Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den vokalischen und konsonantischen Lautschwächungen in den Dienstwörtern des Deutschen. Die Aktualität solcher Arbeit besteht darin, dass diese Gruppe von Wörtern lautlich besonders stark abgeschwächt wird und zugleich das Typische eines Gesprächstextes darstellt, obwohl die Dienstwörter sehr wenig zur eigentlichen Sachverhaltsdarstellung beitragen, denn sie enthalten einen nur sehr geringen Informationsgehalt. Der theretische Teil erläutert das Wesen und Merkmale der Dienstwörter, ihre phonetischen Besonderheiten und Erscheinung der Lautschwächungen in der Wissenschaft, ihr Auftreten in den Dienstwörtern in der modernen deutschen Sprache. Im praktischen Teil wird es mit Hilfe von zwei Texten aus verschiedenen Stilen erforscht, wie sich die Vokal- und Konsonantenschwächungen in den Dienstwörtern in verschiedenen phonetischen Stilen äußern.

Esta dissertação trata dos processos fonológicos de elisão, ditongação e degeminação no falar de São Paulo. Além dos trabalhos clássicos sobre esses processos de sândi vocálico externo, em Português Brasileiro, serão apresentados dados de um experimento feito para este trabalho. De acordo com os dados do corpus desta dissertação, houve preferência pela aplicação da elisão e não da ditongação, nos casos em que ambos os processos eram possíveis. Os números referentes à elisão confirmaram a afirmação de Bisol com relação à aplicação categórica desse processo quando a vogal a ser elidida é [a]. No entanto, houve alta aplicação de elisão de [u], indicando um favorecimento pela elisão e não pela ditongação. Houve ainda algumas ocorrências de elisão de vogal [coronal], quando esta vogal era precedida por uma consoante que partilhava os mesmos traços com ela. Considerando-se os contextos para ditongos crescentes vs ditongos decrescentes, observou-se uma forte preferência pelo ditongo crescente nos dados coletados do dialeto de São Paulo. Finalmente, com relação à posição do contexto de aplicação dos processos, na seqüência de três vogais adjacentes (V1V2V3), observou-se que o contexto V1+V2 favorece a ocorrência de elisão, e não da ditongação. O processo de elisão, no corpus desta dissertação, foi mais aplicado quando a vogal a ser elidida estava na fronteira de grupos clíticos, podendo estar ou na fronteira de sintagmas fonológicos ou dentro de um mesmo sintagma. / This dissertation deals with the phonological processes of vowel elision, diphthongation and vowel degemination used by speakers from São Paulo. Besides presenting some classic studies about the so called processes of external sandhi in Brazilian Portuguese, this dissertation will also present new data recorded in order to carry on the analysis. Data showed that vowel elision is more productive than diphthongation in contexts within which both processes were possible to be applied. Besides, they confirmed Bisol\'s hypothesis that there is categorical use of vowel elision when the vowel (to be elided) is [a]. Nevertheless, elision of vowel [u] was also productive, indicating the preference for vowel elision over diphthongation. There were also some occurrences of coronal vowel elision, when this vowel and its preceding consonant shared phonological features. Also, it could be noted a strong preference for rising diphthongs, not for the falling ones, in the data collected in São Paulo. Finally, it was observed that the sequence \"first vowel + second vowel\" - V1+V2 - (in a sequence formed by three adjacent vowels - V1+V2+V3) favors the use of elision over diphthongation. Vowel elision, according to the data collected in order to carry on the analysis presented in this dissertation, was more productive in clitic group boundaries, within the phonological phrase as well as in phonological phrase boundaries.

