M.A. / Our main objective in this M.A dissertation was to detect, define and evaluate the role, the function and the contribution of the Greek Press to the preservation of the national identity of the Hellenes in South Africa. Furthermore, to establish the Greek Press’ contribution to the salvage and the spreading of the Greek language and the Greek civilisation – the national and cultural heritage of the Hellenes – in the framework of the Greek Diaspora. For this purpose, besides the studying of the Greek newspapers, booklets and magazines, which are, naturally, our main source we, have considered it necessary to give definitions and clarifications to words, ideas and terms related to our study field. This will enable us to gain a deeper and better understanding of the subject and will assist us to give the most appropriate answers to the questions set out in the introductory note. Thus, following the planned scheme of work and applying the historical and comparative method of research work, this study has taken the following form: In the first chapter important terms were examined, meanings and definitions were established, like «istoria-history» and «glossa-language» etc. The communicative function of the language was explained and the term «media» was discussed extensively. More definitions were given on other terms like «Typos-Press» and «efimerida-newspaper» as well as a concise review of the history of the Greek Press in general. The contents of a Greek political newspaper were discussed, as well as the different forms of its function. Finally information was given on the Greek Press of the Diaspora and specifically on the Greek Press of Australia and Canada. The second chapter contains a concise History of Hellenism in South Africa as it is found written partially in books, research works, articles of Greek writers in South Africa and other historiographers. Here we have also examined the relationship between Greece and the Greek Community of South Africa, through the years. We discussed the meaning and the importance of Archives in general, with emphasis on the Archives of Hellenism in South Africa, «work in progress», and gave a historical review of the South African Greek Press. In the third chapter a list of the names of all the Greek newspapers, booklets and magazines published in South Africa and the former Rhodesia has been given in a chronological order. Examples and details of their appearance as well as the contents of the most long-standing ones are presented, with emphasis on the Nea Hellas of K.G. Nicolaidis. In the fourth chapter, which covers 100 years of Greek journalism in South Africa, we have presented the analysis of four representative newspapers, which are attached at the end of this MA-dissertation. Specifically, we have analysed a copy of Nea Hellas of 1919, of Africanis and Nea Hellas of 1950, of the Greek Press of South Africa of 1999 and of Hellenica Nea of 2002. We have analyzed them page by page and have commented on the most important themes/issues. The fifth chapter has covered the role and the function of the Greek Press of the Diaspora. By studying mainly the Greek newspapers we have established and assessed the role, function and the contribution of the South African Greek Press, and emphasized the importance of it by comparing it with the Greek Press of other countries of the Diaspora. Ιn the epilogue, the conclusions of this study are presented, as well as the very special characteristics of the South African Greek Press. Consequently, we followed the development of the journalism in South Africa, from K. G. Nicolaidis to Takis and Minas Constantopoulos and observed the shift of priorities on the themes of the newspapers, according to the needs of the Hellenes in South Africa, on the different times of their history. In general, we have found out that the Greek Press of the Diaspora, in South Africa and the former Rhodesia was a periodical Press, published twice a week, but never daily. The most common form of publication is the weekly and the fortnightly. In some cases monthly, every three months or even six months. Its main aims were the providing of news of Greece and news of the Community, its availability as means of communication among the Greeks in South Africa and other countries of Africa and also to provide educational and entertaining material. It is a Greek Press that has patriotic and advisory characteristics. It is the Greek Press of the Diaspora, like earlier on, the Greek Press of Tergesti and Oddysou, Smyrna and Egypt, as well as the Greek Press of Australia, Canada, the United States of America and of other countries of the Neo-Hellenic Diaspora. By studying the newspapers, the old and the new, the minor and the major, searching through the news, the articles and other publications, we rocognize those Hellenes that built churches, schools, Sporting Clubs and Old Age Homes. We understand the agony, the sorrows and the happiness of the Greeks of all generations in South Africa. We establish that they are the same Hellenes that always gave generously, not only to the needy in the motherland - Greece, but to the ones in South Africa as well. Τoday, the Greek Press in South Africa, consists of the newspaper, Hellenic News and a few community or other organizational magazines/ booklets. It is battling to survive under very limited subscriptions and not many advertisements, due to the drastic «dwindling» of the Community, mainly over the last two decades. We hope that these problems will be resolved with the assistance of the various Greek establishments in South Africa, as well as by more Greek subscribers, so that this Greek Press can continue offering its most valuable services to Hellenism in South Africa.

