Le répertoire musical produit au moyen de la synthèse numérique du son durant les vingt premières années de développement de ces techniques (1957-1977) n’avait jamais fait l’objet d’une étude musicologique exhaustive, malgré l’importance de ce domaine en ce qui regarde l’évolution de l’univers sonore contemporain, et les nombreux documents disponibles. Notre méthode, empruntée aux musicologues Leigh Landy et Marc Battier, a consisté à rendre justice à des œuvres et à des pièces souvent traitées de façon isolée ou purement illustrative, en reconstruisant autour d’elles un récit mêlant considérations historiques, analytiques, techniques, esthétiques et culturelles. À travers cette étude, les liens qui unirent art musical, science et technologie numérique dans les années 1960 et 1970 apparaissent ainsi clairement, en renouvelant l’appréhension de répertoires basés sur le matériau sonore. / The musical repertoire generated by digital sound synthesis during the first twenty years of development of these techniques (1957-1977) had never been fully studied by musicologists, in spite of the importance of this field regarding evolution of contemporary sonic world, and the availability of numerous documents. Our method, based on Leigh Landy and Marc Battier’ideas, consisted of giving credit to pieces often dealt in an insulated or illustrative manner, by reconstructing around them a story combining historical, analytical, technical, aesthetical, and cultural elements. Thus, links that bound music, science, and digital technology in the 1960s and 1970s clearly appear, renewing comprehension of sound-based repertoires.

« La version intégrale de ce mémoire est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU). » / Ma pratique artistique se divise en deux volets : la composition de musique acousmatique et la peinture abstraite. Loin d'être distinctes, ces deux pratiques se recoupent en plusieurs points et sont très complémentaires l'une à l'autre. En effet, il m’apparaît clairement que la façon d'aborder la création dans l'un et l'autre peut revêtir certaines similitudes. En d'autres termes, que je compose une pièce ou que je peigne une toile, le résultat que je cherche à obtenir en ce qui concerne l’organisation de la matière est le même dans les deux cas. La présente recherche propose donc une nouvelle approche de composition en musique acousmatique basée sur les techniques et concepts employés en art visuel, et plus particulièrement en peinture. À travers la réalisation d’une série de courtes pièces, j’expérimente sur les possibilités qu’offre la démarche de composition proposée. / My artistic practice can be divided in two paths: acousmatic music composition and abstract painting. Far from independent, these two practices meet on many aspects and can be perceived in a very complimentary manner. It becomes clear that the way in which I approach the mechanisms of the creative process in both practices is in fact quite similar. When painting or composing, I’ve come to realize that the result I strive for is in terms of structure and in terms of how I attempt to organize both the sound events in my compositions and the plastic materials I use on canvas. This text presents a potentially new approach to acousmatic composition derived from the techniques and concepts found in modern visual arts, more specifically non-figurative painting. In order to illustrate these ideas, I’ve composed a series of short composition studies that attempt to experiment the suggested methods and techniques.