Esta dissertação trata dos processos fonológicos de elisão, ditongação e degeminação no falar de São Paulo. Além dos trabalhos clássicos sobre esses processos de sândi vocálico externo, em Português Brasileiro, serão apresentados dados de um experimento feito para este trabalho. De acordo com os dados do corpus desta dissertação, houve preferência pela aplicação da elisão e não da ditongação, nos casos em que ambos os processos eram possíveis. Os números referentes à elisão confirmaram a afirmação de Bisol com relação à aplicação categórica desse processo quando a vogal a ser elidida é [a]. No entanto, houve alta aplicação de elisão de [u], indicando um favorecimento pela elisão e não pela ditongação. Houve ainda algumas ocorrências de elisão de vogal [coronal], quando esta vogal era precedida por uma consoante que partilhava os mesmos traços com ela. Considerando-se os contextos para ditongos crescentes vs ditongos decrescentes, observou-se uma forte preferência pelo ditongo crescente nos dados coletados do dialeto de São Paulo. Finalmente, com relação à posição do contexto de aplicação dos processos, na seqüência de três vogais adjacentes (V1V2V3), observou-se que o contexto V1+V2 favorece a ocorrência de elisão, e não da ditongação. O processo de elisão, no corpus desta dissertação, foi mais aplicado quando a vogal a ser elidida estava na fronteira de grupos clíticos, podendo estar ou na fronteira de sintagmas fonológicos ou dentro de um mesmo sintagma. / This dissertation deals with the phonological processes of vowel elision, diphthongation and vowel degemination used by speakers from São Paulo. Besides presenting some classic studies about the so called processes of external sandhi in Brazilian Portuguese, this dissertation will also present new data recorded in order to carry on the analysis. Data showed that vowel elision is more productive than diphthongation in contexts within which both processes were possible to be applied. Besides, they confirmed Bisol\'s hypothesis that there is categorical use of vowel elision when the vowel (to be elided) is [a]. Nevertheless, elision of vowel [u] was also productive, indicating the preference for vowel elision over diphthongation. There were also some occurrences of coronal vowel elision, when this vowel and its preceding consonant shared phonological features. Also, it could be noted a strong preference for rising diphthongs, not for the falling ones, in the data collected in São Paulo. Finally, it was observed that the sequence \"first vowel + second vowel\" - V1+V2 - (in a sequence formed by three adjacent vowels - V1+V2+V3) favors the use of elision over diphthongation. Vowel elision, according to the data collected in order to carry on the analysis presented in this dissertation, was more productive in clitic group boundaries, within the phonological phrase as well as in phonological phrase boundaries.

Submitted by Gustavo José de Sousa null (gustavo.jo.sousa@gmail.com) on 2017-11-07T18:17:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 1114730 bytes, checksum: 360fec3dffa930a34e0cdc2bb0ff960d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-11-21T13:38:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_gj_me_sjrp.pdf: 1114730 bytes, checksum: 360fec3dffa930a34e0cdc2bb0ff960d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-21T13:38:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_gj_me_sjrp.pdf: 1114730 bytes, checksum: 360fec3dffa930a34e0cdc2bb0ff960d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-30 / Omissão de lock é uma técnica onde operações de aquisição e liberação de lock são omitidas (especulação) de forma a permitir que regiões críticas compartilhando um mesmo lock possam executar concorrentemente, permitindo assim se explorar um nível maior de concorrência em programas que utilizam esse método popular de sincronização. Para se manter o princípio de atomicidade, as modificações no estado do programa realizadas pela região crítica são mantidas em um buffer interno e são efetivadas apenas ao fim da mesma. Em caso de inconsistências, diferentes políticas em como proceder são possíveis, o que diferencia as diversas abordagens de omissão de lock encontradas na literatura. Por exemplo, a abordagem original, Speculative Lock Elision (SLE), que é implementada no nível microarquitetural, recorre a adquirir o lock de forma tradicional quando uma especulação falha. Em algumas situações, esta política conservadora acaba por restringir o ganho em desempenho originalmente pretendido por impor um volume de sincronização desnecessário (lemming effect). Uma forma de superar tal limitação é o emprego de omissão de lock transacional (Transactional Lock Elision, em inglês), onde a especulação de regiões críticas se dá por meio de transações e o controle de execução é devolvido ao software em eventos de transações abortadas, o que permite que diferentes estratégias sejam empregadas com o objetivo de permitir execução concorrente mesmo em presença de falha de especulação. Neste contexto, uma das abordagens possíveis é o esquema chamado Software-assisted Conflict Management (SCM), onde um lock auxiliar é utilizado para sincronizar transações abortadas e, assim, manter o lock original livre, permitindo que outras transações prossigam sua execução. No presente trabalho, uma extensão ao SCM é proposta, o esquema Fine-grained Software-assisted Conflict Management (FGSCM), onde múltiplos locks são utilizados para permitir que transações abortadas por conflitos em diferentes regiões de memória possam ser executadas de forma concorrente. O algoritmo proposto foi implementado utilizando a interface RTM da extensão Intel® TSX e experimentos foram realizados em um máquina quadcore, para os quais, em casos com predominância de operações de leitura em memória, observou-se um ganho em desempenho médio de 11% e 36% com relação à abordagem SCM original e ao uso de um spin lock comum, respectivamente. / Lock elision is a technique that omits acquire/release lock operations (speculation) so as to allow critical regions sharing the same lock to run concurrently, which yields a higher level of concurrency explored by programs that use such popular synchronization mechanism. In order to honor atomicity, modifications on the program's state made by the critical regions are kept in an internal buffer and only applied at the end of the speculation. If inconsistency is found, different policies on how to proceed are possible, which make up the several existing approaches found in the literature. As an example, the original one, namely Speculative Lock Elision (SLE), which is implemented at the level of microarchitecture, falls back to acquire the lock in a standard manner when there is speculation error. In some situations, such conservative policy ends up restricting the intended performance gains due to the unnecessary synchronization imposed (lemming effect). A way to address this issue is through Transactional Lock Elision (TLE) techniques, in which speculation of critical regions is done by means of transactions and execution control is passed back to software on abort events, which makes possible the use of different strategies to allow concurrent execution even in presence of speculation error. In this context, one possible approach is called Software-assisted Conflict Management (SCM), where an auxiliary lock is used to serialize aborted transactions and, as such, keep the original one free, so that others may proceed on their execution. The work presented in this document proposes an extension of SCM, called Fine-grained Software-assisted Conflict Management (FGSCM), where multiple auxiliary locks are applied in order to allow transactions aborted due to conflict on different regions of memory to be executed concurrently. The proposed algorithm was implemented by using the RTM interface from Intel®'s TSX extension and experiments were performed on a quadcore machine. On read-dominated workloads, an average performance gain of 11% and 36% was observed against the original SCM and a typical spin lock, respectively.

