Depuis plusieurs décennies, l’éducation (scolaire) est présentée dans les discours officiels comme la solution aux problèmes de population et de développement des nations et des peuples. C’est dans cette optique que le Congo a nationalisé son système éducatif en 1965 en le rendant gratuit et obligatoire pour tout enfant vivant sur le territoire national. Cette nationalisation de l’enseignement a eu pour conséquences directes, une évolution rapide des effectifs scolaires et une élévation du niveau de scolarisation de la jeunesse congolaise. L’analyse de cette population reste difficile à mener à cause de l’insuffisance de l’information statistique. Les données disponibles montrent que cette massification du système d’enseignement accentuée par la poussée démographique des dernières décennies, a engendré un certain nombre des maux qui sont aujourd’hui associés à l’école congolaise (classes surchargées, ratio élèves/maîtres très élevés, budgets alloués à l’enseignement assez faibles …etc.), pour cause, la démocratisation du système d’enseignement s’est faite sans se préoccuper des capacités et des conditions d’accueil, et des moyens d’encadrement nécessaires à son bon fonctionnement. Très vite, le système d’enseignement congolais va connaître une baisse de son efficacité interne qui se traduit par des faibles proportions d’entrants scolaires atteignant la dernière classe du cycle ou le terminant, des taux de redoublement et d’abandon très élevés, un coefficient d’efficacité faible qui ne permet pas de sortir plus de la moitié des élèves du cycle avec un diplôme. Une situation de crise de l’école que les instances en charge de l’éducation doivent rapidement améliorer afin d’augmenter les chances de réussite des jeunes dans la perspective d’un meilleure parcours scolaire. / For decades, education (academic) has been introduced in official speeches as the solution to population problems and the development of nations and people. It is in this sense that the Congo nationalized its educational system in 1965 making it free and mandatory for every child living in the country. This education nationalization has had a direct consequence including a tremendous increase in academic staff and an increase in the education level on of the Congolese youth. The analysis of this population remains difficult to undertake because of the lack of statistical information. The available data show that this massification in the education system stressed by the demographic outbreak of these last decades, has created several problems which are associated today with the Congolese school (overcrowded classes, high teachers/students ratio, little budgets allocated to education…etc.), owing to, the democratization of the education system without concern of receiving capacity and condition, and the necessary means of management for its proper functioning. In this respect, the Congolese education system will experience low internal efficiency leading to low school enrollment rates from the firsy cycle to the last, high repetition and dropout rates, a low efficiency coefficient which doesn’t enable t half of the pupils to have a certificate at the of the cycle. A school crisis situation that the authorities in charge of education, should quickly improve in order, to increase the chances of succeeding for young people in the prospect of a better academic process.

I transportbranschen finns behov av ett gemensamt och standardiserat mått för mätning av effektivitet och trots avancerade IT-system och moderna verktyg råder det idag avsaknad av detta. Transportföretagen behöver inte bara ta fram egna, interna mått utan också accepterade och vedertagna mått som kan användas för att kommunicera med kunder, myndigheter och andra externa intressenter. / The transportation industry is in need of a common and standardized measure for measuring the efficiency and despite advanced IT systems and modern tools, there is currently a lack of this. Carriers need not only to develop their own, internal dimensions, but also accepted and recognized measurements that can be used to communicate with customers, governments and other external stakeholders.