La version intégrale de cette thèse est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU). / La présente thèse explore les relations esthétiques entre la poésie et la musique. Elle examine les éléments qui unissent et qui différencient les deux formes d’art, en mettant l’accent sur les caractéristiques que la poésie contemporaine et la musique électroacoustique ont en commun. Pour tenter d’expliquer la façon dont les caractéristiques de la poésie peuvent servir d’outil de composition musicale, ce document s’appuie sur des recherches récentes et plus anciennes concernant la musique et le récit, l’esthétique des musiques électroacoustiques, la psychoacoustique, la poétique, la sémiologie, la linguistique ainsi que l’histoire de la poésie et de la musique. Cette approche globale présente une analogie entre le son environnemental et le mot poétique, communicateur d’image, de sentiment et d’histoire qui, lorsque recontextualisé en musique, peut à la fois transmettre et provoquer des émotions. En effet, dans la musique électroacoustique, le son environnemental peut détailler de manière explicite les caractéristiques d’un espace acoustique réel; cependant, grâce à la transformation créée par le traitement du signal, le son peut également passer du côté abstrait. Ce mouvement entre les sons perçus comme réels et ceux perçus comme abstraits se compare à celui observé dans la poésie contemporaine. Les deux formes d’art peuvent également exprimer un sens littéral et symbolique. La présente thèse cherche à définir la façon dont ces éléments communs, entre autres, permettent de surmonter les obstacles intercommunicationnels naturellement entraînés par les différences syntaxiques entre la poésie et la musique afin de permettre une interprétation associative de la poésie en musique. La thèse se termine par l’analyse musicale de quatre compositions, dont trois ont été créées grâce au soutien du Conseil des arts du Canada. Ces trois pièces, qui forment le noyau de mon doctorat, exemplifient la musique inspirée par la poésie et composée à partir d’enregistrements de sons environnementaux. Trois œuvres des poètes canadiens John Steffler, Don Domanski et Marilyn Dumont évoquent les différentes régions du Canada d’où les enregistrements sont tirés. Ces poèmes, variés sur le plan esthétique, utilisent un langage distinct pour décrire la diversité de l’écologie canadienne moderne. Le contenu de chaque poème, de concert avec mon propre souvenir empirique des environnements qui font l’objet des enregistrements, est la source d’inspiration principale de la musique. La quatrième pièce utilise également la poésie comme base de la composition; il s’agit toutefois d’une œuvre antérieure, moins axée sur l’exploitation du potentiel de l’enregistrement de sons environnementaux pour créer une œuvre musicale représentative d’une imagerie poétique portant sur un lieu précis. Elle est présentée à titre d’exemple de l’évolution de mes stratégies et de mes préoccupations compositionnelles. / This thesis explores aesthetic relationships between poetry and music. It looks at both the analogous and disparate traits of the two arts with a focus towards the shared qualities of contemporary poetry and electroacoustic music. In suggesting how those of the former lend themselves as a tool for the composition of the latter, the paper touches on current and past research concerning music and narrative, electroacoustic aesthetics, psychoacoustics, poetics, semiology, linguistics and the history of poetry and music. This broad approach considers environmental sound as similar to the poetic word – a communicator of image, feeling, and history that, when re-contextualized in music, has the ability to both convey and elicit emotion. Indeed, in electroacoustic music, environmental sound can explicitly detail the characteristics of a real acoustic space, however, with the transformative effects of signal processing it can also shift into the abstract. This motion between sounds perceived as real and abstract parallels motion in contemporary poetry. Both arts can also express literal and symbolic meaning. This thesis investigates how these and other shared traits overcome intercommunicative barriers that arise naturally from their syntactical differences to mediate associative interpretations of poetry in music. The thesis ends with the musical analysis of four compositions, three of which were created with the support of the Canada Council for the Arts. These three pieces are the fruition of much of my doctoral work, exemplifying music inspired by poetry and composed from recordings of the Canadian environment. The regions represented in these recordings feature in the work of contemporary Canadian poets, John Steffler, Don Domanski and Marilyn Dumont. Varying in aesthetic, these poems use distinct language to depict the diversity of modern Canadian ecology. The content of each poem, in combination with my own experiential memory of the recorded environments, provides the inspiration for much of the music. The fourth piece presented also uses poetry as a foundation for composition; however, it is an earlier work that is less concerned with exploiting the potential of environmental recordings to create music representative of location-bound imagery in poetry. It has been included as an example of how my compositional strategies and concerns were refined.

L’espace est un élément peu exploré en musique. Méconnu des compositeurs, il n’est généralement pas pensé comme paramètre musical « composable ». Pourtant si la musique peut être perçue comme une organisation et une succession d’éléments dans le temps, pourquoi ne pourrait-elle pas l’être aussi dans l’espace? Ce travail se veut en quelque sorte un pont entre la recherche et la pratique, qui se construit par la synthèse de l’information que j’ai pu trouver sur chacune des quatre méthodes de spatialisation abordées ici. Dans un premier temps, je traiterai de leur développement, leur fonctionnement et des possibilités d’intégration de ces méthodes dans le processus de composition musicale, notamment en discutant les outils disponibles. Dans un second temps, les pièces Minimale Sédation et Fondations, toutes deux composées en octophonie seront discutées. J’expliquerai leurs processus de composition à travers les intentions, les techniques d’écriture et les outils qui ont menés à leurs créations. / Space is a parameter of sound that is relatively unexplored in music. Misunderstood by composers, it is not generally thought of as "composable" musical parameter. Yet if music can be seen as an organization and a succession of elements in time, why could it not also be in space? This work is intended to somehow bridge the gap between research and practice, by synthesizing the information I could find on each of the four sound spatialization methods discussed here. As a first step, I will discuss their development, operation and integration capabilities in the process of musical composition, as well as the tools available. In a second step, the work Minimale Sédation and Foundations, both composed in eight channels will be discussed. I will explain their process of composition through intentions, writing techniques and tools that have led to their creations. Keywords