More than a decade after becoming a topic of intense research there is no transactional memory hardware nor any examples of software transactional memory use outside the research community. Using software transactional memory in large pieces of software needs copious source code annotations and often means that standard compilers and debuggers can no longer be used. At the same time, overheads associated with software transactional memory fail to motivate programmers to expend the needed effort to use software transactional memory. The only way around the overheads in the case of general unmanaged code is the anticipated availability of hardware support. On the other hand, architects are unwilling to devote power and area budgets in mainstream microprocessors to hardware transactional memory, pointing to transactional memory being a 'niche' programming construct. A deadlock has thus ensued that is blocking transactional memory use and experimentation in the mainstream. This dissertation covers the design and construction of a software transactional memory runtime system called SLE_x86 that can potentially break this deadlock by decoupling transactional memory from programs using it. Unlike most other STM designs, the core design principle is transparency rather than performance. SLE_x86 operates at the level of x86 machine code, thereby becoming immediately applicable to binaries for the popular x86 architecture. The only requirement is that the binary synchronise using known locking constructs or calls such as those in Pthreads or OpenMPlibraries. SLE_x86 provides speculative lock elision (SLE) entirely in software, executing critical sections in the binary using transactional memory. Optionally, the critical sections can also be executed without using transactions by acquiring the protecting lock. The dissertation makes a careful analysis of the impact on performance due to the demands of the x86 memory consistency model and the need to transparently instrument x86 machine code. It shows that both of these problems can be overcome to reach a reasonable level of performance, where transparent software transactional memory can perform better than a lock. SLE_x86 can ensure that programs are ready for transactional memory in any form, without being explicitly written for it.

No description available.