L’enseignement supérieur malien et notamment l’Université de Bamako est confrontée à d’énormes difficultés depuis plusieurs années. Qu’est ce qui explique ces difficultés et comment faire pour rendre plus efficace cet enseignement supérieur afin de rehausser les niveaux et le rendre compétitif sur le plan sous régional et international ? Cette question nous a conduit à nous intéresser à l’étude de son efficacité interne. Le présent travail est une contribution à la recherche de facteurs de ces difficultés et d’alternatives pour y remédier. Il tente de dégager des pistes de réflexion sur l’amélioration des conditions de travail de l’Université de Bamako.La Faculté des Lettres, Langues, Arts et Sciences humaines de l’Université de Bamako a été retenue comme terrain de la recherche. Après la recherche documentaire pour l’élaboration d’une revue de littérature, la préférence a été donnée en premier lieu à une analyse des résultats d’examens de deux promotions de la filière Sciences de l’éducation de 2001 à 2009. Dans l’analyse il a été question d’indicateurs tels que l’évolution des effectifs, les taux de réussite, d’abandon, d’exclusion, le genre et les caractéristiques extra universitaires des étudiants. Cette analyse qui a conclu à une faible efficacité interne de l’Université de Bamako a été suivie par d’autres investigations par entretiens, observations et questionnaires auprès d’un échantillon d’étudiants, d’enseignants et d’administrateurs de l’Université. Après une analyse des données recueillies lors de ces investigations, nous avons terminé par une discussion de l’ensemble des résultats. / The Malian higher education and notably the University of Bamako is confronted to enormous difficulties since several years. What explains these difficulties and how to make more efficient this higher education in order to heighten the levels and to make he competitive on the plan under regional and international? This question drove us to interest us to the survey of her internal efficiency. The present work is a contribution in search of factors of these difficulties and alternatives to remedy there. He tempts to clear tracks of reflection on the improvement of the conditions of work of the University of Bamako. The Faculty of the Letters, Languages, Arts and human sciences of the University of Bamako has been kept like land of research. After the documentary research for the development of a literature magazine, the preference has been given to an analysis of the exams results of two promotions of the path Sciences of the education of 2001 in the first place to 2009. In the analysis it was question of indicators as the evolution of the strengths, rate of success, abandonment, exclusion, kind, extra feature academic of the students. This analysis that concluded to a weak internal efficiency of the University of Bamako has been followed by other investigations by interviews, observations and questionnaires by a sample of students, teachers and administrators of the university. After an analysis of the data collected at the time of these investigations, we finished by a discussion of the set of the results.

In this work a p-i-n type heterojunction architecture for organic solar cells is shown, where the active region is sandwiched between two doped wide-gap layers. The term p-i-n means here a layer sequence in the form p-doped layer, intrinsic layer and n-doped layer. The doping is realized by controlled coevaporation using organic dopants and leads to conductivities of 10-4 to 10-5 S/cm in the p- and n-doped wide gap layers, respectively. The conductivity and field effect mobility of single doped layers can be described quantitatively in a self-consistent way by a percolation model. For the solar cells the photoactive layer is formed by a mixture of phthalocyanine zinc (ZnPc) and the fullerene C60 and shows mainly amorphous morphology. The solar cells exhibit a maximum external quantum efficiency of 40% between 630nm and 700nm wavelength. With the help of an optical multilayer model, the optical properties of the solar cells are optimized by placing the active region at the maximum of the optical field distribution. The results of the model are largely confirmed by the experimental findings. The optically optimized device shows an internal quantum efficiency of around 85% at short-circuit conditions and a power-conversion efficiency of 1.7%.

