In Brazil, educational guidelines recommend that knowledge should be built by the action of the student and by social interaction. Paradoxically, classrooms in Brazilian schools, even schools built to meet innovative approaches, do not stimulate interaction between students. In Brazilian schools, the school courtyard seems to be the only space that enhances the autonomous and spontaneous attitude of students. The main obstacle to its use seems to focus on the lack of pedagogical control in the absence of physical barriers and by the courtyard dimensions. Thus, this study suggests that the schoolyard could be used for the transmission of knowledge of elementary school disciplines through low cost physical intervention, providing then, interactivity and communication among students without loss of pedagogical control. In order to demonstrate this capability, an experiment was carried out with students from 13 to 14 years, involving the use of manipulable objects linked to curricular content. The experiment consisted in transforming the playground courtyard of an elementary school in a context of learning. By building two interventions, in which, playground equipment were used as components, the use of objects and the yard space by students, was observed. Besides, we observed the relation among teachers and students in the courtyard space; also forms of distribution and spontaneous grouping, and the autonomous and interactive attitudes among students. The collected data was analyzed in diagrams representing the courtyard occupation during the experiments and then that data was compared to the occupation of a standard classroom for the same number of students, a group of 35 students. It was found in the experiment that students concentrated closer to the area of interest than would be possible in the classroom. An implicit hierarchy was established in the relationship between teacher and students in which, in the courtyard, the position of the teacher did not differ spatially in student placement, giving freedom for teachers to constantly change positions and interact with students. It was concluded that the experiments polarized distribution of students in the courtyard space with no loss of pedagogical control and the concentration of students around the interventions did not depend on spatial delimitation usually made by the walls of conventional classroom.

Inquiry-based teaching and learning has been infused in practical work in science classrooms in schools internationally. However, confirmatory rather than inquirybased practical work is prevalent in many South African Physical Science classrooms, especially in resource-constrained schools. Against this background, this study addresses the scarcity in a professional development framework (PDF) to support these teachers. The PDF was developed using a research process based on the development studies approach in educational design research. The process involved three research cycles, including a systematic literature review from an international perspective (cycle one and two) and a multi-method, multi-case study in South African schools (cycle three). In each research cycle consisting of an analysis, design/develop prototype, and formative evaluation phase, design principles were generated or revised as a basis for developing the PDF. The case study included interviews, observation and document analysis in favour of a context and needs analysis. The formative evaluation methods consisted of screening and one-to-one evaluation, with the quality criteria evolving from relevance (content validity) to relevance and consistency (construct validity) and finally to expected practically and expected effectiveness. The primary outcomes included ten design principles and the associated context-specific version of the PDF. The PDF contained eight primary components: learning phases, learning theory, professional development strategy (lesson study), instructional functions (for example, reviewing learning periodically), teacher motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic), instructional design perspective, attending to contextual factors, and professional development goals. The first primary goal was to create an environment that better supports teacher learning and practice in the design and implementation of IBPW in South African Physical Science classrooms in resource-constrained schools. The second primary goal was to enhance the competences, professional identity and practice of teachers in the design and implementation of IBPW. The process involved in developing the PDF in addition to the PDF and the ten associated design principles could be considered by users in interventions towards enhancing the design and implementation of IBPW in the present and other contexts. The users include policy makers and professional development providers. Also, though the PDF is potentially effective and practical, researchers are encouraged to evaluate its actual effectiveness and practicality. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / PhD / Unrestricted

As the rise of Industry 4.0 sheds light on many emerging technologies, oursociety will change with it. While it brings forth many positive aspects, itcannot be ignored the socio-economic problems we may face in the future.Many jobs will be transformed, manual labour such as order picking, forkliftdriving will be vanishing, and humanity will have to adapt, as we have for theprevious industrial revolutions.Educating the industrial workers that face unemployment due to automationis an important ethical matter, but can we as humans develop our knowledgewith the technology, as opposed to adapting to it? This thesis uses methodsof interaction design to create an alternative educational format, forindustrial workers to learn about the Internet of Things, an essentialcomponent of Industry 4.0.The result of this is TIOTTA (Teaching Internet of Things ThroughApplication), a contextual learning material designed together with industrialworkers.

No description available.