Cette recherche s’intéresse à l’usage de deux variables du français traditionnellement décrites comme phonologiques : la liaison et l’élision du schwa. Ces variables sont étudiées au cours d’interactions naturelles entre trois enfants et leurs parents respectifs. Plus précisément, l’objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les particularités du discours adressé à l’enfant (DAE) au niveau de l’usage des variables phonologiques et de mesurer leur impact sur l’émergence de la production de ces mêmes variables chez l’enfant. Après la présentation du cadre théorique d’analyse et de la méthodologie de recueil, de structuration et d’analyse des données, le travail de recherche s’organise en trois parties. La première étude basée sur corpus, descriptive, a deux principaux objectifs. Dans un premier temps, il s’agit de mesurer à quelle variation les jeunes enfants sont exposés au domicile familial. Ensuite, le but est de confronter les résultats des études précédentes sur l’acquisition de la liaison, principalement obtenus à partir de tâches expérimentales, à des données issues de corpus denses d’interactions parent-enfant. Cette étude a notamment permis de relever l’influence de facteurs liés à l’usage, comme la fréquence, sur l’emploi des variables phonologiques. La seconde étude se focalise sur les caractéristiques du DAE. Les résultats présentés démontrent notamment que l’usage des variables phonologiques est modulé en DAE, et ce essentiellement à un stade précoce. Cette modulation s’atténue ensuite au cours du développement linguistique des jeunes sujets. La dernière étude de ce travail de recherche permet de mettre en relation les productions enfantines et parentales. Il apparaît que le développement de la variation phonologique va dans le sens des hypothèses émises par les modèles basés sur l’usage : la variation phonologique est à un stade précoce mémorisée à l’intérieur de constructions spécifiques, particulièrement fréquentes et saillantes dans le DAE. Celles-ci vont ensuite s’abstraire et entrer en concurrence au cours du développement, ces deux phénomènes étant particulièrement sensibles aux facteurs d’usage, notamment la fréquence d’emploi des types et des formes linguistiques. / This study deals with the usage of two French linguistic variables liaison and elision, which are traditionally described as phonological variables. They are studied during natural interactions between three children and their parents. More precisely, the aim of this thesis is to describe the specificities of the child directed speech (CDS) concerning the usage of liaison and elision to measure their impact on the emergence of these phonological variables in the speech of the children. After the presentation of the theoretical context of the study (Usage-Based Models and Construction Grammar) and the methodology used to collect, structure, and analyse the data, the research is divided into three analysis sections. The aim of the first corpus based study, a descriptive one, is twofold. The first objective is to describe the variation to which children are exposed at home. A second objective is to compare the results of previous studies on liaison acquisition, obtained mainly from experimental tasks, with data extracted from dense corpora collected during natural interactions between the children and their parents. In particular, this study shows that usage factors, including the frequency of items, influence the production of phonological variables. The second study focuses on the specificities of CDS. The results show that the usage of phonological variables is modulated in CDS, essentially at an early stage of language acquisition. Then, this modulation attenuates during the child’s development. The aim of the third study is to connect parent’s productions and children’s productions. It appears that the results concerning the development of phonological variation are in step with the assumptions provided by the usage-based models: at an early stage, the variation is memorized into specific constructions, particularly salient and frequent in CDS. Then, these constructions are abstracted and enter into competition with each other during the course of language development. The children’s productions show that these two phenomena are especially sensitive to usage factors, including type and token frequency.

Submitted by Thiago Bronzeado de Andrade (thiago@ch.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-06-08T12:34:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Sandra Cabral Lopes.pdf: 19559264 bytes, checksum: b39099cbcf0067be5e37164c8c8e7872 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Araújo (milaborges@ch.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-06-11T13:33:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Sandra Cabral Lopes.pdf: 19559264 bytes, checksum: b39099cbcf0067be5e37164c8c8e7872 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T13:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Sandra Cabral Lopes.pdf: 19559264 bytes, checksum: b39099cbcf0067be5e37164c8c8e7872 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / CAPES / In the process of teaching the Portuguese language as a mother tongue in Brazil, it is common to find, in different educational levels, the influence of speech in writing, whether on textual-discursive aspects, or on morphosyntactic and orthographic aspects. Thus, in this study we investigate the interference of speech in 7th and 8th grade students‟ writing, enrolled in a public school in Guarabira-PB, with a focus on the elision of the rhotic in syllable codas. The aim is to show the linguistic and social factors favorable to the realization/elision of the consonantal segment -R at the end of syllables. The corpus consists of 88 texts, 44 written before and 44 written after an educational intervention. As the factor groups which may interfere on the elision of –R, we consider educational level, sex, word class, position of –R in the word, length of the word and precedent context. As conditioners to rhotic elision, the results point out the variables school level (7th grade), word class (verb), position in the word (ending), length of the word (non-monosyllables), and precedent context (high and low vowels). It was still possible to see, from an educational intervention considering these results, that a systematic work paying attention to the phonological consciousness turns to be productive in the context where orthographic specificities of the Portuguese language are taught. The work is based on three main areas of theoretical studies: phonetics/phonology (BISOL, 2005; SILVA, 2014, 2011; HORA & PEDROSA, 2012; CÂMARA Jr., 2008), variational and applied sociolinguistics (BAGNO, 2007; LABOV, 1992; BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005) and notions related to the processes involved in the acquisition and development of the writing system, including the implications of speech in writing over the course of schooling (SCLIAR-CABRAL, 2013; MARCUSCHI & DIONISIO, 2007; STAMPA, 2009; FERREIRA & TEBEROSKY, 1999). / No ensino de Língua Portuguesa como língua materna, é comum encontrarmos, em diferentes graus de escolaridade, a influência da fala na escrita, seja nos aspectos textuais-discursivos, seja nos aspectos morfossintáticos e ortográficos. Dessa forma, neste trabalho buscamos investigar a interferência da fala na escrita de alunos do 7º e 8º anos do EF, matriculados em uma escola da rede pública do município de Guarabira-PB, por meio do apagamento do rótico em posição de coda silábica. Nosso propósito é evidenciar os contextos linguísticos e extralinguísticos favoráveis à realização ou não do segmento consonantal –R no final das sílabas. O corpus é constituído de 88 produções textuais, sendo 44 elaboradas antes e 44 após uma proposta de intervenção pedagógica. São considerados, como grupos de fatores que interferem ou não no apagamento do –R, o grau de escolarização, o sexo, a classe de palavras, a posição na palavra, a extensão da palavra e o contexto precedente. Como condicionadores ao apagamento do rótico, os resultados apontam as variáveis ano escolar (7º ano), classe de palavras (verbo), posição na palavra (final), extensão do vocábulo (palavra não monossilábicas) e contexto precedente (vogais altas e vogal baixa). Ainda foi possível perceber, a partir de uma proposta de intervenção considerando esses resultados, que um trabalho sistemático que atente, dentre outros fatores, para o trabalho com a consciência fonológica torna-se produtivo no contexto de ensino das especificidades ortográficas da língua portuguesa. Como base teórica, consideramos os estudos fonético-fonológicos (BISOL, 2005; SILVA, 2014, 2011; HORA e PEDROSA, 2012; CÂMARA Jr., 2008), os estudos da sociolinguística variacionista e educacional (BAGNO, 2007; LABOV, 1992; BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005) e noções relacionadas aos processos envolvidos na aquisição e desenvolvimento da escrita, incluindo as implicações da fala na escrita ao longo da escolarização (SCLIAR-CABRAL, 2013; MARCUSCHI e DIONISIO, 2007; STAMPA, 2009; FERREIRA e TEBEROSKY, 1999).

