Techn. Univ., Diss., 2002--Darmstadt

Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Freiburg (Breisgau).

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Darmstadt.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-18T17:17:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WALFREDO DA SILVA CALMON - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 2111423 bytes, checksum: e64a02519d1c3b8005ac197552feadca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-18T17:17:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WALFREDO DA SILVA CALMON - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 2111423 bytes, checksum: e64a02519d1c3b8005ac197552feadca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-14 / Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar membranas de silicone que envolve o implante mamário preenchido com gel de silicone, no intuito de verificar a conformidade das suas propriedades. Como estratégia utilizou-se das técnicas de caracterização para analisar os parâmetros físico-químicos em três lotes diferentes de implante mamário. Os resultados experimentais encontrados foram comparados com valores referenciados em padrões estabelecidos em norma ou na literatura. Com isso, foi possível analisar alguns atributos que influenciam na qualidade desses implantes. Os resultados de microscopia por MO e MEV não detectaram anomalias nas superfícies das amostras. Foram detectados pelo ensaio de espectroscopia por EDS os elementos carbono, silício e oxigênio, como também identificados os metais ferro, cálcio, níquel e cromo nas amostras ensaiadas. O teste de alongamento de duas amostras não atendeu o requisito normativo. Conclui-se, portanto, que a integridade das membranas de silicone foi comprometida, por conta do seu comportamento mecânico, em duas das três amostras ensaiadas. / This work aims to evaluate silicon membranes surrounding the breast implant filled with silicone gel, in order to verify the conformity of its properties. As a strategy, we used the characterization techniques to analyze the physicochemical parameters in three different batches of breast implant. The experimental results were compared with values referenced in standard or standards established in the literature. Thus, it was possible to analyze some attributes that influence the quality of these implants. The results of OM and SEM microscopy did not detect anomalies in the surfaces of the samples. Were detected by testing the EDS spectra of carbon, silicon and oxygen elements, also identified as metals iron, calcium, nickel and chromium in the test samples. The stretching test two samples did not meet the regulatory requirement. Therefore, it is concluded that the integrity of the silicone membranes was compromised, because its mechanical behavior, in two of the three samples tested.

Grâce à l'introduction de deux groupes chimiques dynamiques distincts dans un réseau de polymères élastomères, un matériau auto-cicatrisant et recyclable a été synthétisé et caractérisé. La polycondensation d'un polybutadiène polyamine avec une uréidopyrimidinone fonctionnalisée par deux aldéhydes, a abouti à un matériau élastique fort et extensible, composé de liaisons croisées d'imines ainsi que de dimères et d'agrégats d'uréidopyrimidinones. La caractérisation physique a montré que ce matériau à double dynamique présente un comportement caoutchouteux à température ambiante, tandis que, à des températures élevées, les chimies supramoléculaires et covalentes réversibles sont activées, ce qui entraîne des propriétés vitrimères. Pour étudier de plus près le rôle des deux fragments dynamiques, le comportement des matériaux uniquement réticulés par des interactions supramoléculaires a été exploré. Dans ces matériaux, le comportement caoutchouteux aux températures d’usage est à nouveau observé, tandis qu’un état visqueux est observé à des températures élevées. Dans tous les cas, les matériaux dynamiques se sont auto-cicatrisés lors de l'exposition à la chaleur et sont recyclables par hydrolyse acide. / By the introduction of two distinct dynamic chemical groups into an elastomeric polymer network, a self-healing and soluble material was synthesised and characterised. The polycondensation of a polyamine polybutadiene with a novel dialdehyde-functionalised ureidopyrimidinone, resulted in a strong and stretchable elastic material, composed of imine cross-links as well as ureidopyrimidinone dimers and aggregates. Physical characterisation demonstrated that this double-dynamic material displays rubbery behaviour at ambient temperatures, while at elevated temperatures both supramolecular and reversible covalent chemistries are activated resulting in vitrimeric properties. To more closely investigate the role of both dynamic moieties, the behaviour of materials solely cross-linked by supramolecular interactions were studied. In these materials, rubbery behaviour at service temperatures is again observed, while viscous flow is observed at elevated temperatures. In all cases, the dynamic materials were self-healing on exposure to heat, and soluble by acid-catalysed hydrolysis.

