Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Technology: Public Management in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / The purpose of this study is to develop a business framework for the effective start-up and operation of African immigrant businesses in the Cape Town Metropolitan Area of South Africa. The question that guides this research is: how do African immigrants use their entrepreneurial attributes to acquire the resources necessary to start-up and operate successful businesses in the Cape Town Metropolitan Area?The study was conducted within the context of the economic development mandate as prescribed by the constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 1996. The development agenda also includes community, social and welfare promotion premised on the Keynesian principles that the government introduces interventions where there is an economic failure. In the South African context, this relates to unemployment and due to the prevailing economic down turns a greater reliance by the populace for social and welfare support. In recent years, immigrants especially from African countries have found themselves in a similar situation (That is in need of economic, social and welfare support). However, the government, particularly local government does not have the resources, especially financial resources to assist all local entrepreneurs, including immigrant entrepreneurs. Although there is a wide coverage of immigrant entrepreneurship in developed countries, much still has to be done as far as developing countries are concerned. From a South African perspective, there is so far no study entirely devoted to African immigrant entrepreneurship. This notwithstanding, there seems to be a growing consensus on the fact that SMMEs in South Africa are disproportionately constrained by start-up and operational factors such as finance, insufficient demand, lack of business skills and lack of information, although one cannot generalise especially as immigrant entrepreneurs face a slightly different dynamic. No studies focusing on immigrant-owned businesses in general and particularly how they tap into their entrepreneurial traits to start-up and grow successful businesses has been conducted in South Africa. At one level, the finding of this study provides vital information for new immigrants venturing into self employment. At another level, the study may provide vital insight into immigrant entrepreneurship in South Africa. Limited job opportunities force African immigrants into self-employment. However, due to the numerous challenges that they face, only a few of the immigrant-owned businesses get off the ground, let alone grow. It may be argued that most of these African immigrant-owned businesses fail to reach their full potential because they (the owners) are unable to exploit the entrepreneurial attributes that they bring or have at their disposal upon arrival. Three interrelated concepts: entrepreneurial attributes, business start-up and operation resources, and business success, are linked in this study to develop a framework for the effective start-up and operation of immigrant-owned businesses. The proposed framework seeks to encourage African immigrants to match the entrepreneurial attributes that they come with to the business opportunities and challenges that they may face in establishing and growing their businesses in South Africa.The study was designed within the quantitative and qualitative research paradigms, in which a triangulation of three methods was utilised to collect and analyse the data. From a quantitative perspective, the survey questionnaire was used. To complement the quantitative approach, personal interviews and focus groups were utilised as the methods within the qualitative approach paradigm. The research revealed that an African immigrant entrepreneur is most likely to be a male within the age range of 19 and 41 who has been forced to immigrate because of political circumstances back home. The decision to immigrate as well as the choice of South Africa as a host country was entirely dependent on the immigrant. Once in South Africa, limited job opportunities forced these immigrants into setting up their own businesses within the informal sector as their starting point. In order of importance, financial, physical, human, and informational resources were identified as being critical for the start-up and operation of a business in South Africa. In terms of acquiring the resources to start-up and operate a business, and from a financial perspective point, African immigrant entrepreneurs unwillingly made use of personal savings to finance their businesses during the start-up phase of the business. Financial resources played a double role in that they determined the main sources of physical resources used. From a human resource standpoint, African immigrant entrepreneurs preferred employing South Africans during the start-up phase of the business, and the reverse was true during the growth or operational phase. To a limited extent, family labour was involved at both the start-up as well as the operational phases of the business; with formal education and prior experience playing a significant role as far as the human resource mix was concerned. In terms of information, African immigrant entrepreneurs made use of two primary sources of information namely, their ethnic networks and friends from somewhere else.

