The effect of elevated CO2 concentration (EC CO2) on photosynthesis has been observed on many hierarchical levels. There was a significant increase in the rate of photosynthesis of examined trees observed in previous studies thus I hypothesised these changes are accompanied by changes of chloroplast ultrastructure and photosystem content and function and the main aim of this study is to evaluate these adjustments. In this study 13 - 14 years old seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) grown in glass domes with adjustable windows - one with ambient CO2 concentration as a control, the other one with simulated EC CO2 (700 ppm) - during the vegetative season were examined. Pigment content, fluorescence and reflectance indexes, activity of photosystem 1 (PS1) and 2 (PS 2) of isolated chloroplasts, size of cross-sectional area of chloroplast and proportion of stromal to granal thylakoids under EC CO2 treatment were investigated. Although there was a significant increase in the maximum rate of photosynthetic assimilation of trees from EC CO2 (observed by other researchers of our team), decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid content as well as the activity of both photosystems were observed, which is usually atributed to photosynthetic acclimation. As the rate of decrease of photosystem 1 and photosystem 2...

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In this work, the identification of the promoter for c-cytochromes Cyt c Id-1 in Ideonella dechloratans has been investigated. Additionally, the study examined investigating whether gene expression is affected by the presence and absence of oxygen. This was investigated by amplifying the promoter region of Cyt c Id-1 (389 bp) and then cloning it into a reporter vector lacking a functional promoter for the upstream gene β-galactosidase. The reporter vector was transformed into E. coli RM101 and grown under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. To examine the gene expression of Cyt c Id-1 the activity of β-galactosidase has been measured in both the aerobic and anaerobic cultures. The result showed that the gene is induced more in an anaerobic environment than in an aerobic environment, by comparing the activity of β-galactosidase under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. / I detta arbete har identifiering av promotorn för c-cytokromer Cyt c Id-1 i Ideonella dechloratans undersökts, samt att undersöka om genuttrycket påverkas av närvaro och frånvaro av syre. Detta är undersökts genom att amplifiera promotorregionen för Cyt c Id-1 (389 bp) för att sedan klona in den in i en reportervektor som saknar en fungerande promotor för uppströms genen β-galaktosidas. Reportervektorn transformerades till E. coli RM101 och odlades under både aeroba och anaeroba förhållanden.  För att undersöka genuttrycket av Cyt c Id-1 har aktiviteten hos β-galaktosidas uppmätts i både de aeroba och anaeroba odlingarna. Resultatet visat att genen induceras mer i anaerob miljö än i aerob miljö, genom att jämföra aktiviteten av β-galaktosidas under både aerob och anaerob förhållande.

Cette thèse se place dans le contexte de la fusion thermonucléaire pour la production d’énergie, dans le cadre de l’allumage rapide par faisceaux d’électrons chauds. Le travail présenté a pour but de caractériser la source de faisceaux d’électrons rapides, accélérés par lasers intenses (1019≠1020 W/cm2), et leur propagation dans des plasmas denses aussi bien à l’état solide quecomprimé.La première étude présentée avait pour but d’étudier la propagation d’électrons rapides, caractérisés par une densité de courant > 1011 A/cm2, dans des cibles d’aluminium chauffées à la température de Fermi par un choc plan contra-propagatif, qui les comprimait à deux fois la densité du solide. La géométrie de compression plane nous a permis de dissocier les pertesd’énergie dues aux effets résistifs et collisionnels, en comparant des cibles solides et comprimées de masses surfaciques identiques. Nous avons observé pour la première fois une augmentation des pertes d’énergie d’origine résistive dans les échantillons chauffés. La confrontation des données expérimentales avec les simulations, incluant une caractérisation complète de la source électronique, de l’état de compression des cibles et du transport d’électrons, a permis d’étudier l’évolution temporelle de la résistivité du matériau. Elle a notamment permis d’estimer que le pouvoir d’arrêt résistif dans les cibles tièdes et denses est d’amplitude comparable au pouvoir d’arrêt collisionnel.Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons analysé l’accélération et le transport d’électrons rapides produits lors de l’interaction d’un laser à haut contraste avec un cône de cuivre, enchâssé dans un bloc de carbone, et comprimé par un choc plan contra-propagatif. Un système d’imagerie X a permis de visualiser le couplage entre le faisceau laser intense et le cône à différents instants de la compression. Ce diagnostic, donnant accès à la distribution spatiale du faisceau d’électrons chauds, a montré une génération d’électrons dans tout le volume du cône pour des temps supérieurs au temps de débouché de choc au niveau de la pointe. Pour des temps antérieurs, l’interaction se produit à haut contraste, la source est restreinte au niveau de la pointe du cône, et la propagation collimatée des électrons vers l’intérieur de la cible est assurée par les champs magnétiques auto-générés. Ces conclusions ont été obtenues en confrontant les données expérimentales aux simulations.Une caractérisation hydrodynamique de la compression par choc de la cible a été effectuée à l’aide d’une technique de radiographie X, permettant de visualiser la propagation du front de choc dans la cible, sa collision avec la pointe du cône et son glissement le long des parois. Les mesures sont en accord avec des simulations hydrodynamiques. / The framework of this PhD thesis is the inertial confinement fusion for energy production, in the context of the electron fast ignition scheme. The work consists in a characterization of the transport mechanisms of fast electrons, driven by intense laser pulses (1019 ≠ 1020 W/cm2) inboth cold-solid and warm-dense matter.The first goal was to study the propagation of a fast electron beam, characterized by a current density > 1011 A/cm2, in aluminum targets initially heated close to the Fermi temperature by a counter-propagative planar shock. The planar compression geometry allowed us to discriminate the energy losses due to the resistive mechanisms from collisional ones by comparing solid and compressed targets of the same initial areal densities. We observed for the first time a significant increase of resistive energy losses in heated aluminum samples. The confrontation of the experimental data with the simulations, including a complete characterization of the electron source, of the target compression and of the fast electron transport, allowed us to study the time-evolution of the material resistivity. The estimated resistive electron stopping power in a warm-compressed target is of the same order as the collisional one.We studied the transport of the fast electrons generated in the interaction of a high-contrast laser pulse with a hollow copper cone, buried into a carbon layer, compressed by a counterpropagative planar shock. A X-ray imaging system allowed us to visualize the coupling of thelaser pulse with the cone at different moments of the compression. This diagnostic, giving access to the fast electron spatial distribution, showed a fast electron generation in the entire volume of the cone for late times of compression, after shock breakout from the inner cone tip. For earlier times, the interaction at a high-contrast ensured that the source was contained within the cone tip, and the fast electron beam was collimated into the target depth by self-generated magnetic fields. These conclusions were obtained by a confrontation of experimental data to simulation results.The hydrodynamic characterization of the shock-induced target compression was performed using a X-ray point projection radiography technique, allowing to visualize a propagation of the shock front into the target, its collision with the cone tip and its subsequent sliding along the cone walls. The measurements are in agreement with hydrodynamic simulations.