Electrical motors and/or hydraulics and pneumatics cylinders are commonly used methods of actuation in mechanical systems. Over the last two decades, due to arising market needs, novel self-independent mobile systems such as mobility assistive devices have emerged with the help of new advancements in technology. The actuation criteria for these devices differ greatly from typical mechanical systems, which has made the implementation of classical actuators difficult within modern assistive devices. Among the numerous challenges, limited energy storage capabilities by mobile systems have restricted their achievable operational time. Furthermore, new expectations for device weight and volume, as well as actuator structural compliance, have added to this quandary. Electroactive polymers, a category of smart materials, have emerged as a strong contender for the use in low-cost efficient actuators. They have demonstrated great potential in soft robotic and assistive device/prosthetic applications due to their actuation potential and similar mechanical behaviour to human skeletal muscles. Dielectric Elastomers, in particular, have shown very promising properties for these types of applications. Their structures have shown large achievable deformation, while remaining light-weight, mechanically efficient, and low-cost. This thesis aims to characterize, and model the behaviour of 3MTM VHB polyacrylic dielectric elastomer, in order to establish a foundation for its implementation in a proposed novel linear actuator concept. In this thesis, a comprehensive experimental evaluation is accomplished, which resulted in the better understanding of the elastomer’s biaxial mechanical and electro-mechanically coupled behaviours. Subsequently, a constitutive biaxial mechanical model was derived in order to provide a predictive design equation for future actuator development. This model proved effective in providing a predictive tool for the biaxial mechanical tensile response of the material. Finally, a simplified prototype was devised as a proof of concept. This first iteration applied experimental findings to validate the working principles behind the proposed actuator design. The results confirmed the proof of concept, through achieved reciprocal linear motion, and provided insight into the design considerations for prototype optimization and final actuator development.

A intensa demanda por petróleo aliado às novas descobertas de poços em condições ainda inexploradas, propulsionam a pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos componentes e materiais para a indústria petrolífera. A alta responsabilidade desses componentes, como Risers e Bend Stiffners, requer, que antes da sua aplicação em campo, seja realizada uma verificação através de ensaios experimentais, desenvolvidos com o objetivo de representar ao máximo todas as condições em campo. No presente trabalho, um sistema de compensação de deslocamento, com molas elastoméricas, foi desenvolvido para simular um comprimento de Riser retirado da amostra devido à inviabilidade de ensaio com o comprimento real. O material foi caracterizado através de ensaios mecânicos normalizados, ensaios específicos à aplicação e modelos em escala. Logo, um conjunto denominado módulo de compensação foi elaborado. O módulo de compensação apresenta a versatilidade da alteração de rigidez, podendo ser realizada através da mudança do número e/ou geometria das molas. Os resultados dos ensaios mostram-se dentro das tolerâncias especificadas, atingindo o objetivo do projeto. / The increasing demand for oil, combined with new wells discoveries in unexplored conditions, drives the research and development of new components and materials for the oil industry. The high responsibility of these components, such as Risers and Bend Stiffners, requires verification before field operation through experimental trials developed to achieve all conditions found during its useful life. In this thesis, a displacement compensation system, with elastomeric springs, was developed to simulate a short sample of riser due the inviability of testing the real length. The material was characterized by standard mechanical tests, specific tests for this application and scale models. Therefore, a group called compensation module was developed. The compensation module presents versatility in stiffness modification which can be achieved by changing the number and / or spring’s geometry. The final test results are according to the expected, within the specified tolerances achieving the project goal.

Les élastomères présentent une diversité d’utilisation et des caractéristiques mécaniques spécifiques (grandes déformations, comportement dissipatif, ...) qui en font une famille de matériaux très utilisés dans l’industrie. Lors de leur fonctionnement, les pièces réelles subissent des sollicitations complexes. Comprendre les phénomènes induits par la fatigue multiaxiale constitue ainsi un enjeu important dans la phase de conception industrielle. Le matériau utilisé au cours de cette étude est un polychloroprène (CR), fourni par la société Hutchinson et présent dans les poulies découpleuses. Celui-ci possède une réponse dissipative en grandes déformations. Son comportement est modélisé à partir de lois de comportements viscohyperélastiques suivant deux approches : une méthode analytique impliquant un calcul simple en un point d’un cylindre et l’autre utilisant un calcul éléments finis implémenté dans ANSYS. Une campagne expérimentale en fatigue multiaxiale est alors réalisée, en traction-torsion afin de tester l’énergie dissipée comme critère de fatigue multiaxial. Celui-ci présente des résultats intéressants. Des diagramme de Haigh ont été établis afin de mettre en évidence le phénomène de cristallisation. Des analyses post-mortem ont été menés avec un microscope électronique à balayage et expose des spécificités morphologiques liées à la sollicitation vue par le matériau. / Due to their interesting mechanical behavior (large strain, dissipative behavior ...) and their diversity, elastomers are more and more used in industry. In service conditions, rubber components are subjected to complex loadings. Therefore, understanding phenomena induced by multiaxial fatigue constitutes an important issue in the industrial conception’s step. The material used in this work is a polychloroprene rubber, provided by Huchinson society and dedicated to silent-block’s applications. This elastomer possess a dissipative component at large strains. This behavior is determined following two approaches : an analytic method, implying a simple calculation at a local point of a cylinder and a finite elements analysis implemented with ANSYS software. An experimental investigation in multiaxial fatigue is then realized to test the dissipated energy density as a multiaxial fatigue criterion. This parameter obtained interesting results. Haigh diagrams has been built to point out crystallization phenomenon. Post-mortem analyses has been carried out with a scanning electronic microscope and exposes morphological specificities related to the material’s sollicitation.