Thesis advisor: G. Michael "Mike" Barnett / Student engagement is a central concept for educational practitioners, researchers, and evaluators, both as its own outcome and as connected with motivation, achievement, attainment, careers, and civic participation. In science and engineering education, young adolescence is a period when many students become disaffected or disengaged, especially when youths’ racial and ethnic, cultural and linguistic, and gender identities are not sustained through educational designs and implementations. Since a reemergence in the 1980’s, scholarship has approached student engagement in either individualistic or collectivist ways, with more hybrid and holistic models only recently emerging. In particular, more work is needed to explore whether social engagement is its own distinct dimension, or whether it intersects with dimensions like affective, behavioral, and cognitive engagement. This three-paper dissertation takes a philosophical lens of dialectical pluralism to interrelate multiple worldviews when examining student engagement, during an in-school-time invention project and an out-of-school-time invention camp. Adopting the methodology of a cultural psychology approach to design-based research, the study first considers the project and camp separately, then culminates in a cross-case comparison of the two. All papers are situated in “Mills City Public Schools”, a semi-urban district in the Northeast US. The first paper considers the second iteration of an insulating-device project with grade seven students. The second paper explores the second annual “Winter Vacation Camp” with grades six-eight campers inventing electronic doors. The third paper compares those two interventions, in a manner targeted towards educational practitioners. In sum, the paper-set provides qualitative, quantitative, and integrated evidence that a six-dimensional model is conceptually warranted and practically useful, through examples at the individual, small-group, and classroom/camp levels. Further, it provides educational design considerations for both in- and out-of-school time learning environments. The new model and design considerations support planning and analysis for more equitable engagement of youth, especially those with identities historically minoritized in science and engineering education. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education in the Faculty of Education and Social Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013 / Teacher education for multigrade education in South Africa is poor, since multigrade teachers and principals involved in multigrade education have not received formal training in this form of education, and therefore lack support. Owing to this lacuna in multigrade pedagogy, and teachers' limited knowledge of such pedagogy, multigrade teachers and principals struggle to interpret subject matter and settle for different ways to present and make it accessible to learners. This has a severe impact on the potential of multigrade schools to play an important role as educational units in underserved rural areas. Research shows that pre-service and in-service training does not enable multigrade teachers and principals to develop a knowledge base within the complexities of the actual classroom situation. Such a knowledge base would enable them to solve the endemic problems of multigrade education, thereby enhancing their task as multigrade teachers and principals. Training can have an impact on trainee teachers, but the successful transfer of this newly acquired knowledge to learners in the classroom is questionable. Owing to the extent of the problem experienced at each level of multigrade education in the educational system in South Africa, chances are slight that support to multigrade teachers and principals will emanate from officials and curriculum advisers. It is clear that the problem of supporting multigrade teachers and principals is substantial and daunting, and that a solution to the problem will lead to significant advances in learning, or at least a significant reduction in malfunction in the multigrade educational system. Therefore, bridging the gap between newly-acquired teacher competence and teachers' performance in the classroom is a major concern for the future. This research aims to understand the dilemmas and address the shortcomings as teachers implement new practices within classrooms. There needs to be a transitional process through which multigrade teachers and principals move as they gradually learn, come to understand, and become skilled and competent in novel ways of education. This research introduces a Professional Learning Community (PLC) as a model of support and guidance to multigrade teachers and principals, bridging the gap between knowledge acquired at a workshop, and concomitant support and guidance, in order to understand and address the dilemmas that emerge as they implement new practices within multigrade classrooms. This research employs a design research approach to determine design guidelines and principles to facilitate the process of supporting and guiding multigrade teachers and principals, working together as a network cluster for collective learning and its implementation. The research process in design research encompasses educational design processes and is therefore cyclical in character: analysis, design, evaluation and revision activities are iterated until a satisfying balance between ideals ('the intended') and realisation has been achieved. To develop solutions for this research, a prototyping approach was employed towards a final deliverable. The Prototyping Phase in this research comprised three cycles, and focused during the evolutionary prototyping process on elaborating on the components of the possible support system to multigrade teachers and principals. It was envisaged that this would concretise the situation, and obviate problems before implementation in the day-to-day user setting. Formative evaluation was applied in order to uncover shortcomings during the development process, in order to generate suggestions for improvement. The results of the evaluation of each preceding prototype were used in the development of the next prototype. Design research is an effective method of developing various prototypes in collaboration with multigrade teachers and principals to ensure contextual appropriateness of what works at a given time, as well as solutions to the specific problems of multigrade teachers and principals in South Africa. Keywords: Design research, Educational design processes, Educational design research, Multigrade, Multigrade pedagogy, Network cluster, Professional Learning Community, Support system.

