With the press of the society on environmental issues and the requirement to produce more using fewer resources, became necessary to develop a way for companies to measure their environmental impacts. An instrument for examining the sustainability of the industry that indicates a relationship between economic activities and their cost or environmental impact is to use ecoindicators, also known as eco-efficiency indicators. The indicators are based on principles that ensure their environmental relevance, accuracy and usability in every business worldwide. The primary goal is to improve business performance and monitor it with verifiable measurements and thus relevant for both business managers and for the various stakeholders. The ecoindicators show themselves as been an important tool in the management of companies, assisting in the identification of waste and unnecessary, so the environment as the economy affects the business. With detailed analysis can assess opportunities for improvement, monitor performance and set goals based on the results. Currently many companies in the industrial chemical sector use the eco-indicators as a way to track the evolution of its environmental efficiency based on its own history. The challenge is to establish a standard for the calculation of ecoindicators for business or industrial unit and it becomes possible to obtain figures that represent the reality of the environmental efficiency of the business. That would be extremely advantageous to companies because it values the initiatives to reduce unnecessary consumption and environmental impacts associated with the production, stimulating competitiveness and seeking better environmental efficiency. This work aims to develop a methodology for calculating the eco-indicators of the chemical. Thus, a survey of existing equations and concepts in the literature was done by seeking the necessary assumptions for the calculation. It was difficult to determine an equation that represents effectively the consumption of natural resources and generation of waste, relating to the cost of production. In the case study the proposed equations were applied to some industrial units a producer of thermoplastic resins, being made a comparison with the existing practice of monitoring. The results were very positive, as the proposed methodology provides a higher level of detail of ecoindicators, according to the qualitative assessment conducted and its application has made possible an analysis of the environmental performance of the units. Moreover, some of the assumptions proposals have already been implemented in the company analyzed, yielding a new calculation procedure. / Com a cobrança da sociedade quanto às questões ambientais e a exigência de se produzir mais utilizando cada vez menos recursos, surgiu a necessidade de elaborar uma maneira para que as empresas pudessem mensurar seus impactos ambientais. Um instrumento para análise da sustentabilidade da indústria que indica uma relação entre atividades econômicas e seu custo ou impacto ambiental é a utilização ecoindicadores, também conhecidos como indicadores de ecoeficiência. Os indicadores se baseiam em princípios, que lhes asseguram a relevância ambiental, a precisão e a utilidade em todos os negócios a nível mundial. O objetivo primordial é melhorar o desempenho do negócio e monitorá-lo com medições verificáveis e, consequentemente, relevantes, tanto para os gestores do negócio, como para as diversas partes interessadas. Os ecoindicadores se mostram uma ferramenta importante na gestão das empresas, auxiliando na identificação de desperdícios e impactos desnecessários, tanto ao meio ambiente quanto à economia do negócio. Com uma análise detalhada pode-se avaliar oportunidades de melhoria, acompanhar desempenho e traçar metas com base nos resultados. Atualmente muitas empresas do ramo industrial químico utilizam os ecoindicadores como uma maneira de acompanhar a evolução de sua eficiência ambiental com base em seu próprio histórico. O grande desafio é estabelecer um padrão no cálculo dos ecoindicadores para a empresa ou Unidade industrial que está sendo avaliada e que se torne possível obter números que representem a realidade da eficiência ambiental do negócio. Isso seria extremamente vantajoso para as empresas, pois valoriza as iniciativas para reduzir o consumo desnecessário e os impactos ambientais associados à produção, estimulando a competitividade e buscando uma melhor eficiência ambiental. Este trabalho tem como objetivo elaborar uma metodologia de cálculo para os ecoindicadores de indústrias químicas. Desta forma, foi feito um levantamento das equações e conceitos existentes na literatura, buscando as premissas necessárias para o cálculo. Houve dificuldade para determinar uma equação que represente de forma efetiva o consumo de recursos naturais e geração de rejeitos, relacionando ao custo de produção. No estudo de caso as equações propostas foram aplicadas em algumas unidades industriais de uma empresa produtora de resinas termoplásticas, sendo feito um comparativo com a prática de acompanhamento já existente. Os resultados se mostraram bastante positivos, pois a metodologia proposta apresenta um maior nível de detalhamento dos ecoindicadores, de acordo com a avaliação qualitativa realizada e sua aplicação, tornou possível uma análise do desempenho ambiental das unidades avaliadas. Além disso, algumas das premissas propostas já foram implementadas na empresa analisada, dando origem a um novo procedimento de cálculo.