Cette étude doctorale a été réalisée avec objectif de déterminer le niveau d’efficacité interne de l’enseignement primaire aux pays de la CEPGL et le progrès atteint vers l’éducation pour tous après la période des conflits ethniques et armés. En plus, spécifiquement pour le Rwanda, d’identifier les facteurs individuels, familiaux et scolaires explicatifs du phénomène redoublement et abandon à l’école primaire. Les données de notre analyse proviennent des différents rapports des ministères, des organisations internationales et des travaux des chercheurs. L’analyse de l’enseignement primaire des pays de la CEPGL, à partir des indicateurs d’offre et de la demande, montre que des progrès ont été réalisés après la période des conflits, mais des contraintes majeures persistent : gestion de l’information, insuffisance d’infrastructures et d’équipements d’appui à l’apprentissage, traitement des enseignants, inégalité entre milieux urbain et rural. L’analyse de l’efficacité interne a démontré que le taux de déperdition est très élevé, rendant le système moins efficace ; peu d’élèves terminent le cycle de l’enseignement primaire et les écoles privées sont plus performantes que les écoles publiques. Pour répondre à la question « quels sont les facteurs individuels, familiaux et scolaires qui expliquent le redoublement et d’abandon », nous avons mené une enquête dans 89 écoles primaires au Rwanda, sur 831 élèves, 890 enseignants, 89 directeurs d’écoles, 354 parents d’élèves et 32 personnes en charge de l’éducation au niveau des districts et au niveau central du ministère de l’Education. Les données collectées pendant l’année scolaire 2008 ont été saisies et analysées à partir du logiciel SPSS et STATA. Les statistiques descriptives et de régression logistique binaire ont permis d’obtenir les résultats qui démontrent les facteurs explicatifs et non explicatifs de redoublement et d'abandon scolaire. Parmi les facteurs explicatifs de redoublement scolaire à l’école primaire au Rwanda, il y a le statut de l’école, le milieu de vie, des variables individuelles qui caractérisent l'élève (sexe, âge), des variables qui caractérisent la famille (niveau d’études de la mère, nombre d’enfants en famille, distance domicile-école) ainsi que d'autres variables comme la taille des classes, âge et ancienneté professionnelle de l'enseignant et connaissance d’ordinateur. Parmi les facteurs qui expliquent l’abandon scolaire à l’école primaire au Rwanda il y a principalement la survie des parents, leur profession, la taille des classes et le fait d'avoir redoublé. / This PhD study has been achieved with objective to carry out the level of internal efficiency of the primary education in the CEPGL countries and the progress reaches toward the education for all after the period of ethnic and armed conflicts. In addition, specifically for Rwanda, to underline the individual, families and school factors explanatory of the repetition and drop-out in the primary schools. The data of our analysis come from different reports of ministries, international organizations and publications of researchers. The analysis of the primary education inside CEPGL countries, by the indicators that document education supply and demand, show that, after the period of conflicts, progress has been achieved, but some major constraints persist: management of information, lacks of infrastructures, equipment support to teaching and learning, remuneration of teachers, inequality between urban and rural area, insufficiency of financial supports, etc. The analysis of the internal efficiency demonstrated that the rate of dwindle is high and influenced a poor level in internal efficiency of primary education of all those countries; few pupils achieve the cycle of primary education and the private schools and “libre subsidié” (mainly clerical schools subsidized by Government) are more effective than the public schools as well as for levels P3 and P5. To answer the question "what are the individual, families and school factors that explain the repetition and drop-out", we conducted a survey in 89 primary schools in Rwanda, on 831 pupils, 890 teachers, 89 head teachers, 354 parents of pupils and 32 persons in charge of education at central ministry of Education and districts level. The data, collected during the school year 2008, have been treated and analyzed using SPSS and STATA. The descriptive statistics and binary logistical regression permitted to get the results that demonstrate the explanatory factors of repetition and school drop-out. Among the explanatory factors of school repetition in the primary school in Rwanda, there is the statute of school, area of residence, the individual variables that characterize pupil (sex, age), the variables characterized families (level of study of the parents, number of children in family, distance) as well as other school variables (size of the classes, age and experience of teacher and computer skills of teachers). Among the factors that explain the school drop-out in the primary school in Rwanda, there are survival of parents, the profession of parents, the classes' size and the past repetitions in the school career.

