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This dissertation provides a performance guide of Códigos Secretos for flute and electroacoustic sounds (2004) written by Gabriela Ortiz and commissioned by Mexican flutist Alejandro Escuer. Ortiz's compositional language reflects the influence of her teachers in Mexico and London, and the exposure to the evolving musical landscape during her formative years. Her decision to explore the electroacoustic realm stemmed from her fascination with the unlimited possibilities offered by working with a variety of acoustic sources and technological equipment that allowed her to experiment with different musical ideas, compositional processes and unique soundscapes. Códigos Secretos presents various challenges due to the absence of a preface or guide and several elements that may be unfamiliar to flutists, making it challenging or inaccessible to understand and perform the piece. The performance guide includes detailed explanations of the flute and computer scores, addresses discrepancies between different versions of the piece, and provides guidance on improvisatory sections and the execution of extended techniques. These elements enhance the performer's understanding of the piece and facilitate effective engagement and synchronization with the computer, enabling an artistic performance. The purpose of this dissertation is to inform performers and researchers about Gabriela Ortiz's compositional language, raise awareness about the diversity of Mexican music, and bring Ortiz's compositions to a broader audience, making her works more accessible.

Cette thèse examine l'impact de la collaboration avec des instrumentistes particuliers sur la composition de quatre œuvres électroacoustiques. Assumant un rôle plus important que celui de consultant ou conseiller, les interprètes ont influencé les décisions de l'auteur / compositeur dans le cadre de multiples ateliers et d'enregistrements de ceux-ci. Cette thèse examine ainsi comment les outils médiatiques de la musique électroacoustique affectent et enrichissent les relations personnelles : ces outils favorisent la transcription et la traduction, qui à la fois soulignent et transforment la spécificité du son. Le dialogue de la collaboration permet par la suite non seulement une réconciliation plus facile entre les éléments médiatisés et directs dans une oeuvre, mais aussi l'ouverture de son potentiel d'interprétation. En se servant d'une méthodologie qui fait appel à une pratique d'auto-réflexion et récursivité, cette thèse explore des sujets tels que : l'analyse du style personnel dans un cadre linguistique; l'importance du contact physique dans la collaboration et sa traduction incomplète sur support; et les défis de la préservation de la musique électroacoustique pour média ou interprète particulier. Des exemples de la création collaborative de quatre œuvres, racontés de manière personnelle, sont tressés parmi le récit plus théorique de cette thèse, imitant le va-et-vient de la recherche-création. / This dissertation examines the impact of collaboration with specific instrumental performers on the composition of four electroacoustic works. Acting as more than consultants or advisors, the performers influenced the author/composer's decision-making in multiple workshop situations and in the recordings of these meetings. This dissertation thus examines the ways in which the media tools of electroacoustic music affect and extend personal relationships: these tools encourage transcription and translation, activities that highlight and transform specificity. The dialogue of collaboration subsequently not only allows for an easier reconciliation between mediatized and live elements within a work, but also to an opening out of its interpretive potential. Using a methodology that involves recursive and self-reflexive practice, this dissertation explores topics such as: the analysis of personal style in the framework of language; the importance of eye-to-eye, physical contact in collaboration and its incomplete translation onto media; and the challenges of preserving performer- and media-specific electroacoustic music. Examples from the collaborative creation of four works, acting as personal accounts, are braided into the more theoretical narrative of this dissertation, reflecting mimetically the to and fro of research-creation.

