Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (US); 19 Dec 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 2397" Seong Huh. US Department of Energy 12/19/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 23, 2010). Thesis advisor: Dr. Mengshi Lin. Includes bibliographical references.

Cutting tools are subject to extreme environment during processing, with hightemperatures and pressures. CVD coatings are used to increase lifetime andperformance of the WC/Co composite. Residual stresses in the coatings areinteresting as they may be destructive or constructive for the material duringoperation. Blasting is used to change the as-deposited tensile stress to compressive.The usefulness of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nanobeam diffraction (NBD) forcharacterization of strains in the different coating layers has been investigated. XRDwith different anode materials has been used to determine the macrostress in thelayers and an attempt was done to calculate the average microstrain and crystallitesize. NBD was used to study the microstrain within single grains of the differentmaterials. A specimen preparation method has been developed for the studiedsamples using the FIB.The XRD analysis shows that the measurement condition is of great importanceduring stress measurements. The macrostress of the different samples show that theZrCN type coating is less stressed than the TiCN type coating after deposition. It isalso shown that the ZrCN type coating is less affected by the blasting. Determinationof microstrain and crystallite size from XRD needs further development.The NBD is a good method to evaluate microstrain within single grains, or betweengrains oriented in the same zone axis. The analyses show more strain within thegrains after blasting. The measurements indicate more strain variation in the Al2O3layer in the TiCN system compared to the ZrCN system.

Research in the field of Photonics is in part, directed at the application of light-emitting materials based on silicon platforms. In this work silicon wafers are modified by carbon ion implantation to incorporate silicon carbide, a known light-emitting material. Ion beam synthesis treatments are applied with implant energy of 20 keV, and ion fluences of 3, 5 and 10 × 1016 ions/cm2 at both ambient temperature and high temperature (400 °C). The samples are annealed at 1000 °C, after implantation. The carbon ion implanted silicon is characterized using Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques, grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The materials are observed to have a multilayer structure, where the ambient temperature implanted materials have an amorphous silicon layer, and an amorphous silicon layer with carbon-rich, nanoscale inclusions. The high temperature implanted materials have the same layers, with an additional polycrystalline Si layer at the interface between the implanted layer and the target substrate and the amorphous Si layer with SiC inclusions is reduced in thickness compared to the ambient temperature samples. The carbon-rich inclusions are confirmed to be SiC, with no evidence of carbon clusters in the materials observed using Raman spectroscopy. The carbon ion-implanted material is used to fabricate Schottky diodes having a semitransparent gold contact at the implanted surface, and an aluminum contact on the opposite side. The diodes are tested using current-voltage measurements between -12 and +15 V. No reverse breakdown is observed for any of the diodes. The turn-on voltages for the ambient temperature implanted samples are 2.6±0.1 V, 2.8±0.6 V and 3.9±0.1 V for the 3, 5 and 10 × 1016 ions/cm2 samples, respectively. For the high temperature implanted samples, the turn-on voltages are 3.2±0.1 V, 2.7±0.1 V, and 2.9±0.4 V for the implanted samples with same fluences. The diode curves are modeled using the Shockley equation, and estimates are made of the ideality factor of the diodes. These are 188±16, 224.5±5.8, and 185.4±9.2 for the ambient temperature samples, and 163.6±6.3, 124.3±5.3, and 333±12 for the high temperature samples. The high ideality factor is associated with the native oxide layer on the silicon substrate and with the non-uniform, defect-rich implanted region of the carbon ion implanted silicon. Red-orange visible light emission from the diodes is observed with voltage greater than the turn-on voltage applied across the diodes. The luminescence for the ambient temperature samples is attributed to porous silicon, and amorphous silicon. The high temperature implanted samples show luminescence associated with porous silicon, nanocrystalline silicon carbide, and defects in silicon related to ion implantation. The luminescent intensity observed for the ambient temperature samples is higher than for the high temperature samples. The dominant luminescence feature in the carbon ion-implanted silicon material is porous silicon, which is described by quantum confinement of excitons in silicon.