D.Litt. et Phil.

No description available.

This thesis contains three papers on immigrants, i.e. foreign-born people, in the UK. The first paper is methodological, the other two papers focus on physical health. All papers use data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) which started in 2009 and includes an Ethnic Minority Boost sample, providing large enough sample sizes to study the immigrant population in detail. The first paper analyses sample attrition of immigrants at wave 2 of the UKHLS. We find that non-contact of immigrants is mainly determined by characteristics related to high residential mobility. However, it is also predicted by poor cooperation at the first interview. This suggests that for some immigrants non-contact could constitute a hidden refusal. Interview refusal of immigrants is predicted by similar characteristics than for UK-born. The second paper investigates the Healthy Immigrant Effect (HIE) in the UK. The HIE is understood as a health advantage of recent immigrants compared to the native-born population, which gets smaller with increasing length of residence. The cross-sectional analysis finds that immigrants have a health advantage in the first years after immigration, which decreases the longer immigrants have been in the country. The magnitude of the HIE depends on the measure of poor health: poor self-rated health and diagnosed chronic condition yield much larger HIE than poor physical health functioning (Short-Form 12) which is arguably more suitable to this immigrant-native comparison. The last paper considers one possible explanation for the duration effect, i.e. why immigrants lose their initial health advantage: Immigrants tend to have poorer work conditions than native-born employees. We find that physical work conditions explain some of the excess deterioration of immigrants’ health, while psychosocial work conditions only play a minor role. Health deterioration among less educated immigrants is better explained with work conditions than that among degree-educated immigrants.

James Erith, a freeholder of the country of Kent, was one of the “1820 Settlers" who emigrated to the Cape and were settled mainly in the Zuurveld in the present district of Albany. This investigation was prompted by the fact that though he was by no means the settler to suffer misfortune and injustice, he was the only proprietor of a small party who eventually secured compensation. The case was the case of James Erith but the initiative and persistence was that of his wife, Jane Erith, who made in all five voyages spread over twelve years, before she secured some at least of the ends she sought and the family settled in Cape Town. The Eriths fought their case with the respective Colonial Offices for twelve years in all, and in the case of the Colonial Office, London, confronted no less than four Secretaries of State in five successive Cabinets. In the course of their struggle the Eriths received (a) the balance of their deposit; (b) cash compensation for cattle stolen by the Xhosa, and in the fina1 arbitration in 1832 the sum of £500 cash. James Erith, master baker, remains a rather shadowy figure, sharp-sighted to his own interest, querulous and not very effective. The triumph of 1832 was in the main the triumph of Jane, his wife, an amateur and robust Portia. Shrewd, tenacious, deft in argument this importunate woman knew how to stand her ground; there can have been few women who secured passage on a naval vessel and then allowed the Admiralty to submit its account to the Colonial Office. How the Eriths subsisted between their eviction from Waaye Plaats in 1823 and the arbitration award of 1832, has not been established. On occasion in London Mrs. Erith stayed with the Rev. R. Stewarts, Rutland House, Black Heath Road in Greenwich: in Cape Town it is believed that Erith plied his old trade. When he died there, in 1869 at the age of seventy nine, he left a house and three cottages to his daughter Ellen: mortgaged property in the district of Caledon, to his son-in-law George Budge : a house and three mortgaged properties in Simon’s Town to his daughter Anne Budge. He left an income of £24 per annum to his daughter Jane Moodie, widow of the late John Powell. The records used in this study, in addition to those printed in Theal, were the series C.O. 48 from the Public Record Office, London, now available on microfilm in the Cory Library at Rhodes University and records of the District of Albany in the Archives, Cape Town. The investigation has, it is thought, thrown new light on the background to the emigration scheme of 1819, on the mishandling of the Settlers in the Zuurveld after their arrival in the Cape, and on the punctilious attention to detail given by the Colonial Office, London. While it is true that the interests of the Eriths were probably smothered in the Tory endeavour to damp down the attack on Somerset in l826-1827, the Secretaries of State are by no means discredited by this analysis. It sasys much for any pattern of administration that in the thick of the Reform Bill crisis, the efforts of a single obscure member of Parliament, Mr. J O Briscoe, could secure a final arbitration award.

