Os inversores multiníveis podem se beneficiar de filtros de saída reduzidos devido ao menor conteúdo harmônico do sinal sintetizado, dado que suas saídas possuem menores diferenças de tensão durante seu chaveamento. Sua desvantagem é causada pelo elevado número de chaves controladas normalmente necessário para seu funcionamento, e seus circuitos auxiliares. No objetivo de reduzir o número de chaves utilizadas em um inversor de sete níveis, uma nova topologia para um inversor de sete níveis de tensão é apresentada, construída a partir de duas fontes de tensão assimétricas conectadas em série e seis chaves semicondutoras. Este trabalho analisa os princípios de operação desta topologia e a lógica de chaveamento necessária para seu funcionamento. O arranjo proposto não oferece a possibilidade de redução de tensão sobre as chaves, conforme apresentado nas topologias clássicas de inversores com ponto neutro grampeado a diodo ou capacitor e de células em série, mas reduz a quantidade dos componentes necessários para a composição dos sete níveis, sendo possível utilizá-lo em inversores de baixa tensão, devido à seu menor tamanho e complexidade. O estudo apresenta a estrutura resultante em forma de um inversor monofásico por modulação de largura de pulso com disposição das portadoras em oposição de fase, com sete níveis igualmente espaçados, utilizando apenas seis chaves e duas fontes de tensão com alimentação assimétrica, em que a principal fonte tem o dobro da tensão da outra fonte. O funcionamento da topologia é verificado em simulação e implementação de protótipo de 860W. Uma outra versão também é apresentada analiticamente, com melhor grampeamento da tensão, utilizando oito chaves comandadas com uma lógica mais simplificada. Por fim, algumas propostas são sugeridas para a geração dos dois barramentos de tensão necessários. / Multilevel inverters can benefit from reduced output filters due to the lower harmonic content of the synthesized signal, since their outputs have lower voltage differences during their switching. Its disadvantage is caused by the high number of controlled switches and its auxiliary circuits normally required for its operation. In order to reduce the number of switches used in a seven-level inverter, a new topology for a seven level and its auxiliary circuits inverter is presented, constructed from two asymmetrical voltage sources connected in series and six semiconductor switches. This work analyzes the principles of operation of this topology and the switching logic required for its operation. The proposed arrangement does not offer the possibility of voltage reduction on the switches, as presented in the classical inverters topologies with diode or capacitor clamping or the series connected cells, but it reduces the amount of components necessary for the composition of the seven levels, being possible to use it in low voltages inverters, due to its smaller size and complexity. The study presents the resulting structure in the form of a single-phase inverter, using the pulse-width modulation with phase-contrast carriers technique, with seven equally spaced levels, using only six switches and two voltage sources with asymmetrical voltages, in which the main source has double the voltage of the other. The operation of the topology is checked with simulation and an implementation of a 860W prototype. Another version is also presented analytically, with better voltage clamping, using eight keys controlled with a more simplified logic. Finally, some proposals are suggested for the generation of the two necessary voltage rails.

This diploma thesis deals with processes of electrical circuits calculations in the last years' worldwide standards like Dymola, MATLAB, Maple or SPICE applications. Circuits calculations are linked with methods for solving linear differential equations, used in this work also by verification of functionality of designed models for CMOS inverter, CMOS NAND, CMOS NOR. Numerical integration method in combination with Taylor series is a suitable method also for parallel calculations of CMOS VLSI circuits. CMOS circuits simulation was implemented with this method in applications in MATLAB language, solving circuits, represented by differential equations. Functionality of the applications was verified by some real examples. Significant acceleration of calculations using Taylor series compared to other methods is an important factor in choosing methods used in circuit simulations.

This thesis deals with modeling, simulation and implementation of Load Commutated SCR based current source Inverter (LCI) fed squirrel cage induction motor drive with sinusoidal voltage and sinusoidal current. In the proposed system, the induction motor is fed by an LCI. A three level diode clamped voltage source inverter (VSI) is connected at the motor terminal with ac chokes connected in series with it. The VSI currents are controlled in such a manner that it injects the reactive current demanded by the induction motor and the LCI for successful commutation of the SCRs in the LCI. Additionally, it absorbs the harmonic frequency currents to ensure that the induction motor draws sinusoidal current. As a result, the nature of the motor terminal voltage is also sinusoidal. The concept of load commutation of the SCRs in the LCI feeding an induction motor load is explained with necessary waveforms and phasor diagrams. The necessity of reactive compensation by the active filter connected at the motor terminal for the load commutation of the thyristors, is elaborated with the help of analytical equations and phasor diagrams. The requirement of harmonic compensation by the same active filter to achieve sinusoidal motor current and motor voltage, is also described. Finally, to achieve the aforementioned induction motor drive, the VA ratings of the active filter (VSI) and the CSI with respect to VA rating of the motor, are determined theoretically. The proposed drive scheme is simulated under idealized condition. Simulation results show good steady state and dynamic response of the drive system. Load commutation of the SCRs in the LCI and the sinusoidal profile of motor current and voltage, have been demonstrated. As in LCI fed synchronous motor drives, a special mode of operation is required to run up the induction motor from standstill. As the SCRs of the LCI are load commutated, they need motor terminal voltages for commutation. At standstill these voltages are zero. So, a starting strategy has been proposed and adopted to start the motor with the aid of the current controlled VSI to accelerate until the motor terminal voltages are high enough for the commutation of the SCRs in the LCI. The proposed drive is implemented on an experimental setup in the laboratory. The IGBT based three level diode clamped VSI has been fabricated following the design of the standard module in the laboratory. A generalized digital control platform is also developed using a TMS320F2407A DSP. Two, three phase thyristor bridges with necessary firing pulse circuits have been used as the phase controlled rectifier and the LCI respectively. Appropriate protection scheme for such a drive is developed and adopted to operate the drive. Relevant experimental results are presented. They are observed to be in good agreement with the simulation results. The effect of capacitors connected at the output of the LCI in the commutation process of the SCRs in the LCI is studied and analyzed. From the analysis, it is understood that the capacitors form a parallel resonating pair with filter inductor and the motor leakage inductance, which results in an undesired oscillation in the terminal voltage during each of the commutation intervals leading to commutation failure. So, in the final system, the capacitors are removed to eliminate any chance of commutation failure of the SCRs in the LCI. It is shown by experiment that the commutation of the SCRs takes place reliably in the absence of the capacitors also. The commutation process is studied and analyzed without the capacitors to understand the motor terminal voltage waveform of the experimental results.