Orientador: José Gilberto de Souza / Banca: Jones Dari Göettert / Banca: Mara Falconi da Hora Bernardelli / Banca: Ana Cláudia Giannini Borges / Banca: Rafael Alves Orsi / Resumo: O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o fenômeno da migração internacional de brasileiras para Londres. Nosso foco é a questão do Trabalho, embora estamos também interessados em como a Identidade das mulheres brasileiras em Londres se apresentam nas relações de trabalho. Desta forma focalizamos o papel das mulheres brasileiras no mercado de trabalho londrino e a relação entre a mobilidade da força de trabalho e os processos de identificação / diferenciação. Analisamos os condicionantes da migração de brasileiros para Inglaterra, em especial a de mulheres; identificamos formas de inserção e participação de brasileiras no mercado de trabalho londrino; e buscamos compreender como o trabalho das mulheres é participante de processos de afirmação ou negação da identidade brasileira em Londres. A investigação incide sobre as experiências de mulheres brasileiras que se encontram em Londres em diferentes setores profissionais. Utilizamos uma combinação de técnicas quantitativas e qualitativas para o levantamento de dados. Para coleta de dados utilizamos a metodologia Snow Ball. Pesquisar o movimento migratório internacional de mulheres brasileiras para Londres nos leva a conhecer um pouco mais sobre: a realidade feminina em espaços de migração intensa, apreender como são impressas marcas identitárias no território, compreender o papel essencial que a mulher migrante assume na atualidade no mercado de trabalho internacional e como que a migração internacional de uma forma ou d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The main goal of this research is to analyze the phenomenon of international migration from Brazil to London of Brazilian women. More specifically, we look at the relationship between work and identity. Thus, it focuses on the role of Brazilian women in the London labor market and the relationship between the mobility of the workforce and the processes of identification / differentiation. The research looks at the experiences of Brazilian women in different professional sectors. We intend to analyze the determinants of (e / i) migration of Brazilians to England; identify the forms of inclusion and participation of Brazilians in the London labor market; and understand how women's work takes places in the processes of affirmation or denial of Brazilian identity in London. For that, we used the combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Snow ball has been used as methodology for collecting data. The research on the International Brazilian women migration leads us to know a little more about female reality in intensive migration spaces; learn how identity marks are printed in the territory; understanding the essential role that migrant women assumes in the current international work market and; how the international migration in one way or another is incorporated in the productive restructuring. The data has showed that, Brazilian women migrants gain stability during the time they live and work in London. However their economic condition is limited, due their they migrant identity. We expect that deepening the understanding of issues related to Brazilian international migrants in the UK, under the prospect of Labor and Identity, could greatly contribute to the construction of theoretical and methodological foundation for both the Geography as for the other areas of knowledge concerned with the understanding of migratory movements, their conditions and their ramifications / Doutor

O canto popular se constitui como uma das expressões de maior significado dentre as manifestações de tradição oral da imigração italiana no nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul e reforça os traços de uma identidade cultural e de uma memória dos descendentes de imigrantes. O projeto ECIRS (Elementos Cuturais da Imigração Italiana no Nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul) realizou, na década de 1980, o levantamento e registro das canções interpretadas na região, resultando num acervo de aproximadamente 400 canções. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender o processo de construção de sentido na performance das canções que compõem o acervo do Cancioneiro Popular da Imigração Italiana e, a partir disso, identificar de que forma os sentidos atribuídos à sua performance contribuem para a manutenção de uma memória da imigração italiana. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo comparativo, a partir do grupo de canções ainda interpretadas, visando identificar o processo de construção de novas memórias e de novos sentidos atribuídos à prática de cantar. A partir de discussões sobre Cultura Popular, se estabelece a relação entre o hábito de cantar com a formação de uma identidade cultural do descendente de imigrante italiano. Da mesma forma, explica-se que o sentido no Cancioneiro Popular da Imigração Italiana acontece em sua performance, e que todos os elementos que a constituem participam na construção de sentido, devendo-se considerar os processos individuais, sociais e culturais. Como metodologia de análise, utilizou-se a abordagem de José Luiz Martinez que, baseado na semiótica peirceana, propõe que a investigação musical deva acontecer nos campos da Semiose Musical, da Representação