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Hectolitre mass (HLM) measurements allow rapid and accurate determination of grain density. HLM devices from different countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States of America [USA]) have been investigated for their effect on the HLM measurements of oats. In addition, the potential of near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging has been evaluated to distinguish between oat samples with different HLM values. Comparing HLM measurements obtained from the respective devices, the USA and the South African devices resulted in significantly (P<0.05) lower HLM values compared to the other devices where as the German device resulted in higher values (P<0.05) than the other devices. HLM values from all the devices were highly correlated with intra-class correlation (ICC) consistency values of at least 0.90. These high correlations would allow direct replacement of the South African device with any of the other devices. The equipment selected as replacement should ideally be calibrated according to the ISO 7971-3 standard (i.e. the device currently used in Germany). HLM values significantly (P<0.05) increased when oat samples were rubbed before measurements were made, indicating the importance of continuation of this sample preparation step. The investigation on the effect of the operator on HLM determinations showed that the unskilled operator measured HLM values significantly different to those obtained by the skilled operator. This emphasises the importance of training in spite of HLM measurements being a simple procedure. A poor correlation (r = 0.18) was found between protein content and HLM values of oat samples. Moisture content significantly affected the HLM values of oats and results clearly showed a decrease in HLM values with increasing moisture content. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs revealed that the starch granules became swollen and that they increased in size with an increase in moisture content, resulting in a decrease in HLM. NIR hyperspectral imaging offers the testing of individual grains non-destructively. This is often required by plant breeders because they subsequently need to plant selected grains. NIR offers this option to plant breeders. NIR hyperspectral imaging, which combines NIR spectroscopy with digital imaging, was used to distinguish between six oat samples with varying HLM values. NIR spectroscopic differences were observed between the images of the two samples with the highest and lowest HLM values (60.2 and 49.35 kg.hL-1). Less distinct differences were observed in the NIR hyperspectral images of two samples differing by less than 2.0 kg.hL-1. Although mixed oat samples were used, these preliminary results established the possible use of NIR hyperspectral imaging in evaluating oat samples from breeding trials. The use of this technique could also be extended to evaluation of other quality characteristics of oats. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hektolitermassa- (HLM-)metings maak snelle en akkurate bepaling van korreldigtheid moontlik. HLM-toestelle van verskillende lande (Australië, Kanada, Frankryk, Duitsland, Suid-Afrika, die Verenigde Koninkryk en die Verenigde State van Amerika) is ondersoek vir hulle uitwerking op die HLM-metings van hawer. Daarby is die potensiaal van nabyinfrarooi- (NIR-)hiperspektrale beelding geëvalueer om tussen hawermonsters met verskillende HLM-waardes te onderskei. Tydens vergelyking van HLM-metings verkry van die onderskeie toestelle, het die Amerikaanse en die Suid-Afrikaanse toestelle beduidend (P<0.05) laer HLM-waardes opgelewer in vergelyking met die ander toestelle terwyl die Duitse toestel hoër waardes (P<0.05) as die ander toestelle getoon het. Daar was hoë korrelasies tussen die HLM waardes verkry van die apparate met intraklaskorrelasie (IKK) konsekwentheidwaardes van ten minste 0.90. Hierdie hoë korrelasies sou direkte vervanging van die Suid-Afrikaanse toestel met enige van die ander toestelle moontlik maak. Die toerusting gekies as vervanging sou ideaal gesproke in ooreenstemming