En un peu plus d’un siècle, la musique contemporaine s’est construite à Taiwan un univers bien réel et au vu de son histoire, elle a conquis une place certes modeste, mais indéniable.À l’échelle de ce petit pays, Taiwan a la particularité d’avoir accumulé des cultures et des régimes politiques différents qui se sont succédé au gré des bouleversements politiques depuis la fin du XIXe siècle qui ont fortement interrogé les habitants de cette île. De la création du terme « taiwanais » par le colonisateur japonais à un retour forcé à une « Chine classique » au temps du Kuomintang (KMT) puis vers une identité sino-taiwanaise, pour aboutir à une « taiwanitude ». Au fil du temps et des événements, s’opère un glissement d’une identité fantasmée à une identité politique, puis d’une identité culturelle à une identité artistique. La musique contemporaine s’est construite au cœur de cette complexité historique de Taiwan où les compositeurs ont dû se confronter à de nombreux écueils en s'enrichissant de cette complexité.Loin d’une dilution vers un style international, la musique contemporaine de Taiwan, qui s’est épanouie en symbiose avec la société civile, en emprunte aussi les traits les plus marquants, faits d’un certain dynamisme et de l’absence d’a priori. Sans oublier ses racines multiples, qui sont un atout et non plus un questionnement, les acteurs de la musique contemporaine à Taiwan assimilent de l’Occident technique et savoir-faire, pour les restituer avec leur propre génie sous une forme novatrice qui exprime bien l’originalité taiwanaise et qui laisse augurer de belles œuvres à venir. / Within a little less than a century, contemporary music has acquired a real presence in Taiwan, and while this may be admittedly modest, it is undeniably well established in view of the country's turbulent history. Since the end of the 19th century, Taiwan was created within a context of successive cultural and political upheavals - from the creation of the term “Taiwanese” by Japanese colonial powers, to a forced return to “Pan-Chinese culture” at the time of the Kuomintang (KMT) dictatorship, then on to a Sino-Taiwanese culture, and eventually leading to the notion of “Taiwanitude” - resulting in a strong sense of self-examination by its inhabitants, Through the course of time and events, a shift has occurred for Taiwanese composers of contemporary music, in which an imagined identity becomes a political identity, and a cultural identity becomes an artistic identity. Contemporary music has been engrained within the heart of the historical complexity of Taiwan, yet not without some obstacles for composers.Far from moving towards a diluted international style, Taiwanese contemporary music, which has blossomed in symbiosis with civil society, takes on the most notable traits of its society, made up of a certain dynamism and the absence of a priori. Without forgetting their diverse roots, Taiwanese contemporary music composers have assimilated Western technique and savoir-faire in order to render their own form of innovative genius which truly expresses Taiwanese originality, while showing great promise for works of future generations.

Nesta dissertação, buscou-se realizar um estudo histórico e analítico acerca do desenvolvimento da poética e dos processos da música eletroacústica na trilha sonora - principalmente na trilha musical - do cinema de ficção científica norte-americano. A música eletroacústica, a começar por suas primeiras manifestações através dos instrumentos eletrônicos e de técnicas de manipulação de tape magnético, esteve associada, desde o início do cinema sonoro, à ficção científica e ao terror. Na década de 1950, com o início da era de exploração espacial no cinema norte-americano, os sons eletrônicos se associaram ao universo alienígena e às narrativas de futuro. Nos anos seguintes, os gestos e funções indiciais desses primeiros instrumentos foram adaptados aos sintetizadores e às novas gerações de dispositivos eletrônicos. Assim, lentamente se consolidou uma tradição que relacionaria, durante os anos subsequentes, a música eletroacústica às narrativas de suspense, terror e ficção científica. Para entender como se deu a utilização de sons eletrônicos no cinema de ficção científica ao longo do século XX, partimos da exposição de alguns pressupostos metodológicos de análise audiovisual e de música eletroacústica. Estes, por sua vez, serviram como norteadores para as análises realizadas no final da dissertação. Posteriormente, seguimos por dois caminhos: um, cujo objetivo é descrever o desenvolvimento dos processos formadores da poética da música eletroacústica e seu uso no cinema; e outro, onde tentamos delinear o desenvolvimento da trilha sonora de filmes de ficção científica que se apropriaram de elementos advindos da música eletroacústica. No último capítulo, realizamos a análise de quatro filmes de diferentes períodos. Cada filme selecionado pode ser considerado representativo no uso de processos e técnicas da música eletroacústica de sua época; são eles: O planeta proibido (1956), THX 1138 (1971), Tron: uma odisseia eletrônica (1982) e A última profecia (2002). / The electroacoustic music, starting with its first manifestations such as electronic instruments and magnetic tape manipulation techniques, have been associated, since the beginning of movies with sound, to science fiction and horror. In the 50\'s, with the beginning of an era of space exploration in north-american motion pictures, the electroacoustic sounds were definitely associated with the alien\'s universe and futuristic narratives. In the following years, the gestures and functions of those first instruments were adapted to the synthesizers and to the new electronic device generation. Thus, it slowly consolidated a tradition that would relate the electroacoustic music to suspense, horror and science fiction narratives for the subsequent years. In order to understand how the use of electronic sounds in science fiction movie pictures happened during the twentieth century, we will start with the exposure of some methodological assumptions of audio-visual and electroacoustic music analysis. These will, on the other hand, work as guides for the final analysis in the end of this dissertation. Afterwords, we followed through two paths: one of them aimed to describe the developmental processes of electroacoustic music\'s poetic since its origin and its use in the cinema; and for the other path we tried to outline the soundtrack\'s development of science fiction motion pictures that made use of elements coming from electroacoustic music. Each selected movie may be considered representative of its own time in this use of electroacoustic music\'s processes; which are: Forbidden Planet (1956), THX 1138 (1971), Tron (1982) and The Mothman Prophecies (2002).

