The Swedish power system is facing a lot of change in the near future. A system which is built around nuclear- and hydropower now contains more and more intermittent power sources such as wind and solar. In addition, Sweden is entering a second electrification era, where the electricity use is predicted to increase substantially. This means the need for flexibility in the power system is bigger than ever and is going to increase. The power system needs to be in balance at every instance. The same amount of energy that is produced also needs to be consumed. This balance, or imbalance, affects the frequency in the system and there are balancing markets in place to handle disturbances in the frequency.Flexible solutions outside these balancing markets can also be valuable since they can lower costs for power use and prevent unnecessary investments in the power grids. This thesis was written in cooperation with the municipal energy company Gävle Energi. The cases it is built on are both cases in and around Gävle. The study is based on two cases: One case where a local hauling company is interested in a combination of solar power, electric charging for vehicles, and a battery storage. The hauling company plans to electrify parts of their fleet and will by doing so increase their power use. The second case regards the building of a gasturbine for electricity production in Gävle Energi’s grid. Both cases examine how the balancing markets can be used to motivate investments in flexible solutions. The hauling company can lower their power peaks by using a battery storage and the battery storage can also be used to sell capacity on the balancing market FCR-D. Through planning when heavy duty charging and regular vehicle charging is done, unnecessary power peaks can be avoided. The study shows that a battery storage can in fact be profitable and bring benefits to both the hauling company and the national energy system. The second case, the gas turbine, is based on income from both the spot market and the balancing market mFRR which is then compared to the price for gas. The income from mFRR was varied between 140-250% of the prices from 2021 and the gas price was varied from 800-2100 SEK. The results show that the prices for mFRR need to increase a lot for the turbine to be profitable and the gas turbine could perhaps be more beneficial if combined with other solutions. The case has a lot of insecurities as the turbine runs very few hours per year (only 10 hours would have been profitable in 2021). It becomes vital that the bidding is won these hours, which is hard to predict.

Examensarbetet har gått ut på att ta reda på varför en del skolor i Karlstads kommun, använder olika mycket el under kvällar, helger och nätter. Skillnaderna är stora och på grund av det har ett nytt begrepp, kallat elbasnivå, definierats. I princip är elbasnivån den effekt som används under de tider som lokalerna inte nyttjas. Efter genomförd rangordning av elbasnivån med hjälp av en egenutvecklad excelkalkyl, för ett urval på 15 skolor i Karlstads kommun, valdes två av dessa ut för vidare utredning. En skola med låg elbasnivå och en skola med hög elbasnivå valdes. Frödingskolan är den skola som har lägst elbasnivå och valdes att fungera som en referensbyggnad. Den andra skolan är Vålbergsskolan och den valdes då den hade en av de högsta elbasnivåerna i rangordningen. Gemensamt för båda skolorna är att det inte förekommer någon elvärme i fastigheterna. Dessutom finns ingen större årstidsvariation i skolornas elförbrukning. För Frödingskolan uppmättes en elbasnivå på 2,0 W/m2 och för Vålbergskolan 4,6 W/m2, alltså mer än dubbelt så hög för den sistnämnda. Genom studiebesök och omfattande mätningar har elanvändningen i de båda skolorna kunnat kartläggas. Av de resultat som fåtts har olika åtgärder för att sänka elbasnivån tagits fram. Detta har gjorts för båda skolorna även om Frödingskolan hade en låg elbasnivå från början. Det visade sig att även där fanns det åtgärder som kan sänka elbasnivån. Förslag på åtgärder för Frödingskolan:• Policy för avstängning av datorer efter arbetstid ca 1 kW• Avstängning av korridorbelysning på nätter ca 1 kW Förslag på åtgärder för Vålbergsskolan:• Konvertering från golvvärme till radiatorsystem ca 5 kW• Avstängning av frekvensstyrning då ventilationen inte är igång 7,5 kW Om föreslagna åtgärder genomförs kan elbasnivån sänkas till 1,2 W/m2 för Frödingskolan och till 2,0 W/m2 för Vålbergsskolan. För den sistnämnda är detta nästan en halvering av den ursprungliga elbasnivån. / The intention of this final thesis has been to find out why some schools in the municipality of Karlstad (Karlstads Kommun), uses different levels of electric power during evenings, weekends and nights. The differences can vary significantly. Because of this, a new concept, called the electricity base level has been defined. The electric base level is the power used during periods of time when there is no activity in the building. After a ranking of the electricity base level made with a self developed excel-model, for an assortment of 15 schools in Karlstads kommun, two of them were selected for further investigation. One school with low electricity base level and one with high electricity base level were selected. Frödingskolan was the school with the lowest electricity base level and was therefore chosen to serve as a reference-building. The other school is Vålbergsskolan and was chosen though it had one of the highest electricity base levels in the ranking. Common for both schools is that there is no electric heating in either building. Furthermore, no major seasonal variation in the school’s electricity consumptions was found. For Frödingskolan an electricity base level at 2.0 W/m2 (0.19 W/ft2) was measured. For Vålbergsskolan the electricity base level was 4.55 W/m2 (0.42 W/ft2). That is almost twice as high as for the first school. Through field studies and extensive measurements, the electricity usage in the two schools was identified. From the obtained results, several measures to reduce the electricity baseline have been developed. This has been done for both of the schools even though Frödingskolan had a low electricity base level from the beginning. It was to be found that even there a lowering of the electricity base level was possible. Proposed measures for Frödingskolan:• Policy to turn off computers after working-hours, approx. 1 kW.• Turning the corridor lights of at night, approx. 1 kW. Proposed measures for Vålbergsskolan:• Conversion from a radiant floor to a radiator system, approx. 5 kW.• Turn the frequency drivers off when no ventilation are running, approx 7.5 kW If the proposed measures are implemented, the electricity base level can be lowered to 1.2 W/m2 (0.12 W/ft2) for Frödingskolan, and 2.0 W/m2 (0.19 W/ft2) for Vålbergsskolan. For the latter, this is almost the half off the current electricity base level