Ce manuscrit présente trois expériences menées dans le cadre de la fusion nucléaire par confinement inertiel. La première expérience porte sur l'étude la propagation d'un faisceau d'électrons rapides dans un plasma pré-comprimé dans le cadre du schémas d'allumage rapide. Deux expériences sur la génération d'onde de choc dans des plasmas ont été menées dans le cadre du schéma d'allumage par choc. La première expérience a été consacre à l'étude le la propagation d'un faisceau d'électrons rapides dans une cible comprimée. L'implosion de la cible avec une géométrie cylindrique a été menée avec l'installation laser GEKKO XII (ILE Osaka, Japon). Le faisceau d'électrons rapides a été injecté en utilisant l'installation laser LFEX (_1019W/cm2). et sa propagation à travers le cylindre comprimé a été observée avec plusieurs diagnostics X. Cette expérience a démontré l'effet d'un guidage du faisceau d'électrons rapides résultant du champ magnétique auto-généré. Par ailleurs, les résultats de cette expérience ont été en bon accord avec deux des simulation numériques. Cette étude a fait l'objet de la publication Approach to the study of fast electron transport in cylindrically imploded targets, Laser and particle Beams, 33, 525-534, (2015). Deux autres expériences ont été réalisées pour l’étude de la propagation de chocs forts créés par laser dans un plasma. Celles-ci ont été réalisées avec différentes installations laser.Dans la première expérience avec le laser Gekko Xll, nous avons observé la création et la propagation de deux ondes de choc successives dans des plasmas d’ablation de CH et de Be. L’objectif de caractériser l’amplification d’un choc transmis par la collision des deux chocscontre propagatifs a été partiellement réalisé. La comparaison des résultats expérimentauxà des simulations hydrodynamiques a permis d’établir une amplification du choc d’unfacteur 2 en pression pour les conditions expérimentales réalisées. Les tirs sur une cible deBe a permis de développer et valider les outils d’exploitation de la propagation de deuxchocs par radiographie X. La deuxième expérience a été réalisée avec laser PHELIX de GSI(Darmstadt, Allemagne). Le but de cette expérience était d’étudier la génération de chocsforts qui ont été utilisés pour étudier l’équations d’état du carbone dans le domaine WDMpertinent pour le planétologie. Les conditions de pression et de densité pour le carboneont été obtenues en déduisant la pression et la vitesse de l’onde de choc des diagnosticschronométriques employés dans cette expérience. Des états du diamant en phase liquidemétallique pour des pressions de l’ordre de 7 Mbar et des températures de 15,000 degrésont été obtenus. / This manuscript presents three experiments conducted as part of a nuclear fusion byinertial confinement. The first experiment is the study of the fast electron beam propagationin a pre-compressed plasma in the fast ignition scheme. Two other experiments about theshock wave generation in plasmas were conducted in the ignition shock pattern.The first experiment was devoted to the study of the fast electron beam transport in a compressed target. The implosion of the target with a cylindrical geometry was carriedout with the GEKKO XII laser facility (ILE Osaka, Japan). The fast electron beam wasgenerated by the LFEX laser ( 1019W/cm2) and its propagation through the compressedcylinder was observed with several X-ray diagnostics. This experiment showed the guidingeffect of the electron beam resulting from self-generated magnetic fields. Furthermore, theresults of this experiment were in good agreement with numerical simulations. This studywas the subject of the publication Approach to the study of fast electron transport incylindrically imploded targets, Laser and Particle Beams, 33,525-534,(2015). Two other experiments were performed to study the propagation of strong shockscreated by lasers in a plasma. These were carried out with different laser systems. In the firstexperiment with the Gekko XII laser, we observed the creation and the propagation of twosuccessive shock waves in an ablation plasma in CH and Be. The objective to characterizethe amplification of a transmitted shock by the collision of two counter propagatingshocks has been partially realized. The comparison of the experimental results with thehydrodynamic simulations enabled us to confirm an amplification of the shock by a factor2 in pressure in the condition of this experiment. The shot with a Be target allowed todevelop and to validate the diagnostic method of X-ray radiography for shock propagation.The second experiment was performed with laser PHELIX GSI (Darmstadt, Germany).The purpose of this experiment was to study the generation of strong shocks. They wereapplied to study the equation of state of carbone in WDM state for the planetology. Thecondition of pressure and density for the carbon were obtained by deducting the pressureand the velocity of the shock wave chronometric diagnostics employed in this experiment.In this experiment, diamond was at the metallic liquid phase with the pressure of 7 Mbarand the temperature of 15,000 degrees