At a theoretical level the research identifies a conceptual framework for the design of fruitful case discussions in an online environment and at a practical level, the conceptual framework has been used to implement and evaluate several versions of a case-based online course.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur la spécification et l’opérationnalisation des scénarios pédagogiques sur les plateformes de formation à distance dans une perspective d'ingénierie et de réingénierie des EIAH (Environnements Informatique pour l’Apprentissage Humain). En se situant dans une approche centrée plateformes, nous supposons que les plateformes disposent de leur propre paradigme de conception. Pour cela, nous proposons aux développeurs et à la communauté de développement des plateformes un processus spécifique d’identification et d’explicitation du langage de conception pédagogique des plateformes de formation par le biais d’un métamodèle. Nous exploitons l’approche outillée Domain-Specific Modeling comme cadre pratique pour le développement de langages et d'outils de conception graphiques basés sur le métamodèle du langage de conception pédagogique. Afin de répondre à des besoins récurrents d'opérationnalisation de scénarios pédagogiques, nous utilisons également ce métamodèle pour la spécification des modules d’import/export intégrés au sein des plateformes. Ces modules permettent d’opérationnaliser les scénarios conformes au langage identifié et également d’exporter les scénarios existants sur les plateformes afin de permettre leur adaptation par les outils développés. Nous avons expérimenté nos propositions théoriques sur deux plateformes de formation Moodle et Ganesha. Enfin, nous avons vérifié la cohérence de notre approche par la mise à l’essai des outils développés. Par le biais de notre approche, nous favorisons une opérationnalisation de ces scénarios sans pertes d’information ni de sémantique. / In the engineering and reengineering perspective of Technology Enhanced Learning, our research work concerns the specification and the operationalization of learning scenarios on learning platforms. By positioning in an approach centered LMS instructional design, we suppose that each learning platform has its own instructional design language. So, we propose a specific process for its identification and formalization through a metamodel. Based on this metamodel, we use the Domain-Specific Modeling approach as a practical framework for the development of languages and graphical design tools. This metamodel is also used to specify the import/export modules that are integrated into the platforms in order to meet the recurring needs of the operationalization of learning scenarios. These modules allow also the extraction of the existing scenarios on platforms to enable their adaptation on the developed tools. Our theoretical propositions have been tested on two learning platforms: Moodle and Ganesha. On the other hand, the consistency of our approach was checked and validated by implementing and testing the developed tools. Through our approach, we promote scenarios operationalization without loss of information or semantics.