Historically, immigrants to Canada arrive, learn the language, search for satisfying work and lead productive, meaningful lives. However, the barriers are immense. Recently, Vancouver Community College at the King Edward Campus has tried to meet the needs of adult immigrant learners. The diagnosis of learners needs has a high priority in adult education. The general form of the Education Participation Scale (EPS) describes reasons why people partake in adult education programs. However, because the data collected to complete the general EPS was drawn from a middle class population, it did not reflect the reasons tendered by disadvantaged learners. Also, the language used on the instrument was too difficult. Subjects in this study were Adult Basic Education (A.B.E.) students, enrolled in programs at Vancouver Community College, predominately at King Edward Campus. During the first step 150 students were asked about why they were enrolled. These reasons were listed, edited and combined with the general form of the E.P.S. Care was taken to ensure that the items and the instructions could be read at a grade seven level. The 120 item instrument was then administered to a different group of 257 participants at the college where the items had originated. Factor analyses produced a seven factor solution of 42 items with each factor containing 6 items. The seven factors are: Communication Improvement; Social Contact; Educational Preparation; Professional Advancement; Family Togetherness; Social Stimulation; Cognitive Interest. For test retest reliability purposes the instrument was administered twice (with a four week interval between administrations) to 63 participants. Reliability coefficients for each factor, as well as the entire scale, were calculated. The instrument was deemed to be reliable over time. The motivational orientations of people from Canada were compared to those from the Middle East, Asia, East Europe, West and South Europe, Latin and South America and other places. There were significant differences in the mean scores (by country of birth) on the Communication Improvement, Professional Advancement, Social contact and Family Togetherness factors. It appears that a case can be made for arranging unique educational experiences for people with different motivational profiles. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

The social organization of Canada's inland refugee determination system is explored in this institutional ethnographic study. First listening to refugee claimants' experience from their vantagepoint on the margins of society, the research then explicates the complementary social relations of the refugee determination system in order to examine the contributing social organization and underlying ideology of the politico-administrative system. Three adult, English-speaking single Nigerian men, seeking Convention refugee status or permanent resident status, were interviewed. Phenomenological methods were utilized to analyze the data. An initial explication of the social relations of the system was conducted through the observation of refugee determination hearings and interviews with knowledgeable informants. Through these interviews and textual analysis, ideology at the politico-administrative level was explored. The findings reveal a contradiction between refugees' expectations based on Canada's international reputation in refugee protection and support of democratic rights, and their reception in Canada. Refugee claimants spoke of their dual experience as characterized by exclusion and marginalization from Canadian society at the very time that they needed to reconstruct their sense of self and adapt; of being held suspect as 'criminals' and 'illegals' by the refugee determination system until proven 'genuine'. Inclusion depended on success in the socially, culturally, and politically constructed Canadian refugee determination system; a process that was foreign to them. Comprehension and successful participation in this process depended in part on the support, resources, and information they accessed during their initial settlement period. The organization of the refugee determination system with a focus on the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) revealed complex independent decision-making in a highly decentralized, but hierarchical and non-transparent administrative system. Inconsistencies in decision making and in the degree to which refugees had the opportunity to relate their experience in refugee determination hearings were articulated and observed. Aspects of the system such as selection of members, institutional culture, independence of the IRB, and discourse on refugees in the Canadian media and society were indicators of how the social relations of the system were organized by an underlying ideology. Implications for the profession of social work and for social change were examined. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