In this work, an electrochemical method based on a cyt c biosensor has been developed, for the detection of selected arsenic and cyanide compounds. Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) electrode was used as a transducer, onto which cyt c was immobilised and used for direct determination of Prussian blue, potassium cyanide and arsenic trioxide by inhibition mechanism. The sensitivity as calculated from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV), for each analyte in phosphate buffer (pH= 7) was found to be (1.087- 4.488 ×10-9 M) and the detection limits ranging from 0.0043- 9.1 μM. These values represent a big improvement over the current Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines.

First principle electronic structure theory is used to describe the effect of crystal binding on radiation detectors, electron transport properties, and structural damage induced by intense irradiation. A large database containing general electronic structure results to which data mining algorithms can be applied in the search for new functional materials, a case study is presented for scintillator detector materials. Inelastic cross sections for the generation of secondary electron cascades through impact ionization are derived from the dielectric response of an electron gas and evolved in time with Molecular Dynamics (MD). Qualitative and quantitive estimates are presented for the excitation and relaxation of a sample irradiated with Free Electron Laser pulses. A study is presented in where the structural damage on covalent bonded crystals following intense irradiation is derived from a Tight Binding approach and evolved in time with MD in where the evolution of the sample is derived from GW theory for the quasiparticle spectra and a dedicated Boltzmann transport equation for the impact ionization.

No description available.

In this work, an electrochemical method based on a cyt c biosensor has been developed, for the detection of selected arsenic and cyanide compounds. Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) electrode was used as a transducer, onto which cyt c was immobilised and used for direct determination of Prussian blue, potassium cyanide and arsenic trioxide by inhibition mechanism. The sensitivity as calculated from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV), for each analyte in phosphate buffer (pH= 7) was found to be (1.087- 4.488 ×10-9 M) and the detection limits ranging from 0.0043- 9.1 μM. These values represent a big improvement over the current Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines.

The work presented in this thesis investigates transitions between quantum states in superconducting double dots (SDDs), a nanoscale device consisting of two aluminium superconducting islands coupled together by a Josephson junction, with each dot connected to a normal state lead. The energy landscape consists of a two level manifold of even charge parity Cooper pair states, and continuous bands corresponding to charge states with single quasiparticles in one or both islands. These devices are fabricated using shadow mask evaporation, and are measured at sub Kelvin temperatures using a dilution refrigerator. We use radio frequency reflectometry to measure quantum capacitance, which is dependent on the quantum state of the device. We measure the quantum capacitance as a function of gate voltage, and observe capacitance maxima corresponding to the Josephson coupling between even parity states. We also perform charge sensing and detect odd parity states. These measurements support the theoretical model of the energy landscape of the SDD. By measuring the quantum capacitance in the time domain, we observe random switching of capacitance between two levels. We determine this to be the stochastic breaking and recombination of single Cooper pairs. By carrying out spectroscopy of the bath responsible for the pair breaking we attribute it to black-body radiation in the cryogenic environment. We also drive the breaking process with a continuous microwave signal, and find that the rate is linearly proportional to incident power. This suggests that a single photon process is responsible, and demonstrates the potential of the SDD as a single photon microwave detector. We investigate this mechanism further, and design an experiment in which the breaking rate is enhanced when the SDD is in the antisymmetric state rather than the symmetric state. We also measure the quantum capacitance of a charge isolated double dot. We observe 2e periodicity, indicating the tunnelling of Cooper pairs and the lack of occupation of quasiparticle states. This work is relevant to the range of experiments investigating the effect of non-equilibrium quasiparticles on the operation of superconducting qubits and other superconducting devices.