A técnica de Microbalança de Cristal de Quartzo (QCM) tem sido utilizada para a aplicação em biossensores. Esta técnica consiste no monitoramento da freqüência de oscilação do cristal de quartzo e a variação de freqüência está relacionada com a variação de massa na superfície do cristal por meio da equação de Sauerbrey. Porém, sabe-se que há discrepância entre a massa calculada pela equação de Sauerbrey e a massa real aderida na superfície do cristal de quartzo, sendo tal discrepância causada por fatores tais como a viscoelasticidade, o que é especialmente observado para macromoléculas e sistemas biológicos. Com a técnica de Admitância Eletroacústica (AE) é possível analisar a massa real devido à análise em separado dos parâmetros que compõem o circuito equivalente do cristal de quartzo e também inferir informações sobre a estrutura das monocamadas montadas sobre a superfície do cristal de quartzo. Neste trabalho foi utilizada técnica de AE para se potencializar e detalhar o estudo da formação de monocamadas automontadas e interações entre diferentes proteínas e carboidratos. Em muitos casos verificou-se que durante a formação de determinadas monocamadas, grande parte da variação de massa estava relacionada a interações fracas e não-específicas. Também durante a formação das monocamadas de tióis de cistamina, verificou-se que a estrutura da monocamada é extremamente dependente das concentrações iniciais de cistamina utilizadas para formar a monocamada. As interações entre proteínas e carboidratos foram realizadas após formação de multicamadas nas quais as proteínas eram imobilizadas para depois estudar-se, então, sua interação com carboidratos específicos. No caso da Jacalina, um tipo de lectina, observou-se interações bastante específicas com a fetuína e interações fracas com a alfa-lactose. A atividade da enzima GumH também foi testada com sucesso utilizando a técnica de AE. / The Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) has been largely used for biosensor applications. This technique consists on monitoring quartz crystal oscillation frequency. The relationship of quartz crystal frequency variation with mass deposited on the crystal surface is described by Sauerbrey´s equation. However, the relationship is not directly inferred and discrepancy exists caused mainly by viscoelasticity features of mass adsorbed on the quartz crystal surface. The viscoelastic influence is very common to be observed especially for macro-molecules and biological systems. By using Electroacoustic Admittance (EA) technique it is possible to calculate and separate the real mass deposited over the quartz crystal from other contributions. Therefore, the EA was used to infer about self-assembly monolayer structure being deposited over the quartz crystal. In this work EA technique was used to study details of self-assembled monolayer formation and specific interactions between different proteins and carbohydrate molecules. It was observed that during monolayer formation the majority of mass variation was related to non-specific interactions. For instance, regarding cystamine monolayer formation it was observed that the monolayer structure is dependent on the cystamine concentrations in the liquid medium. The study of interactions between proteins and carbohydrates was conducted by means of multilayers approach in which the proteins are immobilized previously to study the interaction between its active sites and carbohydrates. In the specific case of Jacalin, a type of lectin, it was observed a large formation of specific bonding between this protein and alpha-lactose or fetuin. The GumH enzyme activity was also tested successfully by using of EA technique.

Este trabalho analisa o uso de interfaces físicas digitais na criação e performance da música eletroacústica em tempo real, sobretudo pelo conceito de gesto musical. Para tal propósito, primeiramente, foi realizado um estudo sistemático de dois objetos centrais para pesquisa, a saber, as interfaces digitais e o conceito de gesto em música. Revisitamos alguns elementos sobre a construção de instrumentos musicais digitais, acrescentado novas perspectivas à luteria digital a partir da concepção de gesto musical, como por exemplo, na concepção de mapeamento. Além disso, levantamos algumas questões estéticas referentes tanto a compreensão destas interfaces como instrumentos musicais quanto seu uso na composição musical e na performance do live electronics. O conceito de gesto musical, por usa vez, é compreendido neste trabalho como uma questão emergente da prática musical na contemporaneidade. Apontamos para os diferentes entendimentos das pesquisas em música sobre os significados contidos neste conceito, como suas dimensões corporal e sonora e suas capacidades cinética e semântica. Assim, expandimos o conceito de gesto musical em um contexto que utiliza estas interfaces para ideias como as de corporalidade, fisicalidade e causalidade. Posteriormente, propomos a junção entre os elementos presentes no conceito de gesto musical com os elementos constitutivos das interfaces e com a prática de criação musical e performance mediada por elas, principalmente sobre o ponto de vista da causalidade. Desta maneira reconhecemos que o relacionamento entre as ações corporais e os movimentos sonoros contribuem para a significação musical nas práticas que utilizam interfaces físicas digitais. Identificamos que estas relações de causalidade podem se apresentar desde modelos físico-naturais de coerência gestual, como em relações artificiais entre gesto e som e seus substituintes. Finalmente, é apresentada uma metodologia de análise para performances que utilizam estas interfaces, como aqui compreendidas, que contemplam tanto como a interface se apresenta para o músico que a toca quanto como a relação entre performer e interface podem ser compreendidas pelo espectador-ouvinte. Estas proposições demonstram como as interfaces estão inseridas em um contexto que considera o corpo como um elemento estético na criação da música eletroacústica ao vivo. / This research analyzes the use of digital physical interfaces in the creation and performance of electroacoustic music in real time, especially the concept of musical gesture. For this purpose, first, we conducted a systematic study of two central objects for research, namely, digital interfaces and the concept of gesture in music. We revisit some core elements of the construction of digital musical instruments, added new perspectives to digital luthiery from the concept of musical gesture as the mapping. In addition, we raised some aesthetic issues both an understanding of these interfaces as musical instruments as their use in musical composition and performance of live electronics. The concept of musical gesture, in turn, is understood in this study as an emerging issue of musical practice nowadays. We pointed to the different understandings of research in music about the meanings contained in this concept, as body and sound dimensions and kinetic and semantic capabilities. Thus, we have expanded the concept of musical gesture in a context that uses these interfaces to ideas such as corporeality, physicality and causality. Subsequently, we propose the junction between the elements present in the concept of musical gesture with the constituent elements of the interfaces and the practice of music creation and performance mediated by them, especially on the point of view of causality. Thus we recognize that the relationship between bodily actions and sound movements contribute to the musical significance in practices that use digital physical interfaces. We identify that these causal relationships may present from physical and natural models of gestural coherence, as artificial relationship between gesture and sound and their surrogates Finally, it is presented a methodology for performances that use these interfaces, as here understood, which include both how the interface is presented to the musician that plays much like the relationship between performer and interface can be understood by the viewer-listener. These proposals demonstrate how the interfaces are inserted in a context that considers the body as an aesthetic element in the practice of the live electroacoustic music.

A presente dissertação visa repertoriar e fazer uma reflexão sobre obras e performances de música eletrônica experimental que utilizam músicas e gravações de músicas como material musical. Investiga a colagem musical enquanto prática, em suas diversas possibilidades de emprego. Contextualiza o tema, mostrando antecedentes na tradição da música europeia de concerto e nas artes visuais. Traça uma pequena cronologia a partir do repertório e realiza um histórico quanto às tecnologias empregadas. Introduz categorias importantes, como o sampleamento, o plunderphonics, a citação, o plágio e a intermusicalidade. Aborda o conceito de referencialidade e o coloca como importante fator composicional, relacionando-o a noções como reconhecimento, fontes sonoras e musicais, familiaridade, pastiche. Discorre sobre dois subtemas: o trio bricolagem, assemblagem e descolagem e o período pós-moderno. Conclui pensando a relação entre colagem musical e o caráter de incompletude dos artefatos musicais. / This research aims to make a repertoire of and a reflection upon works and performances of electronic experimental music that use music and musical recordings as compositional material. It investigates the practice of musical collage in its several possibilities of use. It starts by contextualizing the theme: showing some antecedents in the european concert music tradition and in the visual arts; making a small chronology from the repertoire and a historical account of the technologies employed. Introduces important categories such as sampling, plunderphonics, quotation, plagiarism and intermusicality. Addresses the concept of referentiality, treating it as an important compositional aspect and relating it with the notions of recognition, sound and musical sources, familiarity, pastiche. Explores two subthemes: the trio bricolage, assemblage, décollage and the postmodern period. In conclusion, thinks about the relation of musical collage and the incompleteness character of musical artefacts.

Este trabalho analisa o uso de interfaces físicas digitais na criação e performance da música eletroacústica em tempo real, sobretudo pelo conceito de gesto musical. Para tal propósito, primeiramente, foi realizado um estudo sistemático de dois objetos centrais para pesquisa, a saber, as interfaces digitais e o conceito de gesto em música. Revisitamos alguns elementos sobre a construção de instrumentos musicais digitais, acrescentado novas perspectivas à luteria digital a partir da concepção de gesto musical, como por exemplo, na concepção de mapeamento. Além disso, levantamos algumas questões estéticas referentes tanto a compreensão destas interfaces como instrumentos musicais quanto seu uso na composição musical e na performance do live electronics. O conceito de gesto musical, por usa vez, é compreendido neste trabalho como uma questão emergente da prática musical na contemporaneidade. Apontamos para os diferentes entendimentos das pesquisas em música sobre os significados contidos neste conceito, como suas dimensões corporal e sonora e suas capacidades cinética e semântica. Assim, expandimos o conceito de gesto musical em um contexto que utiliza estas interfaces para ideias como as de corporalidade, fisicalidade e causalidade. Posteriormente, propomos a junção entre os elementos presentes no conceito de gesto musical com os elementos constitutivos das interfaces e com a prática de criação musical e performance mediada por elas, principalmente sobre o ponto de vista da causalidade. Desta maneira reconhecemos que o relacionamento entre as ações corporais e os movimentos sonoros contribuem para a significação musical nas práticas que utilizam interfaces físicas digitais. Identificamos que estas relações de causalidade podem se apresentar desde modelos físico-naturais de coerência gestual, como em relações artificiais entre gesto e som e seus substituintes. Finalmente, é apresentada uma metodologia de análise para performances que utilizam estas interfaces, como aqui compreendidas, que contemplam tanto como a interface se apresenta para o músico que a toca quanto como a relação entre performer e interface podem ser compreendidas pelo espectador-ouvinte. Estas proposições demonstram como as interfaces estão inseridas em um contexto que considera o corpo como um elemento estético na criação da música eletroacústica ao vivo. / This research analyzes the use of digital physical interfaces in the creation and performance of electroacoustic music in real time, especially the concept of musical gesture. For this purpose, first, we conducted a systematic study of two central objects for research, namely, digital interfaces and the concept of gesture in music. We revisit some core elements of the construction of digital musical instruments, added new perspectives to digital luthiery from the concept of musical gesture as the mapping. In addition, we raised some aesthetic issues both an understanding of these interfaces as musical instruments as their use in musical composition and performance of live electronics. The concept of musical gesture, in turn, is understood in this study as an emerging issue of musical practice nowadays. We pointed to the different understandings of research in music about the meanings contained in this concept, as body and sound dimensions and kinetic and semantic capabilities. Thus, we have expanded the concept of musical gesture in a context that uses these interfaces to ideas such as corporeality, physicality and causality. Subsequently, we propose the junction between the elements present in the concept of musical gesture with the constituent elements of the interfaces and the practice of music creation and performance mediated by them, especially on the point of view of causality. Thus we recognize that the relationship between bodily actions and sound movements contribute to the musical significance in practices that use digital physical interfaces. We identify that these causal relationships may present from physical and natural models of gestural coherence, as artificial relationship between gesture and sound and their surrogates Finally, it is presented a methodology for performances that use these interfaces, as here understood, which include both how the interface is presented to the musician that plays much like the relationship between performer and interface can be understood by the viewer-listener. These proposals demonstrate how the interfaces are inserted in a context that considers the body as an aesthetic element in the practice of the live electroacoustic music.

Alors qu’il est interrogé sur la nature fragmentaire de l’écriture se faisant jour dans ses dernières œuvres, Luigi Nono affirme : « la logique du discours est pour moi quelque chose de terrifiant. » En signifiant ainsi son opposition au discours musical, le compositeur italien ne revendique pas seulement le refus du principe de déduction et l’univocité du développement : c’est le fondement même de l’expression musicale occidentale qu’il considère comme caduc. Car la musique écrite appartient aux disciplines du logos, domaine de la pensée et de sa loi d’intelligibilité auquel elle a longtemps été inféodée, même lorsque ses théoriciens ont revendiqué son autonomie. Aussi, la notion de discours musical se rapporte à un modèle de raisonnement hérité de la pensée syllogistique issue de la rhétorique aristotélicienne. Décliné au cours de son Histoire sous les méthodes du contrepoint, du développement ou encore de la variation, le principe d’engendrement causal de la forme révèle néanmoins son aporie à partir de la première moitié du XXe siècle. La génération de compositeurs se retrouvant à Darmstadt au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale se confronte alors à une double difficulté. D’une part, le renouvellement des structures logiques de la musique apparaît comme une véritable urgence afin de libérer l’écriture musicale de la rigidité des systèmes qui l’ont dirigée depuis la fin de la Renaissance. D’autre part, l’avènement des nouvelles technologies dévoile la richesse du phénomène sonore et intime à repenser l’expression musicale au contact de ce matériau inédit qui ne peut se réduire aux procédés compositionnels instrumentaux. Dès lors, l’acte d’écriture s’enrichit d’une responsabilité critique, en ce qu’il doit se satisfaire à l’exigence d’une articulation logique tout en rompant avec la rigidité d’un discours univoque imposé à l’écoute. C’est dans ce contexte que Pierre Boulez et Luigi Nono propose une esthétique musicale mixte fondée sur la virtualité, l’espace et la résonance au cours des années 1980, instaurant un régime discursif unifiant l’hétérogène sans le contraindre ni l’abolir. / When he is questioned about the fragmentary nature of the writing appearing in his last works, Luigi Nono asserts: “the logic of the discourse is something terrifying for me.” By standing against the musical discourse, the Italian composer does not just claim his refusal of the principle of deduction and the univocity of the development: he also considers the foundation of the western musical expression as obsolete. Indeed, written music belongs to the disciplines of the logos, the domain of the thought and its law of comprehensibility in which it was enfeoffed for centuries, even when the theorists claimed its autonomy. So, the notion of musical discourse relates to a model of reasoning inherited from the syllogistic thought of the Aristotelian rhetoric. Declined during its History under the methods of the counterpoint, the development or the variation, the principle of causal establishment of the form reveals its aporia since the first half of the 20th century.Then, the composers who went to Darmstadt after the World War II confront themselves with a double difficulty. On one hand, the renewal of the logical structures of the music appears as an urgency to release the musical writing of the rigidity of the systems which managed it since the end of the Renaissance. On the other hand, the advent of the new technologies reveals the richness of the sound phenomenon and suggest to reconsider the musical expression in order to integrate this material, which cannot be reduced to the writing processes of instrumental music. Therefore, the act of composing is enhanced by a critical responsibility because the composer has to fulfill the requirement of a logical articulation while he abolished the rigidity of an unambiguous discourse imposed on the listening. It is in this context that Pierre Boulez and Luigi Nono propose an electroacoustic aesthetics based on virtuality, space and resonance during the 1980s, establishing a discursive regime which unifies the heterogeneous without forcing it nor abolishing it.