In this work a p-i-n type heterojunction architecture for organic solar cells is shown, where the active region is sandwiched between two doped wide-gap layers. The term p-i-n means here a layer sequence in the form p-doped layer, intrinsic layer and n-doped layer. The doping is realized by controlled coevaporation using organic dopants and leads to conductivities of 10-4 to 10-5 S/cm in the p- and n-doped wide gap layers, respectively. The conductivity and field effect mobility of single doped layers can be described quantitatively in a self-consistent way by a percolation model. For the solar cells the photoactive layer is formed by a mixture of phthalocyanine zinc (ZnPc) and the fullerene C60 and shows mainly amorphous morphology. The solar cells exhibit a maximum external quantum efficiency of 40% between 630nm and 700nm wavelength. With the help of an optical multilayer model, the optical properties of the solar cells are optimized by placing the active region at the maximum of the optical field distribution. The results of the model are largely confirmed by the experimental findings. The optically optimized device shows an internal quantum efficiency of around 85% at short-circuit conditions and a power-conversion efficiency of 1.7%.

El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los principales efectos de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y comunicación en la internacionalización de empresas PYMES peruanas en el sector textil de prendas de alpaca hacia el mercado de Estados Unidos en el periodo del 2014 al 2018. Según el artículo, las PYMES y su aporte a la economía peruana, realizado por Adán Valdivieso Trillo, profesor de la escuela de negocios de la Universidad de Lima, las PYMES conforman el 98.6% de las empresas peruanas. Por ende, se plantea ver los principales efectos que causaron la implementación de TIC para el desarrollo internacional que poseen las empresas. Se realizó un estudio de enfoque mixto, iniciando un estudio cualitativo con entrevistas a 5 expertos que están presentes en diversos entes asociados al sector y a la problemática, teniendo la visión por parte del estado (Promperú), empresarios de PYMES en crecimiento, gremios económicos, entre otros descritos dentro del trabajo, validando las variables que se medirán y analizaran dentro del posterior análisis cuantitativo realizado, en este se realizó una encuesta a 33 empresas pertenecientes al grupo de estudio. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis cuantitativo con las encuestas desarrolladas en el cual se implementó un modelo de regresión lineal binaria (probit). Los resultados obtenidos incluyen que el desarrollo de TIC influye en el desarrollo internacional y poseen efectos positivos dentro de las empresas de Textil de Alpaca que exportaron a Estados Unidos en los años estimados, a pesar de tener un desarrollo en proceso. / The goal of this study is to analyze the main effects of new information and communication technologies on the internationalization of Peruvian PYMES companies in the textile sector of alpaca fabrics to the United States market in the time frame from 2014 to 2018. According to the article, the PYMES and their contribution to the Peruvian economy made by Adán Valdivieso Trillo, a teacher from the Business school of the University of Lima, the PYMES made up 98.6% of Peruvian companies. Therefore, we plan to see the main effects caused by the implementation of TIC for the international development that some companies own. A study was carried out, starting with a qualitative study interviewing five experts who are present in various entities within the sector and the problem, having the vision of the state (Promperú), growing entrepreneurs of PYMES, economic unions, among others within the work, validating the variables that will be measured and analyzed within the subsequent quantitative analysis carried out. In this, a survey was conducted to 33 companies to the study group. Subsequently, a quantitative analysis was carried out with the developed surveys in which a binary linear regression model (probit) was implemented. The results obtained include that the development of TIC influences in the international development and has shown positive effects within the Alpaca Textile companies that exported to the United States in the estimated years, despite having a development in process. / Tesis

The dissertation analyses a possibility to install a steam turbine for steam reduction in the heating plant with a combined cycle, Červený Mlýn. In the first part of this work the constituent parts of Červený Mlýn plant are briefly described. Basic information is included about two considered solutions to the steam turbine for steam reduction. Then the thermic diagram of the whole heating plant and the heat exchanger station itself is presented. On the basis of the given values of the heat required in the hydrothermal system, duration of the steam flow through both variants of the steam turbine for steam reduction is determined. The thermodynamic calculation of the steam turbine for steam reduction is aimed at determination of the power output and its comparison with the power outputs of the steam turbines for steam reduction considered. In the economical profitability calculation, basic economical quantities are given for both the solutions and the more suitable solution is recommended.