Inspired by Chinese poems, the overall characteristics of the work reflect the assimilation of several non-Western musical and philosophical influences such as the use of pentatonic scale patterns, the principle of embellishing a single note, and the application of the I-Ching in dealing with active instrumental passages over a long-sustained computer music drone. Traditional Western compositional techniques such as aleatory counterpoint, serialism, and moment form are also employed in the treatment of thematic material, developmental processes and formal design.

O objetivo dessa pesquisa é uma investigação sobre o tempo e suas diferentes possibilidades de percepção, sob ponto de vista do intérprete, durante a performance de obras eletroacústicas mistas, sejam compostas com difusão em tempo diferido ou com processamento em tempo real. Foram estabelecidas as definições de tempo diferido e de tempo real e suas implicações. Apontamos aspectos da evolução da música eletroacústica e da inserção do repertório para flauta nesse contexto. Aspectos de duas obras de referência, Musica su due Dimensioni de Bruno Maderna e Jupiter de Phillippe Manoury, foram analisados sob o enfoque da questão do tempo diferido ou do tempo real. Tendo em vista as particularidades dos aspectos interpretativos da música eletroacústica, escolhemos para estudar alguns parâmetros de interpretação que incluem a produção das técnicas expandidas e suas peculiaridades de amplificação. Realizamos três análises voltadas para a performance de obras em tempo diferido, Flautatualf de Jorge Antunes, Durações de Rodolfo Coelho de Souza e Parcours de L\'Entité de Flo Menezes e duas outras com processamento em tempo real, Lizamander de Russell Pinkston e Dawnligth de Jérôme Combier / The aim of this dissertation is a research about certain categories of musical time and their different possibilities of perception, from the point of view of the performer, during the performance of electroacustics music composed with pre-recorded tape or live electronics computer processing. We propose definitions about fixed time and real time and also their demands. We point out aspects of the evolution of electronic music and of the insertion of the flute repertoire in this context. Aspects of two referencial works, Musica su due Dimensioni by Bruno Maderna and Jupiter by Phillippe Manoury, were analyzed regarding the question of fixed or real time. Concerning the particular interpretative aspects of electroacoustic music we selected to study some parameters of performance that include the prodution of extended techniques and their amplification peculiarities. Regarding performance aspects, we have analysed three works that use pre-recorded tapes: Flautatualf by Jorge Antunes, Durações by Rodolfo Coelho de Souza e Parcours de L\'Entité by Flo Menezes. And two others with live-electronics: Lizamander by Russell Pinkston and Dawnligth by Jérôme Combier.

Neste trabalho descreve-se a implementação da técnica do pulso eletroacústico (PEA) para a determinação de perfis de carga espacial em dielétricos. O método é baseado no sinal acústico gerado pela aplicação de um pulso de tensão elétrica de curta duração na amostra. O sinal acústico gerado é detectado usando-se um transdutor piezoelétrico acoplado à amostra. São discutidos os detalhes experimentais do sistema e os procedimentos matemáticos para o tratamento do sinal elétrico medido. O tratamento matemático do sinal é baseado na técnica de desconvolução que permite determinar a função de transferência do sistema. A função de transferência permite eliminar do sinal medido as distorções introduzidas pelo circuito de medida, pelas reflexões espúrias do sinal acústico, etc.. Mostra-se também os procedimentos matemáticos para se corrigir a atenuação e dispersão do sinal acústico durante a propagação através da amostra. A técnica PEA foi utilizada para o estudo dos perfis de carga espacial injetada em amostras de polietileno sintetizados com diferentes catalisadores: Ziegler-Natta e Metallocene. O campo elétrico aplicado para polarizar as amostras e injetar cargas elétricas nas amostras foi variado de 0,05 MV/cm a 0,9 MV/cm. Nas amostras de polietileno sem aditivos a injeção de cargas elétricas na amostra é bem menor que em amostras com aditivos anti-oxidantes Mostra-se também que o campo elétrico de ruptura depende da carga injetada na amostra, sendo ele maior quando a polaridade da tensão de teste de ruptura é a mesma da tensão aplicada que provocou a injeção de cargas elétricas na amostra. / It is described the implementation of the electroacustic pulse technique, PEA, for the determination of space charge profiles in dielectrics. The method is based on the acoustic signal generated by the application of a voltage pulse with short duration on the sample. The acoustic signal generated by pulse is detected by using a piezoelectric transducer coupled to the sample. Details of the experimental system and of the mathematical procedure for the treatment of the measured electric signals are discussed. The mathematical treatment is based on the deconvolution technique which enables us to obtain the transference function of the system. The use of a transference function eliminates distortions caused by reflections that are introduced by the measurement circuit. Mathematical procedures for the correction of attenuation and dispersion of the acoustic signal during the propagation throughout the sample are also discussed. The PEA technique was used to measure the profiles of injected space charge in polyethylene synthesized using different catalysts: Ziegler-Natta and Metallocene. The electric field applied to polarize and to inject electric charges in the sample was varied form 0.05MV/cm to 0.9MV/cm. In samples of polyethylene without additives it was observed that the injection of charges is less intense than in samples containing anti oxidant additives. It is also shown that the critical electric field for the breakdown depends on the injected charge on the sample being; larger if the rupture tests were performed using the same polarity of the voltage used to pole the samples. Breakdown measurements were also performed with ozone treated samples.

Cette thèse est l’étude d’une expérience en situation de composition électroacoustique collective sous l’angle du développement d’une communauté de pratique. Elle a été réalisée en France, sur l’année scolaire 2013/2014, dans deux classes de l’école élémentaire publique Pasquier de la ville d’Antony située en région parisienne. Nous parlons donc d’un enseignement collectif de la musique à de jeunes enfants sur le temps scolaire réalisé dans un co-enseignement professeur des écoles et professeur de musique. La « théorie des communautés de pratique » d’Étienne Wenger sera utilisée comme une grille de lecture et un prisme à travers lesquels nous analyserons les interactions des participants au sein d’une expérience de pédagogie musicale de groupe menée en milieu scolaire. Nous étudierons les situations d’apprentissage via les interactions inter et intra-communautaires qui sont pour partie médiatisées par des artefacts informatiques (fichiers audio des pièces musicales, photographies numériques, publications et mises à disposition sur internet, communication par mails, etc.). À ce titre, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’usage et au rôle joué par les technologies de l’informatique et de la communication (TIC) dans les échanges de la communauté ainsi qu’aux théories relatives aux sciences documentaires.Enfin, dans la troisième partie de ce mémoire nous proposons la construction d’un modèle d’action pédagogique privilégiant les interactions que nous considérons comme transposables à l’enseignement universitaire de la composition musicale en environnement Max et Pure Data au département Musique de l’Université Paris 8. / This dissertation is the study of an experiment in a situation of collective electroacoustic composition from the point of view of the development of a community of practice. It was carried out in France, during the school year 2013/2014, in two classes of public elementary school Pasquier of the city of Antony located in Paris suburbs. We are therefore talking about a collective teaching of music to young children on school time realized in a co-teaching school between a teacher and a music teacher.Étienne Wenger's "theory of community of practice" will be used as a grid of reading and a prism through which we analyze the interactions of participants in an experiment of group music pedagogy conducted in school. We will study learning situations in this situation via inter-community and intra-community interactions, which are partly mediated by computer artifacts (audio files of musical selections, digital photos, publications and Internet availability, e-mail communication, etc.). As such, we have been interested in the use and the role played by information and communication technologies (ICT) in the exchanges of the community and in the theories of documentary sciences.Finally, we propose the construction of a pedagogical action model focusing on the interactions that we consider to be transposable to the university teaching of music composition in the Max and Pure Data environment in the Music Department of Paris 8 University.

L’étude de la musique mixte est caractérisée par un dualisme d’approches, ceux qui étudient les dispositifs et ceux qui utilisent les stratégies analytiques perceptives issues de la musique électroacoustique. Pour surmonter ce dualisme, cette thèse esquisse une typologie à partir de la perception de l’interaction des composantes instrumentale et électronique : les œuvres mixtes sont considérées comme des «œuvres hybrides» juxtapositionnelles, synthétiques et transformationnelles. Afin de conjuguer les aspects de la perception et de la prescription dans la musique mixte, les notions de geste et texture s’avèrent pertinentes. Une approche analytique holistique est proposée. La définition d’un objet spécifique, le « son mixte », nous permet d’interpréter d’une manière originale la spectromorphologie de Denis Smalley et d’examiner ses fondements épistémologiques. Les critères perceptifs de la typologie s’avèrent fondés sur une répartition fonctionnelle des débuts, entretiens et extinctions sonores des « sons mixtes » entre la partie instrumentale et électronique. Cette perspective est validée par l’analyse comparative de cinq cas d’étude : Sopiana et Aulodie de François-Bernard Mâche, Pluton de Philippe Manoury, Traiettoria de Marco Stroppa et Mixtur de Karlheinz Stockhausen. / The study of mixed music is characterized by a dualist approach: on the one hand, an analysis that merely focuses on technical meansand, on the other hand, research resorting to perceptive strategies in the analysis of electroacoustic music. In order to overcome thistraditional dualism, this work sketches a perceptive typology of the interaction between instrumental and electronic components, mixedmusic works are considered juxtapositionals, synthetics and transformationals. In doing so, the thesis advances an analytical holisticapproach in order to combine the concepts of perception and prescription in mixed music, where the notions of gesture and texture areparticularly relevant. The definition of a specific objet, i.e. the “mixed sound”, allows for an original interpretation of Denis Smalley’sspectromorphology and its epistemological framework. As a result, the typological perceptive criteria here proposed are based on thefunctional distribution of the attacks, sustains and decays of “mixed sounds” between the instrumental and the electronic parts. Thishypothesis is illustrated through the detailed analysis of five case studies: François-Bernard Mâche’s Sopiana and Aulodie, PhilippeManoury’s Pluton, Marco Stroppa’s Traiettoria and Karlheinz Stockhausen’s Mixtur.

The requirements of the consumer market on high frequency devices have been more and more demanding over the last decades. Thus, a continuing enhancement of the devices’ performance is required in order to meet these demands. In a macro view, changing the design of the device can result in an improvement of its performance. In a micro view, the physical properties of the device materials have a strong influence on its final performance. In the case of high frequency devices based on piezoelectric materials, a natural way to improve their performance is through the improvement of the properties of the piezoelectric layer. The piezoelectric material studied in this work is AlN, which is an outstanding material among other piezoelectric materials due to its unique combination of material properties. This thesis presents results from experimental studies on the synthesis of AlN thin films in view of telecom, microelectronic and sensor applications. The main objective of the thesis is to custom design the functional properties of AlN to best suit these for the specific application in mind. This is achieved through careful control of the crystallographic structure and texture as well as film composition. The piezoelectric properties of AlN films were enhanced by doping with Sc. Films with different Sc concentrations were fabricated and analyzed, and the coupling coefficient (kt2) was enhanced a factor of two by adding 15% of Sc to the AlN films. The enhancement of kt2 is of interest since it can contribute to a more relaxed design of high frequency devices. Further, in order to obtain better deposition control of c-axis tilted AlN films, a new experimental setup were proposed. When this novel setup was used, films with well-defined thicknesses and tilt uniformity were achieved. Films with such characteristics are very favorable to use in sensors based on electroacoustic devices operating in viscous media. Studies were also performed in order to obtain c-axis oriented AlN films deposited directly on Si substrates at reduced temperatures. The deposition technique used was HiPIMS, and the results indicated significant improvements in the film texture when comparing to the conventional Pulsed DC deposition process.