met die ISO 7971-3 standaard gekalibreer kon word (bv. die toestel wat tans in Duitsland gebruik word). HLM-waardes het beduidend (P<0.05) verhoog toe hawermonsters gevryf is voor metings gemaak is, wat dui op die belang van verlengde gebruik van hierdie stap tydens die voorbereiding van monsters. Die ondersoek na die uitwerking van die operateur op HLM-bepalings het getoon dat die onervare operateur HLM-waardes beduidend verskillend gemeet het teenoor dié verkry deur die ervare operateur. Dit beklemtoon die belang van opleiding ten spyte daarvan dat HLM-metings ’n eenvoudige prosedure is. ’n Swak korrelasie (r = 0.18) is aangetref tussen proteïeninhoud en HLM-waardes van hawermonsters. Voginhoud het die HLM-waardes van hawer beduidend beïnvloed en resultate het duidelik ’n styging in HLM-waardes met verhoging van die voginhoud getoon. Aftaselektronmikroskoop- (AEM-)mikrobeelde het aangedui dat die styselgranules swel en in grootte toeneem met verhoging van die voginhoud, wat aanleiding gee tot ’n verlaging in HLM. NIR-hiperspektrale beelding maak die toets van individuele korrels op niedestruktiewe wyse moontlik. Dit word dikwels deur plantkwekers vereis aangesien hulle na toetsing uitgesoekte korrels moet plant. Nabyinfrarooi bied hierdie opsie aan plantkwekers. NIR-hiperspektrale beelding, wat NIRspektroskopie met digitale beelding kombineer, is gebruik om te onderskei tussen ses hawermonsters met wisselende HLM-waardes. NIR-spektroskopiese verskille tussen die beelde van die twee monsters met die hoogste en laagste HLM-waardes (60.2 en 49.35 kg.hL-1) is waargeneem. Minder duidelike verskille is in die NIR-hiperspektrale beelde van twee monsters wat met minder as 2.0 kg.hL-1 verskil het, waargeneem. Alhoewel gemengde hawermonsters gebruik is, het hierdie voorlopige resultate die moontlike gebruik van NIR-hiperspektrale beelding by die evaluering van hawermonsters van kweekproewe vasgestel. Die gebruik van hierdie tegniek sou ook uitgebrei kon word tot die evaluering van ander kwaliteitseienskappe van hawer.

Orientador: Sizenando de Toledo Porto Neto / Banca: José Roberto Cury Saad / Banca: Victor Humberto Orbegoso Flores / Resumo: Atualmente, vários novos materiais estéticos são lançados no mercado odontológico destinados especificamente à confecção de restaurações diretas. Embora tais compósitos apresentem bons resultados clínicos, o que garantem ser indicados nas regiões anterior e posterior, ha a necessidade de comprovações adicionais para que se possam ser utilizados com segurança. As informações disponíveis de cada material recém introduzido ainda trazem duvidas sobre sua real composição e sobre suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas, gerando confusão para o clinico, que pode estar ciente ou não de qual resina melhor atende as necessidades de cada paciente. O conhecimento dimensional do conteúdo inorgânico dos sistemas de resinas compostas ainda e o responsável pela classificação dos mesmos e parecem estimar sobre suas propriedades mecânicas. Assim, nos propusemos a (1) estudar através de ampla e profunda revisão sistemática da literatura, a influencia das partículas inorgânicas nas propriedades físicas, químicas e mecânicas de resinas compostas e; (2) descrever a morfologia e a composição química das partículas inorgânica das resinas compostas atuais, como forma de dotar o clinico de um parâmetro de comparação entre os materiais restauradores resinosos, e de auxiliá-lo na indicação deste material mediante situação clínica. Na primeira etapa de nosso estudo, foram determinados os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, e estabelecida a estratégia de busca - palavras-chave e limites de assuntos, em varias combinações - dos estudos laboratoriais nas principais bases de dados eletrônicas (ISI - Web of Science, Medline, Biblioteca Cochrane, SciELo, Lilacs e Biblioteca Digital de Teses - Portal Capes), e outras fontes de informação. / Abstract: Currently, dozens of new aesthetic materials are launched on the dentistry market designed specifically to the confection of direct restorations. Although such composite show good clinical results, which guarantees be given in anterior and posterior regions, there is a need for additional evidence so that it can be used safely. The information available of each newly introduced material also brings questions about their real composition and on its physical and mechanical properties, creating confusion for the clinician, which may be or not aware of resin which best meets the necessities of each patient. The dimensional knowledge