Musical e da Interpretação Musical. As análises realizadas nesta pesquisa demonstraram que, na atualidade, existe um certo caráter de politização no processo de formação de sentido das canções, visto que as formações corais partem de iniciativas públicas e privadas, muitas vezes associadas a um discurso sobre políticas patrimoniais. Da mesma forma, foi possível identificar que alguns signos e estruturas musicais têm importante papel na formação de sentido das canções. Por fim, foi possível estabelecer que o sentido atribuído à prática das canções é também construído a partir de um sistema gestáltico, em que os hábitos de escuta e gerações de expectativas individuais fazem parte do processo. O sentido atribuído às canções é estabelecido no sistema e na inter-relação entre todos os elementos que as constituem no momento de sua performance, elementos estes formados a partir do uso e contexto social e cultural. / Popular singing is one of the most meaningful expressions of the oral tradition left by itallian imigration in northeast Rio Grande do Sul, as it bonds both the cultural identity and memories of descendants of immigrants. During the 1980’s, the ECIRS project (Cultural Elements of Italian Imigration in the North East of Rio Grande do Sul) has surveyed and recorded a repertoire of more than 400 songs in the “Cancioneiro Popular da Imigração Italiana” collection. This research aims to understand the meaning processes in those performances, in order to study how the meanings attributed to their performance contribute to the maintenance of descendants of immigrants memories. Songs still sung by descendants of immigrants were selected for a comparative study, aiming to identify the construction process of new memories and meanings attributed to the singing practice. Relationships between the singing practices and the cultural identities of descendants of Italian immigrants were estabilished based on currrent Popular Culture studies. This work also proposes that the meanings in the “Cancioneiro Popular da Imigração Italiana” are derived not only from its performance but as well from many individual, social and cultural elements, all inextricably intertwined. The analysis methodology was based on José Luiz Martinez approach, inspired by Pierce’s semiotics, which proposes that musical inquiry should take in account the fields of Musical Semiosis, Musical Representation and Performance Practice.The analysis has shown that, nowadays, politics also plays a role in the construction of meanings in those songs, as choral ensembles usually originate from public or private iniciatives, usually associated with certain preservation politics discourses. It was also possible to identify that certain signs and musical structures are integral to the meaning processes in those songs, and that the meaning attributed to the pratice of those songs is also constructed in a gestalt-like fashion, in which listening habits and generations of individual expectations partake. The meanings attributed to those songs are estabilished both in the system as well as in the inter-relationship between all elements that constitute them during the performance, formed from their social and cultural context.

O tema sobre migrações tem repercutido na sociedade devido ao número considerável de fluxos migratórios que estão ocorrendo atualmente. No Rio Grande do Sul, esse fluxo tem crescido e por isso aumentado o interesse pela pesquisa na área. Dessa maneira esse estudo tem como objetivo investigar as condições de hospitalidade em alguns setores privados e públicos de Caxias do Sul que atendem os migrantes, a fim de entender os mecanismos utilizados por essas instituições que os acolhem. A discussão da migração mostra as dificuldades das instituições em aceitarem a chegada do outro na cidade. Portanto, para entender melhor as questões sobre imigrantes e população local, é necessário compreender a hospitalidade. No caso de Caxias do Sul, percebe-se que, assim como os imigrantes do passado, os senegaleses procuram o município por motivos laborais. Porém, esse fluxo causa conflitos e impactos culturais pelas diferenças que os caracterizam. O estudo fez uso do método de análise de conteúdo para compreender os discursos presentes nas entrevistas com dez representantes da esfera pública e privada da cidade de Caxias do Sul. Como resultados da pesquisa, fica evidente que existem compreensões distintas do fenômeno hospitalidade entre os sujeitos entrevistados. As categorias analíticas que emergiram desses discursos mostram a dificuldade de receber, o ato de receber e as contradições visíveis que a cidade enfrenta ao receber. As categorias são: a hospitalidade como ato de acolhimento, a hospitalidade como virtude e caridade, a alteridade, a presença do preconceito como sinal de hostilidade, a ética e a hospitalidade e as dificuldades da cidade no acolhimento.Os resultados apontam que há uma diferença no atendimento dos migrantes pela esfera pública e pela esfera privada. Os conflitos dentro da cidade são manifestações de agressão física, racismo e xenofobia mesmo que haja grupos que acolhem e auxiliam os migrantes no ambiente fabril e nas diversas demandas sociais necessárias para a inserção na cidade. / Human migration has been an important theme in society due to the considerable number of migration movements happening lately. In Rio Grande do Sul this movement has increased and as a result there is a greater interest in this research area. Thus, this study intends to investigate the hospitality conditions of some of the private and public services that attend immigrants in the city of Caxias do Sul in order to understand how these institutions proceed to receive migrants. The discussion over the human migration movement exposes the institution’s intricacies to accept the incoming migranting people in the city. The aim is to better understand the quality of receiving these migrants. For example, in the city of Caxias do Sul is notable that immigrants from the past, like the Senegalese, immigrated to Brazil for labor reasons. However, this migration caused cultural conflicts and impacts due to the different characteristics from each people. The current study uses the content analysis method to comprehend the present speeches in interviews with ten spokesperson from the public and the private scope of the Caxias do Sul County. As research results point out, it is clear that there are different understandings on the hospitality matter among the people interviewed. The analytical categories that emerged from these discourses show the difficulty of receiving, the act of receiving and visible contradictions that the city faces when receiving migrants. The categories are: hospitality as reception, hospitality as virtue and charity, alterity, the presence of prejudice as a sign of hostility, ethic and hospitality, and the difficulties of the city in welcoming. The results show that there is a difference in the care by the public and the private domain. The conflicts in the city are a manifestation of physical aggression, racism, and xenophobia even though there are groups that welcome and assist the migrants outside the manufacturing surroundings and on a variety of required social demands for their inclusion in the city.

This work aims to understand identity processes created because and within Chinese immigrants in Aracaju. The research problem refers to the production of Chinese presence from the economic perspective in Aracaju. This work enrolls on international migration studies, precisely between those dedicated to migratory processes to Brazilian northeast in recent years. This work also enrolls on the debate about identities and uses the field as analytical parameter. This work understand identity notion like power relations which generate location, classification and ranking, and also contestation and transgression. The use of field framework justifies itself by allowing an analytical construction of challenges and tensions, necessary to identity production. Due to the empirical scenario and a view that it was not intended to study samples, it was more appropriate replace sample notion with corpus research notion, in other words, a data set direct related to my study object. In this way, I used research procedures from document search, oral sources and direct observation. Results show identity processes in Aracaju may be understood by dialectic relations. Thereby, there is no sense on being Chinese. Being Chinese is built by nominations, a game in which Chinese names themselves and also are named by others. Brazilians say what Chinese are and, on the other hand, Chinese resists to these nominations with an almost unanimous economic consensus. Finally, Chinese presence is being made on oppositions (positive-negative) as a result of disturbs that a foreigner presence causes, especially, in economic field. / Esta dissertação procura compreender os processos identitários produzidos a partir e na presença de imigrantes chineses em Aracaju. O problema de pesquisa refere-se à produção da presença chinesa a partir do campo econômico na cidade de Aracaju. Este trabalho inscreve-se nos estudos sobre as migrações internacionais, mais precisamente entre aqueles que se dedicam aos processos migratórios para o nordeste brasileiro nos últimos anos. O trabalho também se inscreve no debate sobre identidades e lança mão do campo como parâmetro analítico. A noção de identidade é entendida neste trabalho como relações de poder que, por sua vez, são geradoras de localização, classificação e hierarquização, mas também, de contestação e transgressão. A utilização do referencial de campo se justifica por permitir construir analiticamente as disputas e tensões necessárias à produção das identidades. Diante do quadro empírico e tendo em vista que não pretendia fazer um estudo amostral, pareceu mais adequado substituir a noção de amostra pelo de corpus de pesquisa, ou seja, um conjunto de dados que estavam diretamente relacionados com o meu objeto de estudo. Desta maneira, utilizei procedimentos de pesquisa que foram da pesquisa documental, às fontes orais, passando pela observação direta. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os processos identitários em Aracaju podem ser entendidos a partir das relações dialógicas. Deste modo, não há somente um sentido de ser chinês. Ser chinês é construído por meio das heteronomeações e das automeações, um jogo no qual os chineses são nomeados e também se nomeiam. Os brasileiros dizem o que eles são e, os chineses, num movimento de contra nomeação, resistem às nomeações presentes como quase um consenso no campo econômico. E, por fim, a presença chinesa vai sendo produzida nas oposições (positivo-negativo) fruto das perturbações que uma presença estrangeira causa, principalmente, no campo econômico.

Orientador: Rosana Aparecida Baeninger / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T01:18:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_GiseleMariaRibeirode_D.pdf: 4261728 bytes, checksum: f5dd3a431e8408b8836020837234964e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A imigração brasileira na França após 1980 foi analisada aqui a partir do reconhecimento da heterogeneidade das modalidades que compõem este fluxo, cuja dinâmica revela a presença concomitante de "antigas" e "novas" lógicas migratórias. Antigas porque há um persistente fluxo de estudantes brasileiros que se volta às instituições francesas de ensino, graças à presença de relações históricas entre o Brasil e a França consolidadas nesse âmbito. No entanto, como parte das migrações internacionais contemporâneas, verifica-se também a presença de novas modalidades migratórias no recente fluxo de brasileiros para a França, deslocamentos que acompanham às transformações sociais advindas com a intensificação da chamada globalização e toda a dinâmica associada, nesse cenário, à diminuição das distâncias e à crescente mobilidade humana. Como se argumenta na tese, o uso das modalidades migratórias na análise permitiu a reconstrução dos processos sociais que engendram os fluxos, ao mesmo tempo em que contemplou a incorporação dos diferentes interesses e estratégias dos migrantes e das repercussões correspondentes nas formas de instalação na sociedade de destino. Se o nível de autonomia e de coação que os agentes experimentam não é idêntico entre os diferentes perfis de migrantes, consequentemente as práticas e os mecanismos envolvidos no projeto e na realização da migração conjugam essas especificidades / Abstract: Brazilian immigration in France after 1980 was analyzed here with regard to the heterogeneity of the modalities that make this flow, whose dynamics reveal the concomitant presence of "old" and "new" migratory logics. Old because there is a persistent flow of brazilian students that turns itself to French learning institutions, thanks to the existence of historical links between Brazil and France within that circle. However, as a part of contemporary international migrations, there are also new migratory modalities in the recent flow of Brazilians to France, displacements that go hand in hand with the social transformations resulting from the intensification of the so-called globalization and from all dynamics associated to the diminishing distances and growing human mobility in that backdrop. As it is stated in the thesis, the use of migratory modalities in the analysis has allowed the rebuilding of the social processes that bring those flows, contemplating, at the same time, the incorporation of different interests and strategies of the migrants, as well as the corresponding repercussions in the ways of installation in destination societies. If the levels of autonomy and coercion that the agents experience aren't identical in the different profiles of migrants, consequently, the practices and the mechanisms involved in the planning and execution of the migration include these features / Doutorado / Sociologia / Doutora em Sociologia

Objetivos. Evaluar la asociación entre tener una especialidad médica y el ingreso económico mensual en médicos peruanos, y comparar los ingresos económicos entre áreas con mayor y menor densidad de médicos en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios de Salud realizada en Perú el año 2015. Esta encuesta con nivel de inferencia nacional fue realizada a médicos que laboran en establecimientos de salud de Perú. Se evaluó el ingreso económico considerando todas las actividades remuneradas del médico. Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas (RP y RPa) y sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%) mediante regresiones de Poisson con varianza robusta, tomando en cuenta el muestreo complejo de la encuesta. Resultados. De 2219 médicos encuestados, se analizaron 2154 (97,0%) observaciones. La frecuencia de ganar >S/ 5000 (1572,3 USD) mensuales fue de 29,1% en médicos generales; 65,6% en especialistas; 63,0% en especialidades clínicas; 70,5% en especialidades quirúrgicas, y 55,7% en otras especialidades. En comparación a los médicos generales, los médicos con especialidades clínicas, quirúrgicas, y otras especialidades, tuvieron más probabilidades de ganar >S/ 5000 mensuales (RPa = 1,44, 1,49, y 1,26, respectivamente). La probabilidad de ganar >S/ 5000 fue mayor en quienes laboraban en departamentos con baja densidad de médicos. Conclusiones. Los ingresos económicos fueron mayores en médicos especialistas que en no especialistas. Los ingresos económicos fueron mayores en departamentos con menor densidad de médicos, lo cual puede animar a que los médicos laboren en dichos departamentos. / Objectives. To evaluate the relationship between having a medical specialty and the monthly income of Peruvian doctors, and to compare the economic incomes among areas with higher and lower density of medical doctors in Peru. Materials and methods. We analyzed data of the National Satisfaction Survey of Health Users (in Spanish: ENSUSALUD) carried out in Peru in the year 2015. This survey, with a national level of inference, was performed on physicians working at health facilities in Peru. Monthly income was measured considering all paid activities of the physician. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR and aPR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated through Poisson regression models with robust variance, taking into account the complex sampling of the survey. Results. Out of 2 219 Physicians surveyed, 2 154 (97.0%) observations were analyzed. The probability of earning > S/5 000 (1 572.3 USD) per month was 29.1% for general practitioners; 65.6% for specialists; 63.0% for clinical specialists; 70.5% for surgeons, and 55.7% for other specialties. Compared to general practitioners, physicians with clinical, surgical, and other specialties were more likely to earn > S/5 000 per month (aPR = 1.44, 1.49, and 1.26, respectively). The probability of earning > S/5 000 was higher in those working in departments with low medical density. Conclusions. Monthly incomes were higher for specialist physicians than for non-specialists. Economic incomes were higher in departments with lower density of physicians, which may encourage physicians to work in these departments.

The aim of this treatise is to identify the income tax implications of the persons becoming South African tax residents. It will provide a clear understanding of the income tax implications for natural and non-natural persons wishing to take up residence in South Africa. The definition of “resident” in section 1 of the Income Tax Act, 1962, has a direct impact on the tax implications bearing down on any foreigner planning to reside within the Republic of South Africa, especially in relation to the prevention of the double taxation. The following issues or areas have been identified, these issues are summarised below. The persons receiving foreign pensions may be exempt from normal tax under section 10 (1)(gC) and in terms of the tax treaty, they may also escape taxation in their former country of residence. The treatise will look at various treaties that exist between the South Africa and other countries and to discuss the taxing rights. There is a case of double non-taxation and good reason for immigrants to come and avoid tax in South Africa. It is suggested that the legislation and the double tax agreements should be amended. A person who becomes a resident will receive a step-up in base cost for assets other than South African immovable property and assets of a permanent establishment in South Africa under paragraph 12(2)(a) of the Eighth Schedule. The main purpose of the legislation is to ensure that these assets are correctly valued, determining the base cost, when the person becomes a tax resident. The valuation of these assets carries with it the problem of securing sufficient evidence long after the valuation. Most of the tax planning for such for immigrants revolves around estate duty and donations tax. The person would donate his assets to an offshore discretionary trust before taking up residence in South Africa. The advantage is that donations tax will be avoided because there are exemptions in terms of section 56, for assets acquired before becoming a resident. The income and capital gains vested in nonbeneficiary can be taxed in the hands of the donor in terms of section 7 and paragraph 72 of the Eighth Schedule. The donor should be aware of the antiavoidance measures; section 7(2) to 7(8) and paragraph 72 of the Eighth Schedule will deem a different person other than the person who is entitled to the income to be taxable on that person. The income and gains received by the beneficiary of a trust can be taxable in the hands of the donor. The assets owned by the trust will be sheltered from South African estate duty. The foreign discretionary trust, as a non-resident, will not be liable for tax in South Africa. The beneficiaries of such a trust will be liable for income tax from the trust distributions, once they have acquired a vested right to the income. The liability of income tax is deferred to the year when the trustees decide to make distributions. The distribution by the trustees in a subsequent year creates a delay or postponement for taxes which should be paid by the beneficiaries. The trustees are most likely to make distributions in a tax year when the tax rates are low. There are tax opportunities for the immigrants who intend to take up residence. The tax resident might be subject to withholding taxes on foreign income from the previous country of residence, but might be subject to Double Tax Agreement between South Africa and other countries.

