This master thesis is dedicated to comparison of classical book and electronic book reader and it examines the advantages and disadvantages of both formats for recipients. In this work the importance of the printing press for society will be described and also the reactions which were induced by its invention. Following chapters will be dedicated to the book itself. Most importatntly what "makes the book being the book" and what are its strength and weeknesses and why it is still popular. As a contrast to this phenomenon the massive increase in popularity of electronic book - especially e-readers in pocket readers, on the internet and in the smartphones which become potential competition for books. The goal of this work is to compare the printed version which is represented by paper book and electronic version which is represented by e- books. Comparison will be based on the description of the specifics of both information tools from technological aspect as well as from the different text perception and the enjoyment from the reading itself. At the end there is an attempt to predicate the possible development in the future - is book culture facing a crisis or will it hold its position in following years?

El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los principales efectos de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y comunicación en la internacionalización de empresas PYMES peruanas en el sector textil de prendas de alpaca hacia el mercado de Estados Unidos en el periodo del 2014 al 2018. Según el artículo, las PYMES y su aporte a la economía peruana, realizado por Adán Valdivieso Trillo, profesor de la escuela de negocios de la Universidad de Lima, las PYMES conforman el 98.6% de las empresas peruanas. Por ende, se plantea ver los principales efectos que causaron la implementación de TIC para el desarrollo internacional que poseen las empresas. Se realizó un estudio de enfoque mixto, iniciando un estudio cualitativo con entrevistas a 5 expertos que están presentes en diversos entes asociados al sector y a la problemática, teniendo la visión por parte del estado (Promperú), empresarios de PYMES en crecimiento, gremios económicos, entre otros descritos dentro del trabajo, validando las variables que se medirán y analizaran dentro del posterior análisis cuantitativo realizado, en este se realizó una encuesta a 33 empresas pertenecientes al grupo de estudio. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis cuantitativo con las encuestas desarrolladas en el cual se implementó un modelo de regresión lineal binaria (probit). Los resultados obtenidos incluyen que el desarrollo de TIC influye en el desarrollo internacional y poseen efectos positivos dentro de las empresas de Textil de Alpaca que exportaron a Estados Unidos en los años estimados, a pesar de tener un desarrollo en proceso. / The goal of this study is to analyze the main effects of new information and communication technologies on the internationalization of Peruvian PYMES companies in the textile sector of alpaca fabrics to the United States market in the time frame from 2014 to 2018. According to the article, the PYMES and their contribution to the Peruvian economy made by Adán Valdivieso Trillo, a teacher from the Business school of the University of Lima, the PYMES made up 98.6% of Peruvian companies. Therefore, we plan to see the main effects caused by the implementation of TIC for the international development that some companies own. A study was carried out, starting with a qualitative study interviewing five experts who are present in various entities within the sector and the problem, having the vision of the state (Promperú), growing entrepreneurs of PYMES, economic unions, among others within the work, validating the variables that will be measured and analyzed within the subsequent quantitative analysis carried out. In this, a survey was conducted to 33 companies to the study group. Subsequently, a quantitative analysis was carried out with the developed surveys in which a binary linear regression model (probit) was implemented. The results obtained include that the development of TIC influences in the international development and has shown positive effects within the Alpaca Textile companies that exported to the United States in the estimated years, despite having a development in process. / Tesis

The production and consumption of information and communication technology (ICT) products and services continue to grow worldwide. This trend is accompanied by a corresponding increase in electricity use by ICT, as well as direct environmental impacts of the technology. Yet a more complicated picture of ICT’s effects is emerging. Positive indirect effects on environmental sustainability can be seen in substitution and optimization (enabling effects), and negative indirect effects can be seen in additional demand due to efficiency improvements (rebound effects). A variety of methods can be employed to model and assess these direct and indirect effects of ICT on environmental sustainability. This doctoral thesis explores methods of modeling and assessing environmental effects of ICT, including electronic media. In a series of five studies, three methods were at times applied in case studies and at others analyzed theoretically. These methods include life cycle assessment (LCA) and complex systems modeling approaches, including System Dynamics (SD) and agent-based (AB) modeling. The first two studies employ the LCA approach in a case study of an ICT application, namely, the tablet edition of a Swedish design magazine. The use of tablets has skyrocketed in recent years, and this phenomenon has been little studied to date. Potential environmental impacts of the magazine’s tablet edition were assessed and compared with those of the print edition. The tablet edition’s emerging version (which is marked by a low number of readers and low reading time per copy) resulted in higher potential environmental impacts per reader than did the print edition. However, the mature tablet edition (with a higher number of readers and greater reading time per copy) yielded lower