Orientador: Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T01:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiozo_Carla_M.pdf: 11074971 bytes, checksum: 02c6575fdc28a40f6b4cabc39efa3f11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Com o objetivo de sinalizar a necessidade de uma gestão estruturada dos programas de eficiência energética e sugerir a utilização de métodos de gerenciamento de projetos para assegurar que a economia de energia ensejada realmente seja alcançada e a um custo viável, esta dissertação tem como objeto de estudo o Projeto Comunidade Eficiente VI realizado pela LIGHT S.A. no período de 2009 a 2011 em comunidades de baixo poder aquisitivo do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Utilizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva para (i) apresentar os principais instrumentos regulatórios aplicados pelo Governo Federal para delinear os programas de eficiência energética e (ii) elencar práticas de gerenciamento de projetos e uma pesquisa aplicada para analisar, num caráter ex-post facto, os processos utilizados para a realização do referido projeto. Após a análise dos dados, identificou-se oportunidades de melhorias e pontos de controle para aumentar o sucesso de entrega do serviço ou equipamento na primeira tentativa, cumprir os prazos estabelecidos no cronograma, melhorar a comunicação com os parceiros envolvidos e com os clientes, assegurar a destinação correta de geladeiras e lâmpadas recolhidas, entre outros. Diante desses resultados, com a finalidade de auxiliar no acompanhamento de projetos de eficiência energética indica-se nove indicadores e para facilitar a interpretação de um conjunto destes indicadores apresenta-se um modelo de cockpit básico / Abstract: In order to reinforce the need for a structured management of energy efficiency programs and to suggest the use of project management methods to ensure that the planned energy savings can be achieved at a viable cost. The objective of this essay was to study the Efficient Community Project VI carried out by LIGHT S/A during the period of 2009-2011 in low-income communities in the Rio de Janeiro. A descriptive research was used to (i) present the main regulatory instruments applied by the Federal Government to outline the energy efficiency programs and (ii) categorize the project management methods and applied research to analyze, in an ex-post facto character, the processes employed for the fulfillment of the referred project. After analyzing the results, several improvement opportunities and control points were identified to (a) increase the success of delivery of service or equipment on the first attempt; (b) meet the deadlines set out in schedule; (c) improve communication with partners and customers; (d) ensure the correct disposal of refrigerators and light bulbs collected, among others. Based on these results, nine indicators were identified in order to assist in the monitoring of energy efficiency projects. A basic model cockpit is presented to facilitate the interpretation of a set of these indicators / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestra em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of structural funds of the European Union in water protection in the Czech Republic. The main goal of the research is whether public resources are used cost-effectively and whether they are not being wasted. The theoretical basis of the subsidy's issue as a tool of public policy, are discussed in the first part of the thesis. As a consequence the effectiveness and efficiency of subsidies as a main tool of European Regional Policy are also discussed. General conclusions are demonstrated on specific statistical water protection data of the Czech Republic in the second part of this thesis. Several patterns which show problems decreasing efficiency and effectiveness of expended resources were used in the research. Analysis showed that investments into water protection are necessary and needed from social point of view, but the way the subsidies are provided is controversial. Finally, the thesis attempts to discuss alternative tools which could gain the same results with lower costs.

The diploma thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with problems of development projects, individual phases of the project and their risks. It also describes different ways of financing and examines indicators for assessing the economic efficiency of investments. The second part is a feasibility study that solves a particular development project. The study is based on the theoretical part and examines the various options of the project solution - its financing, cash flow, economic indicators, schedule and budget of the project. The study defines the conditions under which the project is realizable. The data obtained from the feasibility study can therefore be used as a basis for a possible investment.

About 12% of the greenhouse gas emissions and 40% of the total energy use in the EU derive from the buildings. User behavior, construction, and HVAC systems has a significant impact on a building’s energy use. If a building is to be energy-efficient it is important to understand how all these parameters are connected. This study is motivated by the need to decrease the energy use in buildings to reach the goals of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.  In this thesis, measurements of indoor climate and electricity use, together with time diaries was used to create input data for an energy simulation model of a retirement home. A parametric study was conducted to simulate how energy demand was affected by changes in five different parameters in an office building. Also, two different energy-efficiency indicators were used to see how indicators can affect the perceived energy-efficiency of buildings. High amount of airing and low electricity use had the most impact on the heating demand in the retirement home, and electricity use had the highest impact on the total energy demand in the office building. The model of the retirement home using data gathered on-site had 24% higher energy use than the model using standard user input data. In the office building, total energy demand for heating and cooling could be lowered with 12-31% by lowering the electricity use with 30% compared to standard user input data. For office buildings the most important thing to lower total energy demand seems to be lowering the electricity use. Using today’s standard user input data does not correspond well to using on-site gathered data in a retirement home and it is therefore important to develop the standard user input data further. The indicator kWh/m2, seems to promote buildings with low occupancy. This could lead to buildings being utilized in an in-efficient way. The indicator kWh/m2 should either be replaced or combined with an indicator that takes occupancy into consideration. / Runt 12% av utsläppen av växthusgaser och 40% av den totala energianvändningen i EU kommer från byggnader. Brukarbeteende, konstruktion och HVAC-system har signifikant påverkan på en byggnads energianvändning. Om en byggnad ska bli så energieffektiv som möjligt är det viktigt att förstå hur dessa parametrar hör ihop. Denna studie motiveras av behovet att minska energianvändning i byggnader för att nå målen för energianvändning och utsläpp av växthusgaser.  I denna avhandling användes mätningar av inomhusklimat och elanvändning, tillsammans med tidsdagböcker, för att skapa indata till en energisimuleringsmodell av ett ålderdomshem. En parameterstudie genomfördes för att simulera hur energibehovet påverkades av ändringar i fem olika parametrar i en kontorsbyggnad. Två olika indikatorer för energieffektivitet användes också, för att se hur olika indikatorer påverkar hur en byggnads energieffektivitet uppfattas. Hög grad av vädring och låg elanvändning hade störst påverkan av energibehovet i ålderdomshemmet, och i kontorsbyggnaden påverkades det totala energibehovet mest av elanvändningen. Modellen av ålderdomshemmet där data insamlad på plats användes hade 24% högre värmebehov än modellen som använde standardiserade brukarindata. Det totala energibehovet för värme och kyla i kontorsbyggnaden kunde sänkas med 12-31% genom att sänka elanvändningen med 30% jämfört med standardiserad brukarindata. Det viktigaste för att få ner det totala energibehovet i kontorsbyggnader verkar vara att sänka elanvändningen. Att använda dagens standardvärden för brukarindata överensstämmer inte väl med att använda data insamlad på plats för ett ålderdomshem. Det är därför viktigt att vidareutveckla standardiserad brukarindata. Indikatorn kWh/m2 verkar främja byggnader med låg beläggning. Detta skulle kunna leda till att byggnader utnyttjas på ett ineffektivt sätt. Indikatorn kWh/m2 skulle därför behöva ersättas eller kombineras med en indikator som även tar byggnadens beläggning i beaktande.

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Rossi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T20:51:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RobertoPerilloBarbosada_M.pdf: 2003113 bytes, checksum: b03934eb470f8966d8a8f19e8d3fc7a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A energia elétrica é um insumo com diversas aplicações. No caso industrial, este insumo corresponde a uma parcela daqueles utilizados na produção e, por isso, busca-se, cada vez mais, a racionalização deste tipo de energia, sem que, para isso, seja necessário diminuir o nível de produção, ou prejudicar a qualidade do produto final. No Brasil, o setor industrial é responsável por cerca da metade do consumo final de energia elétrica; logo, ações que visam estimular o uso racional e a conservação de energia elétrica são importantes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o uso da energia elétrica em instalações industriais do segmento de Alimentos e Bebidas, através de uma amostra situada na região Sudeste do Brasil. O segmento foi escolhido pelo fato de ter grande representatividade, em termos de maiores consumidores de energia elétrica, entre as indústrias do País. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foi aplicado nas instalações industriais um questionário preliminar para identificar dados primários referentes aos processos e sistemas existentes em cada uma delas. Posteriormente, foram realizados diagnósticos energéticos nessas instalações para identificar e quantificar, através de medições em campo, as condições nominais e operativas dos equipamentos e processos e caracterizar a utilização da energia elétrica. Para a realização das medições, utilizou-se o Guia Nacional de Medição e Verificação (M&V) da Eletrobrás/PROCEL, para padronizar as análises. Portanto, através da medição em campo, determinou-se para cada instalação industrial analisada, indicadores de eficiência energética, como o fator de carga, o consumo específico e o preço médio da energia. Também foi realizada a análise do enquadramento tarifário das instalações, com o intuito de verificar se as condições atuais de contratação e fornecimento de energia elétrica consistem nas mais adequadas para o perfil de cada uma delas. Constatou-se através das medições e da análise do enquadramento tarifário que, apesar das instalações já terem equipes que realizam algum tipo de monitoramento do uso da energia elétrica, em muitos casos ainda se tem oportunidades para a racionalização do uso da energia elétrica. E mais, sugere-se que seja realizado um estudo de prospecção tecnológica, pois cada vez mais há o surgimento de novos processos e/ou equipamentos mais eficientes, podendo aumentar ainda mais o potencial para a otimização do uso da energia elétrica. No Brasil existem atualmente linhas para financiamento, visando à eficiência energética, além de empresas que prestam serviço e financiam a implantação destas ações (as chamadas ESCOs), sendo ressarcidas através das economias obtidas. Por isso a importância de trabalhos que enfatizam a viabilidade de ações visando aumentar a eficiência energética nos processos e equipamentos, pois ainda há grande aversão ao risco por parte dos empresários / Abstract: Electrical energy is an input with many applications. In industries, this input corresponds to a considerable portion utilized in the production and for this reason, it is demanded ways to save energy without decreasing the production or cause no prejudice to final product quality. In Brazil, industries consume about half of the electrical energy utilized in the industrial sector therefore it is important to study actions that intend to stimulate rational use of energy and its conservation. The current study aims to analyze electrical energy uses in food and beverages industry installations through a sample located in Southeast region of Brazil. These segments of industry have been chosen because they have highly representative as the largest consumers of electrical energy in the country. For the developing of the research, it was applied preliminary questions in industrial installations intending to identify primary data relating to process and systems in each industry. Afterwards, it was realized energy diagnosis to identify and quantify, through field measures, the nominal and operatives conditions of equipments and process besides characterize the uses of energy. For the measures data collection and standard the analysis, it has been used the National Guide of Measurement and Verification (M&V) from Eletrobrás/PROCEL. Therefore, through the measurement in industries, it was determined for each industry installation analyzed, energy efficiency indicators as charge factor, specific consumption and energy average price. In addiction, it was achieved the charging system analysis of installations, with purpose of verifying if the current conditions of contractation and energy supply consists in the most appropriate profile for each industry. It was verified through measurement and charging system analysis that in spite of the installations have already had staffs responsible for monitoring the uses of electricity, in most situations, there are still opportunities to avoid electrical energy waste. Furthermore, this current research proposes a study of technological prospecting, because more and more most efficient equipments and new process are emerging, increasing the potential to optimize the uses of electrical energy. In Brazil, there are researches funding aiming energy efficiency, besides several companies providing service and financing the implementation of these actions (known as ESCOs) and they are compensated through saving costs. For this reason, researches that emphasizes energy efficiency on equipments and process are very important because industry community has had risk aversion yet / Mestrado / Engenharia Mecanica / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

This study used the socio-eco efficiency framework as an application tool to resilience the green environment at Kombolecha industrial zone by balancing the water consumption growth and green environmental tradeoffs. In addition, it aimed to determine the significant indicators, which associated with the water consumption and recycling efficiency. The consumers (factories and households) socio-eco efficiency practices were limited and then caused groundwater degradation and green environmental depletion. Previous studies, for instance, BASF (2009), ESCAP (2011) eco-efficiency, and Sailing et al., (2013) SEE balance (socio-eco efficiency) analysis targeted the company’s product portfolio and quality improvement. This study, however, considered both factories and household’s consumption activities that were proven to manifest in a complex water consumption compared to the production process. The study integrated social, economic and environmental indicators and determined the socio-eco efficiency effects on theresource consumption growth and green environment tradeoffs; water consumption and recycling efficiency. Subsequently, the study then developed a socio-eco efficiency model that used to balance the gaps between water consumption and recycling intensity inefficiency. The socio- eco efficiency indicators could, thus, be an applied tool that could be measured by employing the binary logistic regression, instrumental variable model, simultaneous equation model and the propensity score matching estimation. Based on this, this study results indicated that the household’s awareness, perception and consumption behaviours concerning the green mind adoption, product, market, technology and jobs use were strongly associated and influenced by the water resource consumption growth and green environment tradeoffs at the 5 percent significance level. Particularly, the household’s social aspects, consumer’s culture, behaviour and poverty; economic (monthly income) and environmental aspects (waterquantity limit and waste recycle) were found to bestatistically significant and strongly altered the water resource consumption and recycling efficiency by 0.000 values at the 95 percent confidence level. This study implication was thesocio-eco efficiency framework, which was key the finding of the study that holds the three key indicators, did directly associate and significant determine the factories and household’s groundwater consumption and recycling intensity differently by 0.000 values at the 95 percent confidence level. The socio- eco efficiency model could thus be an analytical tool that could be applied into groundwater consumption and recycling process. The socio-eco efficiency resource model, which is a key tool to resilient the green environment, optimized the water consumption and recycling efficiency and could be incorporated into the groundwater and green environment protection policy of Ethiopia. This study, in a circular fashion, proved socio-eco efficiency application and resolved some of the consumption paradox in the factories and household’s groundwater consumption and recycling processes. Thenon-integrated indicators and inapplicability of the socio-eco efficiency framework, nonetheless, made the green environment cautiously. So that a tactical integrative socio-eco efficiency resource model, particularly, green finances, such as green water tax, lease, paymenhave to be incorporated during the groundwater consumption that recovers the green environment attainments in Kombolecha and at large in Ethiopia. / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environment Management)

The goal of this paper is to evaluate economic efficiency of a development project, including sensitivity and probability analysis of selected residential development project. In theoretical part, the term "development project" is explained and project lifecycle is described. In this part there is also mentioned, how cash flow is determined, how cash flow report is created, and how economic efficiency indicators are calculated. It also describes specific risks of a development project. In the end of theoretical part, possible risk identification and evaluation methods are described. Practical part is focused on an actual development project. It evaluates the project using economic efficiency indicators, sensitivity analysis and probability analysis.

This diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of the economic efficiency of a development project. The theoretical part of the thesis explains the basic concepts in the field of development activities, defines the phases of the project life cycle and the feasibility study. It describes the creation of cash flows, indicators of economic efficiency and possible ways of financing development projects. Furthermore, an analysis of the current economic situation and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on development companies is performed in this section. The practical part is devoted to the development project, especially the creation of cash flows and the resulting evaluation of the economic efficiency of the project. This is the construction of three apartment buildings in Pardubice.

The structure of the master's thesis consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references. The first chapter considers the analysis of indicators of socio-economic development of the region. In the second chapter, a feasibility study of the project. The process of obtaining a building permit. Determination of the estimated cost of construction of the property. The third chapter assesses the effectiveness of investment in the project, its economic justification and the calculation of the effectiveness of the project. / Структура магистерской диссертации состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка литературы. В первой главе рассмотрен анализ показателей социально-экономического развития региона. Во второй главе проведено технико-экономическое обоснование проекта. Процесс получения разрешения на строительство. Определение сметной стоимости строительства объекта недвижимости. В третьей главе произведена оценка эффективности инвестиций в проект, его экономическое обоснование и расчет эффективности проекта.