L’objet principal de cette thèse porte sur l’immigration turque dans l’industrie charbonnière belge dans une séquence historique qui débute en 1956, année de la catastrophe du Bois-du-Cazier à Marcinelle (262 morts), de l’arrêt définitif de tout recrutement au départ de l’Italie pour ce secteur d’activité réputé pour sa dangerosité, de l’extension des bassins de prospection de l’industrie minière et de ses premières tentatives de recrutement en Turquie, et s’achève en 1980, année du rétablissement par les Etats membres du Benelux de l’obligation du visa d’entrée touristique pour les ressortissants turcs au lendemain de l’avènement d’un nouveau régime militaire en Turquie, annonciateur d’un nouvel afflux migratoire conséquent.<p>Plus largement, la thèse interroge la pertinence du postulat qui veut que les politiques migratoires conçues et mises en oeuvre par les pouvoirs publics, au cours des Golden Sixties, aient considéré les travailleurs migrants comme une main-d’oeuvre d’appoint temporaire.<p>La première partie de la thèse, qui porte sur la genèse de la politique d’immigration belge entre 1830 et 1960, recadre l’histoire de l’immigration turque dans l’industrie houillère belge et des politiques mises en oeuvre à son intention dans le contexte du double processus d’étatisation et de nationalisation des politiques migratoires au cours des XIXe et XXe siècles.<p>La seconde partie retrace la configuration des chaînes d’interdépendances qui relient les trajectoires migratoires des travailleurs migrants turcs recrutés par l’industrie charbonnière belge dans les années 1960 et 1970 aux dispositifs générés, séparément ou conjointement, par l’Etat belge, l’Etat turc, l’industrie charbonnière, les organisations syndicales et les services, associations et autres collectifs d’accueil et d’aide aux migrants pour organiser, stabiliser et intégrer cette immigration turque dans les régions minières du pays.<p>La troisième partie interroge le devenir de cette immigration turque au moment où les fermetures de charbonnages se succèdent et que de nouveaux besoins en main-d’oeuvre se font sentir dans les dernières sociétés charbonnières encore en activité. Elle esquisse en parallèle le processus d’étatisation des politiques d’intégration jusque-là principalement prises en charge par les modes de gestion paternalistes de l’industrie charbonnière.<p>Cette thèse aborde également, mais dans une moindre mesure, l’immigration originaire de Turquie avant 1960 et l’immigration turque qui se développe au cours des années 1960 et 1970, en marge de celle organisée en faveur de l’industrie charbonnière, à destination d’autres régions et secteurs d’activité du pays (Bruxelles, Anvers, Gand, Ardennes, etc.).<p>Son angle d’approche dépasse par ailleurs la seule immigration turque en Belgique et la seule politique migratoire belge. Elle s’intéresse ainsi, à travers des analyses comparées, au cas de l’immigration marocaine, qui lui est contemporain, ou encore à la politique migratoire néerlandaise, à l’origine d’un phénomène de désertion massive de l’industrie houillère belge par les ouvriers mineurs turcs. / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

En Belgique, à l’instar d’autres populations d’origine immigrée, les populations d’origine africaine subsaharienne font face à une relative impuissance. Cette dernière peut-être déterminée en fonction de critères tels que l’accès à l’emploi, au logement, à l’enseignement, ou encore le statut juridico-politique. Dans ma thèse, je m’intéresse aux stratégies mises en place par ces populations afin d’améliorer collectivement leur sort. J’articule la question des conséquences sociales et culturelles de la migration en termes de dialectique de l’identification, focalisée notamment sur l’utilisation couramment synonymique des