impacts per reader in half the ten impact categories assessed. While previous studies of electronic media have reported that the main life-cycle contributor to environmental impacts is the use phase (which includes operational electricity use as well as the manufacture of the electronic device), the present study did not support those findings in all scenarios studied in this thesis. Rather, this study found that the number of readers played an important role in determining which life-cycle phase had the greatest impacts. For the emerging version, with few readers, content production was the leading driver of environmental impacts. For the mature version, with a higher number of readers, electronic storage and distribution were the major contributors to environmental impacts. Only when there were many readers but low overall use of the tablet device was the use phase the main contributor to environmental impacts of the tablet edition of the magazine. The third study goes beyond direct effects at product- and service-level LCAs, revisiting an SD simulation study originally conducted in 2002 to model indirect environmental effects of ICT in 15 European countries for the period 2000-2020. In the current study, three scenarios of the 2002 study were validated in light of new empirical data from the period 2000–2012. A new scenario was developed to revisit the quantitative and qualitative results of the original study. The results showed, inter alia, that ICT has a stimulating influence on total passenger transport, for it makes it more cost- and time-efficient (rebound effects). The modeling mechanism used to represent this rebound effect is further investigated in the fourth study, which discusses the feedback loops used to model two types of rebound effects in passenger transport (direct economic rebound and time rebound). Finally, the role of systems thinking and modeling in conceptualizing and communicating the dynamics of rebound effects is examined. The aim of the fifth study was to explore the power of systems modeling and simulation to represent nonlinearities of the complex and dynamic systems examined elsewhere in this thesis. That study reviews previous studies that have compared the SD and AB approaches and models, summarizing their purpose, methodology, and results, based on certain criteria for choosing between SD and AB approaches. The transformation procedure used to develop an AB model for purposes of comparison with an SD model is also explored. In conclusion, first-order or direct environmental effects of ICT production, use, and disposal can be assessed employing an LCA method. This method can also be used to assess second-order or enabling effects by comparing ICT applications with conventional alternatives. However, the assessment of enabling effects can benefit from systems modeling methods, which are able to formally describe the drivers of change, as well as the dynamics of complex social, technical, and environmental systems associated with ICT applications. Such systems methods can also be used to model third-order or rebound effects of efficiency improvements by ICT. / Den ökande produktionen och konsumtionen av produkter och tjänster inom informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) leder till en ökning av den globala elanvändningen samt direkta miljökonsekvenser kopplade till IKT. Men IKT har även indirekta miljömässiga effekter. Dessa kan vara positiva till exempel genom substitutions- och optimeringseffekter eller negativa genom att till exempel ge upphov till ytterligare efterfrågan på grund av effektivisering (så kallade reboundeffekter). Olika metoder kan användas för att modellera och bedöma både direkta och indirekta effekter av IKT. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka metoder för modellering samt att studera miljöeffekter av IKT och elektronisk media med hjälp av livscykelanalys (LCA) och även modellering av komplexa och dynamiska system, samt simuleringsteknik, så som System Dynamics (SD) och agentbaserad (AB) modellering. Avhandlingen omfattar fem artiklar (artikel I-V). Artikel I &amp; II beskriver resultaten från en fallstudie där miljöeffekter kopplade till en svensk tidskrift studeras med LCA. Tidskriftens version för surfplatta samt motsvarande tryckta version studeras och jämförs. Artikel III går ett steg vidare från produktnivåns LCA. Artikeln återkopplar till en SD simuleringsstudie som ursprungligen genomfördes under 2002. Simuleringsstudien gällde framtida miljöeffekter av IKT i 15 europeiska länder med tidspespektivet 2000-2020. I artikeln valideras tre scenarier från simuleringsstudien med hjälp av nya empiriska data från 2000-2012 och ett nytt scenario modelleras. Kvantitativa och kvalitativa resultat från den ursprungliga studien diskuteras. Till exempel visar artikel III att IKT har en stimulerande effekt på den totala persontrafiken genom att göra den mer kostnads- och tidseffektiv (reboundeffekt). Modelleringsmekanismen som används för att representera denna reboundeffekt diskuteras vidare i artikel IV. Artikeln belyser och diskuterar den återkopplingsslinga (feedback-loop) som används för att modellera två typer av reboundeffekter kopplade till persontrafik (direkt ekonomisk rebound och tidsrelaterad rebound) samt jämför med en tidigare studie. Artikel IV behandlar också den roll systemtänkande och modellering kan spela i konceptualisering och kommunikation av reboundeffekters dynamik. För att ytterligare undersöka systemmodelleringens och simuleringens möjligheter att representera icke-linjära komplexa och dynamiska system (exempel på sådana diskuteras i artikel III och IV), sammanställer artikel V tidigare studier som jämför SD och AB-metoder och -modeller.  Studiernas mål och metod summeras och resultaten med avseende på vilka kriterier som presenteras för att välja mellan SD och AB sammanställs. Även processen för att omvandla en befintlig SD-modell till en AB-modell beskrivs. Avhandlingens slutsats är att LCA och systemmodelleringsmetoder kan vara användbara för att studera IKTs direkta effekter så väl som indirekta effekter på miljön. / <p>QC 20150813</p>