of the inorganic content of the composed resin systems also is responsible for the classification of the same ones and seems estimate on its mechanical properties. Thus, we proposed (1) to study through extensive and meticulous systematic review of literature, the influence of inorganic particles in the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of composite resins and; (2) to describe the morphology and chemical composition of the inorganic particles of current composite resins, as a way of giving the clinician with a parameter of comparison among the resinous restorative materials, and of assisting it in the indication of this material through of clinical situation. In the first stage of our study, the criteria of inclusion and exclusion had been determined, and established the strategy of search - keywords and limits of subjects, in some combinations - of the laboratory studies in the main electronic databases ((ISI - Web of Science, Medline, Biblioteca Cochrane, SciELo, Lilacs and Digital Library of Theses - Portal Capes), and others sources of information. Of the 138 abstracts located, only 59 were selected (most located on Pubmed) being in accordance with the pre-established criteria. / Mestre

The objective was to develop a method to obtain an autologous rich plasma in platelets with few leukocytes and blood cells using the whole blood of rabbits submitted to two centrifugations. Blood was collected by intracardiac route 10.5mL and distributed into three tubes of blood sedimentation containing sodium citrate. The tubes with blood was submitted to centrifugation at 2,000 rpm (670,8G) for 20 minutes and the sedimentation columns were aspirated from each tube 1.000&#956;L of plasma to reduce the volume of supernatant. It was aspirated the plasma above the ring of leukocytes and transferred it to another tube to centrifugate again at 2000 rpm (670.8 L) for 10 minutes. The platelet content in the bottom of the tube was resuspended and homogenized 1.000&#956;L the supernatant plasma to form the PRP liquid (Group G1). The capacity of platelet activation was observed from the formation of a clot called PRP gel (group G2) when it was added 100mL of rabbit thromboplastin, calcium chloride 0.0125 mol /l and sodium chloride 0.1 mol / l of PRP 100mL liquid. The counting of the platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes total number was done before and after centrifugations and they were performed in a veterinary automatic hematology analyzer. It was noted in G1, an increase of 61.58% in relation to platelet blood count to get the average concentration of 370 484 platelets / uL in PRP and were eliminated from the process 71% to 89% of leukocytes and erythrocytes. The evaluation by transmission electron microscopy identified in G1 that platelets showed morphological integrity preserved and individualized, with intact cell membrane, emission of pseudopods and centralization of granules and organelles. In G2, the platelets were grouped, with difficult to identify the intracytoplasmic structures of cell, membrane lysis, shedding of cytoplasmic granules into the extracellular place and the presence of fibrin. The method for obtaining an autologous plasma rich of platelets in rabbits is simple and reduce the number of leukocytes and blood cells and the platelets continue with a morphological and functional integrity. / Objetivou-se elaborar um método de obtenção de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) autólogo com poucos leucócitos e hemácias a partir do sangue total de coelhos submetido a duas centrifugações. Foram colhidos 10,5mL sangue por via intracardíaca e distribuido em três tubos de hemossedimentação contendo citrato de sódio. Os tubos contendo as amostras foram submetidos a uma centrifugação à 2.000 RPM (670,8G) por 20 minutos e da coluna de sedimentação foram aspirados de cada tubo1.000&#956;L de plasma para a redução do volume sobrenadante. Aspirou-se o plasma acima do anel de leucócitos e transferiu-se para outro tubo para centrifugação a 2.000 RPM por 10 minutos. O conteúdo plaquetário no fundo do tubo foi ressuspendido e homogeneizado à 1.000&#956;L do plasma sobrenadante para formar o PRP líquido (Grupo G1). A capacidade de ativação das plaquetas foi verificada a partir da formação do PRP gel (Grupo G2), quando foram adicionados 100&#956;L de tromboplastina com cloreto de cálcio 0,0125mol/l e cloreto de sódio 0,1mol/l, à 100&#956;L de PRP líquido. A contagem do número total de plaquetas, hemácias e leucócitos antes e após as centrifugações foi realizada em analisador hematológico automático. Notou-se no G1, acréscimo de 61,58% de plaquetas em relação à média do hemograma ao obter a concentração de 370.484 plaquetas/&#956;L no PRP e foram eliminados do processo 71% de leucócitos e 89% de hemácias. A avaliação por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão identificou no grupo G1 que as plaquetas se apresentavam com integridade morfológica preservada e se mostravam individualizadas, com membrana celular íntegra, emissão de pseudópodes e centralização dos grânulos e organelas. No G2, as plaquetas se encontravam agrupadas, de difícil identificação das estruturas intracitoplasmáticas, lise de membrana celular, derramamento de grânulos citoplasmáticos no meio extracelular e presença de fibrina. O método de obtenção de plasma rico em plaqueta autólogo de coelhos é simples, reduz o número de leucócitos e hemácias e preserva a integridade morfologica e funcional das plaquetas. / Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:32:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02295.pdf: 2548113 bytes, checksum: f89a4fee5dc16d298e4ec80ff94b7464 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Technological advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have paved the way for the exploration and production of shale gas and shale oil, the fastest growing energy sector globally. The imaging and quantification of the geometry, sizes, network and distribution of extremely fine-grain minerals, organic matter and pores are a significant component for the macroscopic and microscopic characterisation of shale reservoirs but is also highly challenging. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) combined with 3D Electron Microscopy (EM) are used to address this challenge and give us information in 3D from multiple length scales over 3 orders of magnitudes: mesoscale (R1), microscale (R2), submicron-scale (R3), low-resolution nanoscale (R4) and high-resolution nanoscale (R5) with spatial resolutions of ~10micro metre, ~1micro metre, ~130 nm, ~50nm and ~5nm, respectively. The multi-scale imaging and quantification method was initially applied here to the Carboniferous Bowland Shale, the largest potential shale gas play in the UK. The appropriate length scales (both field of view and voxel size) of specified phases such as pores, organic matter, clay minerals and non-clay minerals were analysed. The low connectivity of pores and high connectivity of organic matter suggests that the 20 nm and larger pores imaged did not form connected flow paths, demonstrating that porous gas flow through this sample cannot be the main transport mechanism and diffusive transport through the organic matter and clay minerals must also be considered. Then, the variation of organic matter and pore distribution along a TOC gradient were analysis on Lublin gas-mature shale samples in Poland and Baltic oil-mature shale samples in Lithuania. The results show intergranular pores dominated in this series of samples, including organic interface pores and inter-mineral pores, which further confirm that organic matter is not the primary influencing factor for porosity, but the clay minerals. Finally, a novel multi-stage workflow of pore system is proposed relying on both image quantification and numerical modelling of geological features with studies in Jurassic Haynesville shale in the US. Three stages are divided according to pore variation, mineral variation and microfacies variation across four distinct length scales (R1-R4/R5), and permeability was simulated based on the upscaled pore system. The final computed porosity and permeability shows acceptable errors when compared with the helium porosity and press decay permeability. Beyond the lab measurements, the pore occurrence and size distribution were computed in the upscaling process. The combining of XCT and 3D-EM provides a powerful tool for the multi-scale imaging and quantification of microstructural information in shales, allowing the visualization of pores, organic matter and inorganic mineral phases over a range of scales over three orders of magnitude (~ 10 micro metre to ~ 5 nm), and the volume fraction of each phases shows a reasonable correlation to traditional physical and chemistry quantification data. The further studies, such as the variation of organic matter and pores, upscaling of porosity and permeability presented in this study, has verified the feasibility of the proposed multi-scale method and promises a bit potential for reservoir prediction and other challenges in geological studies.