catégories ethno-raciales « africain », « subsaharien » et « noir », avec celle des formes de l’action collective dégagées dans le cadre des social movement studies. Ma réflexion part d’une proposition théorique formulée de façon synthétique par Pnina Werbner et suggérant que, malgré le climat concurrentiel que la formation et l’expansion d’associations ethniques peut générer, leur développement et leur mise en relation constituerait les prémices incontournables d’éventuelles actions collectives protestataires. Pour Pnina Werbner, cette mise en réseau des associations, si elle s’assortit d’un processus de « convergence idéologique », peut donner lieu à des mobilisations. J’ai enrichi cette proposition de deux manières :d’une part, en affinant la notion de convergence idéologique au moyen de la littérature sur le cadrage et le processus d’alignement des cadres dans la mobilisation collective, et, d’autre part, en articulant dans mon analyse les trois courants théoriques centraux des recherches sur des mouvements sociaux – structure des opportunités politiques, mobilisations des ressources, cadres de l’action collective.<p><p>J’ai ainsi montré que le système politique belge était globalement à la fois favorable à l’expression de potentiels mouvements sociaux issus de l’immigration et peu ouvert à leur reconnaissance officielle. J’ai également mis en évidence que les niveaux infra-nationaux et supra-nationaux véhiculaient des opportunités politiques spécifiques. Je me suis ensuite penchée sur la façon dont les différentes opportunités et contraintes politiques mises à jour ont été saisies par deux associations « africaines » soucieuses de former un groupe d’intérêt représentant l’ensemble de la collectivité d’origine africaine subsaharienne, et sur les conséquences organisationnelles de ces choix. Ces études de cas m’ont permis de mettre en exergue le répertoire d’action accommodateur dans lequel ces organisations s’inscrivent, et la relation de leurs membres avec la structure des opportunités politiques. J’ai souligné comment certaines de ces opportunités, dans la façon dont elles ont été réappropriées par les leaders associatifs, ont eu un impact négatif sur la cohésion interne de leurs associations. Aussi, en me penchant plus spécifiquement sur la façon dont les différentes parties prenantes de ces organisations donnent sens aux activités de celles-ci, j’ai montré que les objectifs de ces associations étaient, de façon générale, investis de sens fort différents par les acteurs, y compris au sein des collèges d’administrateurs. Dans la lignée des travaux de Michael Herzfeld, les résultats de ma recherche soulignent la relation disémique inévitable entre la volonté de représentation communautaire officielle et les pratiques internes à la collectivité. Depuis quelques années, les entrepreneurs de représentation de cette collectivité tâchent d’amenuiser cette disémie en engageant leurs associations respectives, rebaptisées « panafricaines », dans des actions collectives. L’analyse de ces actions rend compte de la construction d’un « répertoire symbolique commun » qui se décline autour du référent panafricain et de politiques identitaires pragmatiques. Enfin, j’ai identifié les formes de sociabilité plutôt élitaires du réseau associatif « panafricain » comme une limite de son extension.<p><p>Ces développements empiriques montrent tout l’intérêt d’observer largement « l’espace des mouvements sociaux », c’est-à-dire la trajectoire des organisations et des acteurs susceptibles de donner forme à l’action collective. Ce faisant, mon travail contribue à décloisonner des études sur les mouvements sociaux trop souvent cantonnées aux actions protestataires directement menées contre l’autorité publique. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished