Les réacteurs actuels produisent deux types de déchets dont la gestion et le devenir soulèvent des problèmes. Il s’agit d’abord de certains produits de fission et de noyaux lourds (isotopes de l’Américium et du Curium) au-delà de l’uranium appelés actinides mineurs. Deux options sont envisagées : le stockage en site géologique profond et/ou l’incinération de ces déchets dans un flux de neutrons rapides, c’est-à-dire, la transmutation par fission. Ces études font appel à de nombreuses données neutroniques. Malheureusement, les bases de données présentent encore de nombreuses insuffisances pour parvenir à des résultats fiables. L’objectif de ce travail est ici d’actualiser des données nucléaires et de les compléter. Nous avons ainsi mesuré la section efficace de fission de l’243Am (7370 ans) en référence à la diffusion élastique (n,p) afin de fournir des données indépendantes des mesures existantes dans la gamme des neutrons rapides (1 - 8 MeV). La réaction 243Am(n,f) a été analysée en utilisant un modèle statistique décrivant les voies de désexcitation du noyau composé d’244Am. Ainsi les sections efficaces de capture radiative (n,?) et de diffusion inélastique (n,n’) ont pu être évaluées. La mesure directe des sections efficaces neutroniques d’actinides mineurs constitue très souvent un véritable défi compte tenu de la forte activité des actinides mineurs. Pour cela, une méthode indirecte a été développée utilisant les réactions de transfert dans le but d’étudier certains isotopes du curium. Les réactions 243Am(3He,d)244Cm, 243Am(3He,t)243Cm et 243Am(3He,alpha)242Am nous ont permis de mesurer les probabilités de fission des noyaux de 243,244Cm et de l’242Am. Les sections efficaces de fission des curiums 242,243Cm(162,9 j, 28,5 ans) et de l’américium 241Am sont obtenues en multipliant ces probabilités par les sections efficaces calculées de formation des noyaux composés. Pour chaque mesure, une évaluation précise des erreurs a été réalisée à travers une étude des variances-covariances des résultats présentés. Pour les mesures de la réaction 243Am(n,f), une analyse des corrélations d’erreurs a permis d’interpréter la portée de ces mesures au sein des mesures existantes. / The existing reactors produce two kinds of nuclear waste : the fission products and heavy nuclei beyond uranium called minor actinides (Americium and Curium isotopes). Two options are considered: storage in deep geological site and/or transmutation by fast neutron induced fission. These studies involve many neutron data. Unfortunately, these data bases have still many shortcomings to achieve reliable results. The aim of these measurements is to update nuclear data and complement them. We have measured the fission cross section of 243Am (7370y) in reference to the (n,p) elastic scattering to provide new data in a range of fast neutrons (1 - 8 MeV). A statistical model has been developed to describe the reaction 243Am(n,f). Moreover, the cross sections from the following reactions have been be extracted from these calculations: inelastic scattering 243Am(n,n’) and radiative capture 243Am(n,?) cross sections. The direct measurements of neutron cross sections are often a challenge considering the short half-lives of minor actinides. To overcome this problem, a surrogate method using transfer reactions has been used to study few isotopes of curium. The reactions 243Am(3He, d)244cm, 243Am(3He, t)243cm and 243Am(3He, alpha)242Am allowed to measure the fission probabilities of 243,244Cm and 242Am. The fission cross sections of 242,243Cm(162,9d, 28,5y) and 241Am(431y) have been obtained by multiplying these fission probabilities by the calculated compound nuclear neutron cross section relative to each channel. For each measurement, an accurate assessment of the errors was realized through variance-covariance studies. For measurements of the reaction 243Am(n,f), the analysis of error correlations allowed to interpret the scope of these measures within the existing measurements.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em radiodiagnósticos, tais como em mamografias, é comum considerar que a radiação espalhada seja um problema, pois degrada o contraste da imagem. Porém, estudos recentes mostraram que é possível identificar a presença de anormalidades num tecido biológico, a partir da distribuição angular dos fótons espalhados (perfil de espalhamento), que fornecem as informações detalhadas sobre a composição estrutural do tecido. No entanto, estudos de base deste tipo tem-se utilizado de simulação computacional, devido à dificuldades e limitações, tanto na obtenção, armazenamento e manipulação das amostras, quanto na instrumentação experimental, além de questões éticas envolvidas. Neste trabalho, foram simulados os perfis de espalhamento elástico, na região de ângulos intermediários, denominado WAXS (do inglês, Wide Angle X-ray Scattering), de tecidos mamários normais e patológicos, bem como de materiais equivalentes a tais tecidos, por fornecer informações sobre as estruturas responsáveis pelo espalhamento em nível molecular. Para a simulação computacional dos perfis de espalhamento foi utilizado o código Monte Carlo, com o auxílio do software MC-GPU. Seu diferencial em relação a outros códigos para simulação de perfis na região de WAXS é a possibilidade de inclusão dos fatores de forma medidos experimentalmente, que englobam a Função de Interferência Molecular, ao invés apenas dos fatores de forma calculados utilizando o Modelo Atômico Independente. Foram construídos dois phantoms virtuais em forma cilíndrica, com inserções cilíndricas internas contendo os seguintes materiais: tecido adiposo, tecido glandular, água, dimetilformamida, etanol, glicerol e nylon, compondo 27 combinações, com simulações específicas em cada uma. Estes materiais foram escolhidos por apresentar características de atenuação similares às dos tecidos mamários normais e patológicos na energia utilizada. Foi utilizado um feixe de fótons monoenergético (Kα-Cu = 8,54 keV) e um detector bidimensional. Os padrões de espalhamento obtidos foram integrados para obtenção dos perfis de espalhamento. Os resultados com os phantoms virtuais foram muito semelhantes aos reportados na literatura para cada um dos materiais puros inseridos nos phantoms. Assim, este trabalho demonstrou à possibilidade de inclusão dos fatores de forma experimentais de cada material, nas simulações dos perfis de espalhamento dos phantom de mama normal e patológica, obtendo resultados mais realísticos e catalogando os resultados de forma que possa ser utilizado como base de dados em trabalhos futuros. Portanto, ainda que preliminares, os resultados deste trabalho corroboram para a exploração de novas técnicas de imagem mamária baseadas no espalhamento elástico de raios X. / In radiodiagnostics, such as mammograms, it is common to consider that scattered radiation is a problem because it degrades the contrast of the image. However, recent studies have shown that it is possible to identify the presence of abnormalities in a biological tissue, from the angular distribution of scattered photons (scattering profile), which provide detailed information on the structural composition of the tissue. Basic studies of this type have been used for computational simulation, due to the difficulties and limitations, both in obtaining, storing and manipulating the samples, as well as in the experimental instrumentation, besides the ethical issues involved. In this work, the elastic scattering profiles of normal and pathological mammary tissues, and the materials equivalent to these tissues, were simulated in the region of intermediate angles, called WAXS (Wide Angle X-ray Scattering). This structure responsible for scattering at the molecular level. For the computational simulation of the scattering profiles was used the Monte Carlo code, with the aid of the MC-GPU software. Its differential in relation to other codes for simulation of profiles in the WAXS region is the possibility of including experimentally measured form factors, which encompass the Molecular Interference Function, instead of only the form factors calculated using the Independent Atomic Model. Two cylindrical virtual phantoms were constructed with internal cylindrical inserts filled with the following materials: adipose tissue, glandular tissue, water, dimethylformamide, ethanol, glycerol and nylon, composing 27 combinations, with specific simulations in each one. These materials were chosen because they presented attenuation characteristics similar to the normal and pathological mammary tissues in the energy used. A monoenergetic photon beam (Kα-Cu = 8.54 keV) and a two-dimensional detector were used. The scattering patterns obtained were integrated to obtain the scattering profiles. The results with the virtual phantoms were very similar to those reported in the literature for each of the pure materials inserted in the phantoms. Thus, this work demonstrated the possibility of including the experimental form factors of each material in the simulations of the scattering profiles of the normal and pathological breast phantom, obtaining more realistic results and cataloging the results in a way that can be used as a database in future work. Therefore, although preliminary, the results of this work corroborate the exploration of new breast imaging techniques based on elastic X-ray scattering.

Imager des objets non-périodiques à une échelle nanométrique et à une échelle femto seconde est un vrai challenge à notre époque. Les techniques d’imagerie « sans lentille » sont des moyens puissants pour répondre à ce besoin. En utilisant des sources ultrarapide (~fs) et cohérente (ex. laser à électron libre ou harmoniques d’ordres élevés), ces techniques nous permettent de reconstruire des objets à partir de leur figure de diffraction, remplaçant les optiques conventionnelles du système d’imagerie par un algorithme informatique. Dans ce travail de thèse, je présent des expériences d’imageries en utilisant un rayonnement extrême-UV (15~40 nm) produit par la génération d’harmoniques d’ordre élevé d’un laser infrarouge puissant. Ce manuscrit est constitué d’une introduction, un chapitre de background théorique, trois chapitres de travail de thèse et une conclusion générale avec perspectives. La première partie du travail de thèse porte sur les développements et caractérisations de la ligne de lumière avec l’objectif de générer maximum de photons harmoniques cohérents avec un front d’onde plat. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux expériences et analyses de trois techniques d’imageries « sans lentille » : Imagerie par diffraction cohérente (CDI), Holographie par la transformée de Fourier (FTH) et Holographie avec références étendues (HERALDO). Ces derniers nous permettent de reconstruire des objets avec une résolution spatiale de 78 nm dans le cas de CDI et de 112 nm dans le cas de HERALDO, tous les deux avec une résolution temporaire de 20 fs. La troisième partie est une première application physique de l’imagerie sur la ligne harmonique. Il s’agit des études statiques et dynamiques de nano-domaines magnétique avec une résolution spatiale sub-100 nm à l’échelle femto seconde. Perspective des techniques d’imagerie 3D et développement potentiel de la ligne d’harmoniques sont présentés à la fin. / Ultrafast imaging of isolated objects with nanometric spatial resolution is a great challenge in our time. The lensless imaging techniques have shown great potential to answer this challenge. In lensless imaging, one can reconstruct sample images from their diffraction patterns with computational algorithms, which replace the conventional lens systems. Using ultrafast and coherent light sources, such as free electron laser and high order harmonics, one can investigate dynamic phenomena at the femtosecond time scale. In this thesis work, I present the lenless imaging experiments using XUV radiation provided by a laser driven high order harmonic beamline. The manuscript is composed of an introduction, a chapter of theoretical background, three chapters of main research work and a general conclusion with perspectives. The first part of this work concerns the development of the harmonic beamline to optimize the illumination condition for lensless imaging. The second part concentrates on the imaging techniques: the Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI), the Fourier Transform Holography (FTH) and the Holography using extended references (HERALDO). The reconstructions have achieved 78 nm spatial resolution in case of CDI and 112 nm resolution in case of HERALDO, both in single-shot regime corresponding to a temporal resolution of 20 fs. The third part presents the first physical application on the harmonic beamline using the lensless imaging. Samples with magnetic nano-domains have been studied with sub-100 nm spatial resolution, which paves the way for ultrafast magnetic dynamic studies. At the end, single-shot 3D imaging and further beamline development have been discussed.