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver uma ferramenta para previsão das características da cura em borrachas, através da análise numérica de modelos fenomenológicos de vulcanização correlacionados às análises térmicas via método dos elemento finitos. A metodologia é baseada em simular o processo de vulcanização no molde, estimando-se a energia de ativação e simulando o histórico de temperaturas dentro do molde, estratificando o volume do componente por faixas de vulcanização. A partir da caracterização mecânica da borracha nos seus diversos estados de cura, as propriedades constitutivas são especificadas de forma segregada para cada diferente região do componente, que então é simulado em situação de operação. Desta forma, é possível analisar as consequências sobre o comportamento mecânico de componentes parcialmente curados ou melhorar o processo de moldagem a fim de minimizar as diferenças decorrentes do processo. Usam-se como objeto de estudo apoios elastoméricos de pontes não fretados, comparando alterações na resposta do componente perfeitamente curado com situações industriais onde isso não é possível. Como resultado, obtém-se uma estratificação de cura com erros de aproximadamente 2% para percentuais de cura superiores a 50% e diferenças consideráveis para o estado de tensões do modelo com cura homogênea e estratificada. / This work develops a tool to predict vulcanization properties in rubber, based on numerical analysis of phenomenological model correlated with the thermal history of rubber in mold vulcanization. This methodology simulates mold cure process by finite element method, estimating the activation energy and dividing the component into different cure regions. After the mechanical characterization of the rubber with different cure percentages, the constitutive properties are specified in a segregate form in each different cure region of the component, emulating the mechanical behavior of the component in operation. This way it is possible to analyze stresses and strains in components with 100% of cure and in components with incomplete cure. The methodology is applied to a thick rubber piece used to support the track in road bridges. As result, the mean error is about 2% for cure level above 50% and the stratified model present different state of stress in comparison with the homogeneous cure model.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-12T11:18:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALYSSON ANTÔNIO RIBEIRO GOMES - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 3273281 bytes, checksum: b71940c4b95418d315f4cfe0dfe1600a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T11:18:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALYSSON ANTÔNIO RIBEIRO GOMES - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 3273281 bytes, checksum: b71940c4b95418d315f4cfe0dfe1600a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-11 / Os implantes mamários são dispositivos médicos, empregados para aumentar, reconstrutir ou corrigir anomalis congênitas mamárias. Normalmente, são preenchidas por gel de silicone e/ou solução salina. Atualmente, têm sido utilizados com frequência implantes mamários com a superfície externa da membrana texturizada, por apresentar maior seguraça e reduzir complicações pós-operatórias como as contraturas capsulares. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas de implantes mamários com membrana texturizada e preenchidas com gel de silicone. Portanto foram analisados quatro implantes mamários, de dois diferentes fabricantes, sendo uma marca nacional e outra importada. Os ensaios de caracterização foram realizados no lado da membrana interno que fica em contado com o gel e no lado externo que fica em contato com o meio biológico, através das seguintes técnicas: Microscopia Óptica – MO, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura – MEV, Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de Raios X - EDS, Retilineidade, Ensaios Dimensionais - Espessura, Ensaio Mecânico - Tração, Citotoxicidade e Coesividade do Gel. Nos resultados do ensaio de avaliação morfológica (MO e MEV) foi observado que a superfície das membranas em contato com o gel apresenta-se com textura lisa e uniforme já o lado externo da membrana observou-se presença de poros com tamanhos e formas bastante distintas. Em relação aos ensaios mecânicos, todas as amostras atenderam aos requisitos normativos, porém uma das amostras apresentou valor muito próximo do limite de aprovação. Observou-se que a texturização das superfícies influencia nos desempenhos mecânicos das membranas. Os resultados do ensaio de coesividade do gel de preenchimento, citotoxicidade e de elementos químicos contaminantes foram semelhantes em todas as amostras e estão de acordo com as normas de certificação, sendo X2 muito próximo ao limite de aprovação. / Silicone breast implants are medical devices used to increase, reconstruct or correct mammary congenital deformities. Typically, they are filled with silicone gel and / or saline solutions. Currently, there is often used breast implants with the outer surface of the textured membrane to present maximum security and reduce post-operative complications such as capsular contracture. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical and biological properties of textured silicone gel breast implants. Four breast implants were analyzed, two different manufacturers. The characterization tests were performed on the inner side of the membrane which is in contact with the gel, and the external side, in contact with the biological environment, through the following techniques: optical microscopy - MO, Scanning Electron Microscopy - SEM, Spectroscopy Energy Dispersive X-ray - EDS, Straightness, Dimensional Testing - Thickness, Mechanical Testing - Traction, Cytotoxicity and cohesiveness gel. The results of the morphological evaluation test (OM and SEM) it was observed that the surface of the membrane in contact with the gel appears with smooth and uniform texture, however, the external side of the membrane was observed pores with very different sizes and shapes . Regarding the mechanical tests, all samples met the regulatory requirements, but one of the samples showed a value close to approval limit. It was observed that the texturing of suferfícies influences the mechanical performances of the membranes. The cohesiveness filling gel test, cytotoxicity and chemical contaminants were similar in all samples and comply with certification regulations.