Le diamant est le semi-conducteur par excellence pour les composants électroniques de puissance. Par conséquent, la technique de croissance du diamant et les dispositifs à base de diamant ont été largement étudiés dans le monde entier au cours des deux dernières décennies. A ce jour, les diodes Schottky à base de diamant sont les composants les plus avancés et les plus prometteurs. Cependant, pour remplacer Si et SiC dans cette filière technologique, des progrès importants dans la technologie du diamant sont nécessaires.L'amélioration de l’électronique de puissance dépend non seulement des caractéristiques intrinsèques du semi-conducteur mais aussi de l'architecture du dispositif. Les dispositifs verticaux et pseudo-verticaux offrent nombreux avantages comme la faible résistance spécifique, la haute tension de rupture et une taille réduite. De plus, la conception tridimensionnelle (3D) permet de réduire le champ électrique à l'intérieur du matériau et de tirer parti des qualités exceptionnelles du diamant si le mécanisme de croissance de ce matériau sur un substrat structuré était plus étudié et mieux compris.Ainsi, le but de ce manuscrit de thèse est de comprendre les mécanismes qui régissent la reprise de croissance en homoépitaxie sur un substrat structuré 3D en diamant. Pour atteindre cet objectif, les principaux mécanismes de la croissance CVD sur substrat gravé sont étudiés expérimentalement par microscopie électronique en transmission grâce à une approche stratigraphique originale qui permet de suivre la direction de croissance et la génération de défauts aux différentes étapes de la croissance. L’observation de divers secteurs de croissance, d’une tendance générale à la planarisation, et le rôle important joué par la concentration de méthane qui gouverne la vitesse de croissance, sont les principaux résultats de cette étude. Divers modèles d’interprétation allant de l’échelle atomistique à l’échelle macroscopique sont discutés. L'origine des dislocations, et des autres défauts étendus et superficiels a été déterminée. Les basses concentrations de méthane ont permis une croissance 3D de haute qualité. La reprise de croissance sur des micro-terrasses est présentée comme une alternative pour l’obtention de grandes surfaces sans défauts. Une nouvelle méthode basée sur le renforcement par solution solide est introduite comme alternative à la cathodoluminescence pour évaluer le dopage dans les régions riches en dislocations, où les défauts empêchent l’observation d’excitons. Tous les résultats obtenus ont été pris en compte pour réduire le nombre d’étapes technologiques nécessaires pour fabriquer des composants à architecture 3D en diamant (diode Schottky ou même MOSFET). Dans le cas des diodes Schottky, le procédé et l’architecture proposés ont les avantages suivants :- « Filtrer » les dislocations.- Permettre d’étendre la région de champ arbitrairement.- Eviter certaines étapes de photolithographie.- Améliorer le contact ohmique, par croissance d’une couche p+ sur une facette {111}. / Diamond is the ultimate semiconductor for power electronic devices. Consequently, diamond growth techniques and diamond-base devices have been intensively investigated over the last two decades all over the world. Among these power devices, diamond based Schottky diodes are the most advanced. However, for diamond to substitute present Si and SiC for power electronics, a substantial technological progress is still needed.The improvement of power devices depends not only on the intrinsic characteristic of the semiconductor, but also on the device architecture. Vertical and pseudo-vertical devices offer many advantages such as low-specific on-resistance, high breakdown voltage and a smaller size. Moreover, three-dimensional (3D) design allows to reduce the electric field inside the material and would make the most out of the superb material qualities of diamond, if only the diamond growth mechanism over patterned diamond substrates would be better studied and understood.Thus, the aim of this thesis manuscript is to understand the mechanisms governing the three-dimensional (3-D) shaped diamond substrates homoepitaxial overgrowth, in order to implement them in the design and fabrication of a Schottky device.To reach this goal, the main mechanisms of CVD growth over patterned substrates were experimentally investigated by transmission electronic microscopy using a novel stratigraphic approach that allowed to follow the growth direction and generation of defects at various stages. Evidence was provided for many sectors of growth, and a tendency to planarization, while the methane concentration and resulting growth rates were shown to be key parameters. Various interpretation models, from the atomistic to the macroscopic scale, were discussed. The origin of dislocations, and of other extended and superficial defects was determined. Low methane concentrations led to high quality 3-D overgrowth. The overgrowth of micro-terraces is proposed as a method to achieve large areas free of defects. A novel method based in solid solution strengthening was introduced as an alternative to cathodoluminescence to evaluate boron doping in dislocation-rich regions where extended defects usually hinder this approach. All the results obtained above have been taken into account to reduce the number of technological steps leading to a diamond based 3D device (Schottky diode or even MOSFET). In the case of Schottky diodes, a 3D design was proposed with the following advantages:- To “filter” dislocations.- To allow an arbitrary large field region.- To spare photolithography steps.- To improve ohmic contacts, as the p+ layer is grown on a {111} facet.