TITLE: Literature und Music: Woyzeck and Wozzeck. Alban Berg's Musical Adaptation of the Drama by Georg Büchner. SUMMARY: This thesis deals with a musical adaptation of the opera Wozzeck by the composer Alban Berg in the context of its literary model. The theoretical part offers an overview of the most important information and data about the authors and the origin of their works, based on the relevant sources. In the practical part, the principal emphasis is put on the libretto, specifically on formal and language similarities and differences detected in the text and their impact on the content and message of the work. Another focus is on musical language and its essential features, especially on the treatment of the voice, instrumentation and motives in the opera. The attention is also paid to the occurrence of autobiographical elements and critical reviews of the work. KEYWORDS: opera, drama, Woyzeck, Wozzeck, Alban Berg, Karl Emil Franzos, libretto, scenes, elision, alteration, literary model

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 579925 bytes, checksum: 8fd8e9523ce46237ba5ccd88da11c49e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This current work investigates the elision‟s sociolinguistic behavior upon the João Pessoa native dialect. Elision is one of sandhi‟s extern vocalic phenomenon observed through all languages and it means fading the low vowel /a/ when it is followed by a different vowel. (ex.: menina humilde> meninumilde). This process analyses is through the theorical-methodological scope that the Quantitative Sociolinguistics comprehends. On the construction of this work it has been used a corpus of spoken language that integrates the Projeto de Variação Lingüística do Estado da Paraíba VALPB (Linguistic Variation Project of Paraíba State), composed by eighteen informers, divided by sex (masculine and feminine), age range (teenagers, adults, elders) and academic time spent (none, five to eight years and more than eleven years). The results found show that the linguistic constraints sise of the first word from a sentence, stress, prosodic constituents, vowel‟s quality present themselves as the most relevant on the elision appliance, therefore, reveling themselves as a process without great social determinants. / Este trabalho analisa o comportamento sociolingüístico da elisão no dialeto pessoense. A elisão é um dos fenômenos de sândi vocálico externo observado nas línguas e consiste no apagamento da vogal baixa /a/ quando esta for seguida de uma vogal diferente (ex.: menina humilde> meninumilde). A análise deste processo está fundamentada no modelo teórico-metodológico que compreende a Sociolingüística Quantitativa. Para a realização da pesquisa, foi utilizado um corpus de língua falada, que integra o Projeto de Variação Lingüística do Estado da Paraíba (VALPB), composto por dezoito informantes, estratificados de acordo com o sexo (masculino e feminino), a faixa etária (jovens, adultos e idosos) e anos de escolarização (nenhum ano, cinco a oito anos e mais de onze anos). Os resultados obtidos mostram que as restrições lingüísticas extensão da primeira palavra da seqüência, acento, tipo de palavra, constituintes prosódicos e qualidade da vogal apresentam-se como as mais relevantes à aplicação da elisão, revelando-se, portanto, como um processo sem grandes determinantes sociais.