Den här studien tar sin utgångspunkt i en av de förändringar som införandet av läroplanen 2011 innebar, nämligen att mellanstadieelever ska ges möjlighet att utveckla sin förmåga att föra historiska resonemang. Syftet är att bidra med kunskap om relationen mellan lärares planering för och mellanstadieelevers utveckling av historiskt resonerande och ämneslitteracitet. Genom deltagande observation följdes två lärare när de planerade arbetsområdet medeltiden och när lektionerna genomfördes i en klassi årskurs 5. Det empiriska materialet består av ljudupptagningar och fältanteckningar från planeringstillfällen, helklasslektioner, grupparbeten och elevtexter. Epistemologiskt utgår studien från antagandet att kunskap är socialt situerad, vilket är gemensamt för de teorier som används. Det historiska resonerandet sker i ett socialt sammanhang och ställer krav både på förmågan till historiskt tänkande och på förmågan att uttrycka sig i historia. I studien kombineras därför historiedidaktiska teorier om historiskt tänkande och resonerande med historiespecifik litteracitet. Resultatet visar att eleverna kan föra enkla former av historiska resonemang. Uppgifterna och den stöttning eleverna erbjuds i undervisningen är de redskap med vars hjälp de ges möjligheter att utveckla denna förmåga och att utveckla historiespecifik litteracitet. Uppgifterna i studien domineras av att vara öppna och manar eleverna till att vara aktiva och att samarbeta, men de organiserande begreppen och resonemangsformerna är ofta implicita. Den planerade stöttningen karaktäriseras av att gå från gemensamt arbete med uppgifter i helklass, till i smågrupper och avslutningsvis att genomföra dem individuellt. Eleverna ges med andra ord rika tillfällen till interaktion vilket är ett viktigt stöd i att utveckla det historiska resonerandet, däremot skulle de organiserande begreppen och det historiespecifika skrivandet kunna explicitgöras i större utsträckning. Det nära samarbetet i studien mellan lärarna och forskaren gör att studien kan vara en del i att fylla gapet mellan teori och praktik och mellanrummet mellan akademi och skola. Studien bidrar dessutom till den vetenskapliga grunden för mellanstadiets historieundervisning. / This study is based on one of the changes introduced by the Swedish curriculum in 2011, namely that middle school students should be given the opportunity to develop their ability to reason historically. The overall purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about the relationship between teachers’ planning for and middle school students’ development of historical reasoning and disciplinary literacy with examples from a subject area about Swedish Middle Ages. The study examines the opportunities that students in grade 5 are offered to develop the ability to reason historically and to develop disciplinary literacy in history teaching. Epistemologically, the study is based on the assumption that knowledge is socially situated, which is common to the theories used. Historical reasoning takes place in a social context and demands both the ability to think historically and the ability to express oneself in history. The study therefore combines history didactic theories about historical thinking and reasoning with history-specific literacy. The research questions originate from problems and difficulties that history teachers in middle school experience in their teaching. To get answers to these questions, the practice-based research approach Educational design research has been used. Through participant observation, two teachers were followed in the planning and implementation of history teaching in a class in grade 5 for 12 weeks. The empirical material consists of audio recordings and field notes from planning sessions and whole class lessons, audio recordings of group works and collection of student texts, both individual and collective. The licentiate thesis consists of two peer-reviewed articles, both published, and a commentary: Article 1 sheds light on middle school teachers’ conceptions of what historical reasoning entails specifically in writing and how teachers plan their lessons based on this. Seven planning sessions and one concluding conversation were followed through participant observation. A phenomenographic and a thematic analysis was made to answer the research questions. The results show that the teachers conceive of written reasoning in history as a) understanding the historical content, b) the active use of content concepts, c) shifting between time and space perspectives and d) perceiving text qualities. The results also show that teaching, according to the teachers, needs to include the use of teaching materials, be visually supportive, collaborative, reflective and attentive to text structure and linguistic patterns. Article 2 contributes knowledge about the opportunities that history teaching offers 5th grade students regarding historical reasoning, focusing on both historical thinking and history-specific literacy. The empirical material was collected during 15 lessons and analysed based on a model of historical reasoning and on theory of history-specific texts. The analysis is supported by a grammatical focus on temporality and causality. The result shows that middle school students use simple text activities such as retelling in historical reasoning about continuity and change. To a lesser extent, more complex textual activities, such as explanation and argumentation, which are important for historical reasoning about causes and consequences. However, oral processing of historical material offers opportunities to try more complex forms of historical reasoning and text activities. In the commentary the articles are related to each other through a synthesising analysis. The result of this analysis shows that middle school students are able to engage in simple forms of historical reasoning. The tasks and the scaffolding offered to students in the classroom are the tools that enable them to develop this ability and to develop history-specific literacy. The tasks in the study are predominantly open-ended and encourage students to be active and collaborative, but the organising concepts and forms of reasoning are often implicit. The planned scaffolding is characterised by moving from joint work on tasks in whole class, to small groups and finally to individual work. In other words, students are given ample opportunities for interaction, which is an important scaffolding in developing historical reasoning, but the organising concepts and history-specific writing could be made more explicit. One of the reasons why this is not already done may be that middle school teachers are often qualified in several subjects and thus may not have acquired sufficient knowledge of history, history didactics, and disciplinary literacy during their university education. In addition, the design of the history syllabus seems to have been influenced by history didactic research that has been carried out mainly in relation to older students. This also means that the middle school teachers do not have much scientific research to refer to, which means that they try out by themselves. With this study, I want to contribute to filling the research gap in Swedish context when it comes to historical reasoning in the middle school.

This study focuses on challenges and prospects of the teaching of the Doppler Effect to grade 12 learners. The challenges of teaching the Doppler Effect were established and these findings influenced the development of activities. These activities were tested, refined and re-tested in an iterative cycle and finally provided prospects on teaching the Doppler Effect. Educational Design Research (EDR) was used to bridge theory and practice in education. This study was done in the Vhembe district in the Limpopo province. In the first cycle, questionnaires and interviews with 32 teachers and a subject advisor were used to establish the baseline with regards to the challenges of teaching the Doppler Effect. After the analysis of the data which forms the first cycle of EDR, the content and methodological problems faced by teachers when teaching the Doppler Effect were revealed. In the second cycle of the EDR, learning activities were developed that was informed by the analysis and tried out in 2 schools by learners and their teachers. Completed activity sheets were marked and the results were used to determine if there were a correlation between the activity sheets and the written test. Problems were documented and changes to the activities were again made and tried out in 10 schools by 216 learners with the help of 10 teachers. The data collected from the learners` work sheets were analysed. Pearson`s product moment correlation has shown that there is a statistically significant relationship (r = 0.65; p < 0.01) that exists between these design-research activities and solving of problems on the Doppler Effect. An instructional manual was developed comprising of the final activities. This was distributed amongst the district officials and teachers to assist them in the teaching of the Doppler Effect in the Vhembe district. / Physics / M.Sc.(Mathematics, Science and Technology Education)