In this thesis I focused on the evaluation of the historical development of electronic kits in the Czech school system, and the survey of the current state of use of electronic kits in the subject Praktické činnosti (Practical Activities) on the second level of primary schools. The thesis also presents a comparison of different types of electronic kits using complex eva-luation criteria. Another part deals with design and implementation of a custom electronic kit intended for teaching the subject Praktické činnosti (Practical Activities), including the implementation of appropriate didactic instruction.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:35:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSE CARLOS TACZA ANAYA.pdf: 7682166 bytes, checksum: f3eebed2cf5cb0f5ecda9415f8754978 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this dissertation, we present the capability of a new network of sensors to monitor the atmospheric electric field at various locations in South America. The main goal is to obtain the characteristic Universal Time daily curve of the atmospheric electric field in fair-weather. That curve is known as the Carnegie curve, which is related to the currents flowing in the Global Atmospheric Electric Circuit. This has been accomplished using monthly, seasonal and annual averages. After obtaining our standard curve of variation of the electric field in fair-weather, the deviations related to phenomena such as solar flares, solar protons events, geomagnetic storms, total solar eclipse and seismic activity are analyzed and commented. / Neste trabalho de dissertação apresenta-se a capabilidade de uma nova rede de sensores para monitorar o campo elétrico atmosférico em vários locais na América do Sul. O objetivo principal é obter a curva diária do campo elétrico atmosférico de tempo bom. Para isto foram realizadas médias mensais, sazonais e anuais. Essa curva é comparada com a curva característica em Tempo Universal conhecida como a Curva de Carnegie, a qual é relacionada com as correntes fluindo no Circuito Elétrico Atmosférico Global. Depois de obter a curva padrão de variação do campo elétrico atmosférico de tempo bom, foram analisados e comentados os desvios relacionados a explosões solares, eventos de prótons solares, tempestades geomagnéticas, eclipse solar e atividade sísmica.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries have become integral parts of our lives; they are widely used in applications like handheld consumer products, automotive systems, and power tools among others. To extract maximum output from a Li-ion battery under optimal conditions it is imperative to have access to the state of the battery under every operating condition. Faults occurring in the battery when left unchecked can lead to irreversible, and under extreme conditions, catastrophic damage. In this thesis, an adaptive fault diagnosis technique is developed for Li-ion batteries. For the purpose of fault diagnosis the battery is modeled by using lumped electrical elements under the equivalent circuit paradigm. The model takes into account much of the electro-chemical phenomenon while keeping the computational effort at the minimum. The diagnosis process consists of multiple models representing the various conditions of the battery. A bank of observers is used to estimate the output of each model; the estimated output is compared with the measurement for generating residual signals. These residuals are then used in the multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) technique for generating probabilities and for detecting the signature faults. The effectiveness of the fault detection and identification process is also dependent on the model uncertainties caused by the battery modeling process. The diagnosis performance is compared for both the linear and nonlinear battery models. The non-linear battery model better captures the actual system dynamics and results in considerable improvement and hence robust battery fault diagnosis in real time. Furthermore, it is shown that the non-linear battery model enables precise battery condition monitoring in different degrees of over-discharge.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / There is a strong urge for advanced diagnosis method, especially in high power battery packs and high energy density cell design applications, such as electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle segment, due to safety concerns. Accurate and robust diagnosis methods are required in order to optimize battery charge utilization and improve EV range. Battery faults cause significant model parameter variation affecting battery internal states and output. This work is focused on developing diagnosis method to reliably detect various faults inside lithium-ion cell using electrochemical model based observer and fuzzy logic algorithm, which is implementable in real-time. The internal states and outputs from battery plant model were compared against those from the electrochemical model based observer to generate the residuals. These residuals and states were further used in a fuzzy logic based residual evaluation algorithm in order to detect the battery faults. Simulation results show that the proposed methodology is able to detect various fault types including overcharge, over-discharge and aged battery quickly and reliably, thus providing an effective and accurate way of diagnosing li-ion battery faults.