My dissertation is an inquiry into issues of home and belonging. For many people, the struggle to create a home in a "new" country, and the oscillation between a past "there" and present "here" have become ways of existence. Displacement challenges and raises questions regarding one's roots, affiliations, loyalty and belonging. The yearning for a place such as home becomes a site of inquiry for communities of displaced people. Destined to live between languages, cultures and national affiliations, im/migrants construct their homes in the particular place of "border." Acknowledging Home(s) and Belonging(s): Border Writing is "homeward" journeying through the discursive landscapes of nation, ethnicity, diaspora, and "race." It explores how border interrupts/initiates a discourse of home. I am an im/migrant researcher. The word "migrant" connotes impermanence, detachment and instability. From this positionality I introduce a slash into the word "immigrant" to transform these connotations into a permanence of migration. As autoethnographic and conversational inquiry, I explore im/migrant experiences from the position of "I," rather than "We." However, "I" is not a position of isolated individual(istic) exclusiveness, but a position of the personal articulation through the relationships with/in community. My research includes conversations with: theorists, colleagues from different disciplinary backgrounds, members of the "ethnic" communities to which I belong, and my daughter. I construct these conversations as borderzone arriculations where a "third space" emerges. The word dissertation stems etymologically from Greek dialegesthai, to converse, to dialogue; whereby dia- means "one with another," and legesthai means "to tell, talk." My dissertation endeavors to recognize - to know again, to know anew these deep layers of border as dialogue and conversation. As an im/migrant inquiry, my dissertation intends to create a different, mother knowing and culture of scholarship that broaden and deepen the space of academic researching/writing. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Since the liberalization of Canadian immigration policy in the late-1960s, a significant development has been the increase in the ethnic and racial diversity of Canada's population. Indeed, the visible minority status of many immigrants to Canada has powerfully shaped interpretations of social and physical change. In the context of substantial Asian immigration to Greater Vancouver, a number of commentators have argued that critical responses to change on the part of long-term Caucasian residents represent a 'reinvented', and often subtly expressed, racism. It is the contention of this author, however, that such conclusions are compromised by an uncritical assumption of what constitutes racism and a diminished empirical focus on sensationalized media accounts. Working from this premise, this thesis attempts to examine in greater depth two categories poorly examined in these accounts: racism and the long-term resident. It traces the emergence of the category of race, the analytical and political imperatives which gave rise to a shift in focus from race to racism, and how—under the rubric of social constructionism-—theories on racism have been deployed to understand contemporary social relations in Greater Vancouver. A critique of this literature provides the springboard for further analysis of long-term resident responses to change. Extended interviews conducted with fifty-four long-term residents of Richmond, BC—a Vancouver suburb that has received considerable numbers of Chinese immigrants over the past twelve years—strongly suggest that our understanding of social and physical change at the community level cannot be reduced to one dimension. Moreover, the complexity of these responses also demands that the analytical and political import of evaluative terms like racism be prised open and subjected to scrutiny and open debate. Perhaps most importantly, the diversity of long-term Richmond residents' responses cautions against the production of racialized stereotypes in immigration research, and points to the need to provide more nuanced and contextualized interpretations of immigration and its impact on society. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This study examines the interrelationships between migration patterns, population change, and socio-economic development in the Cook Islands of the south Pacific during the period 1966-80. Socio-economic "development" is defined as: (1) economic growth; (2) increasing social complexity; (3) an improvement in the physical quality of life. Two models of the relationship between migration and socio-economic development were extracted from the theoretical literature: one suggests that migration brings a range of socio-economic benefits to the "sending" society; the other claims that migration is costly to the sending society and is likely to promote its "underdevelopment". The effects of migration on population growth, age structure and sex balance, geographical distribution, labor force size and quality, during the post self-government period 1966-80, are examined in detail. The effects of these changes on the three dimensions of socio-economic development are explored and some of the monetary "costs" and "benefits" of migration are estimated. The net crude rate of emigration for the period was 27.3/1000 for the population as a whole, and 32.2/1000 for the Maori component taken separately. This rate of out-flow has reduced the average annual growth rate from a potential 3.2% to an actual rate of -0.6% over the 1966-76 intercensal period. The population has declined overall by 5.9% over the same period and some islands have dropped by as much as 55%. While most migrants are under 40 years of age, high fertility in the past means that the majority of the population is also under this age. Disproportionate migration occurs principally in the age range 15-24. The "working age" population of the Cook Islands as a whole declined by 2.6%; some islands did maintain a static labor force, however, while in others the labor force declined. No evidence was found to indicate that emigration improves the dependency burden or the sex ratio. Where the dependency ratio has improved, this can be attributed to declining fertility. A higher proportion of the population is concentrated on the main island of Rarotonga, but "urbanization" has actually decreased as a result of differential emigration by district. While it is clear that the demographic and socio-economic impact of migration varies from region to region, and island to island, the overall effect on the "development" of the Cook Islands has been negative. The period of large-scale emigration was accompanied by falling real GDP per capita and in total, declining production for export, and the loss of both social capital and occupational skills. The physical quality of life has improved over the period, but the rate of improvement has fallen-off as emigration increased in the mid 1970s. Remittance income from migrants abroad has increased as a proportion of total per capita income, leading to greater "dependency" on an external economy. Structural complexity has increased to a degree on Rarotonga, but some of the outer islands show signs of structural "devolution" and economic decline. It is argued that the declining population of the Cook Islands will tend to exacerbate the already severe problems of small scale and geographical dispersion in the micro-economy of the Cook Islands and will add considerable uncertainty to the processes of development planning. In the short-term dependency will probably increase as more foreign aid will be required to operate the political-administrative system. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate