La première partie de ce travail recense les différentes technologies permettant de générer des mousses silicone. Des généralités sur les émulsions, sur la génération de matériaux poreux à base d’émulsions inverses concentrées, ainsi que sur le principe d’inversion de phase d’une émulsion par élévation de température sont discutées. La production de mousses silicone à partir d’émulsions a été retenue pour sa polyvalence. Des mousses ont donc été synthétisées à partir d’émulsions inverses concentrées dans un premier temps. La variation de la formulation et des paramètres de procédé ont permis de mieux appréhender les phénomènes qui gouvernent les morphologies finales des mousses. Les limites rencontrées avec les émulsions inverses (viscosité élevée, « pot life » court etc.) ont orienté notre choix sur la technologie d’inversion de phases d’émulsions directes. Nous nous sommes attardés sur la compréhension du phénomène d’inversion de phase ainsi que sur la température de point de troubles des tensioactifs afin de comprendre son influence sur les morphologies des mousses générées. Enfin les enductions ont permis de générer des films de mousse légers, fins, homogènes et à porosité ouverte après avoir réglé des problèmes de stabilité en adaptant notamment le protocole d’émulsification. / The first part of this work lists the various technologies that make possible the formation of silicone foams. Global knowledge on emulsions, on the generation of porous materials emulsion templated, as well as on the principle of emulsion phase inversion temperature (PIT) are discussed. The production of silicone foams from emulsions has been retained for its versatility. Foams were synthesized from concentrated inverse emulsions at first. The variation of the formulation and the process parameters made it possible to better understand the phenomena which govern the final morphologies of the foams. The limits encountered with inverse emulsions (high viscosity, short pot life, etc.) have led us to move our approach to phase inversion temperature technology of oil-in-water emulsions. We then focused on the comprehension of the phase inversion phenomenon, as well as on the surfactant cloud point temperature, in order to understand their influence on the morphologies of the generated foams. Finally, the coating process allowed the production of thin, light, homogeneous and open-porous foams after having solved stability issues, in particular by adapting the emulsification protocol.

Syftet med detta examensarbete var att utveckla en helt bio-baserad vatten- och smutsavstötande ytbehandling för trä med ambitionen att ersätta en icke bio-baserad referens produkt på marknaden. Flera emulsioner med oljor och vaxer har framställts och analyserats utefter emulsionernas stabilitet och kvalitet. Flera av dessa emulsioners vattenabsorption, kontaktvinkel, pH värde vid ytan och åldrande i utomhusmiljö testades också efter att olika typer av trä behandlats med formuleringarna. En del av formuleringarna verkade ge liknande vattenabsorption som referensen på de olika typerna av trä med undantag för trä typ 4 där de bio-baserade formuleringarna presterade bättre än referensen. Vidare bildade även de bio-baserade formuleringarna en mindre gul och sträv yta jämfört med referensen och de genomgick dessutom en mindre fysisk förändring efter placering utomhus. Dock var stabiliteten för de bio-baserade emulsionerna sämre än för referensen. Dessutom resulterade de bio-baserade formuleringarna till en mindre pH sänkning på trä typ 3 med alkaliskt. / The aim of this thesis project was to develop a fully bio-based water and dirt repellent wood coating with the ambition to replace the current non-bio-based reference product on the market. Several wax and oil emulsions were made and analyzed in terms of emulsion quality and stability. Several formulations were also tested on different types of wood in terms of water absorption, weathering, surface pH and contact angle. Some formulations seam to give similar water absorption as the reference, the not bio-based product and performs similar on different types of wood with an exception on Wood type 4 where the bio-based formulations performs better than the current reference product. Secondly the bio-based formulations form a less yellow and rough coating compared to the current reference product. According to the weathering test the bio-based formulations seams to perform better. However, the stability of the bio-based formulation is not as good as the current reference product. Also, the developed bio-based conceptual formulations exhibited limited pH lowering on Wood type 3 with alkaline pH.

No description available.

Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet Européen VEGEPHY (VEGEtale-PHYtosanitaire) dont le but est de développer un produit support destiné à être pulvérisé pour protéger les plantes des viroses. Le produit étudié est une émulsion de type eau-dans-huile (E/H) à base d’une solution aqueuse de polysaccharide et d’esterméthylique de colza comme phase continue. Le polysaccharide est utilisé sous forme d'adjuvant afin de modifier les propriétés rhéologiques de la préparation phytosanitaire (bouillie) et ainsi de limiter la dérive des gouttelettes lors de la pulvérisation. Le but est également d’améliorer le contact des gouttes sur le végétal traité. L'objectif de ce travail est de formuler une émulsion (E/H) avec une concentration maximale de polysaccharide, qui soit stable sur le long terme (environ 2 ans) et d'étudier, lors de la mise en œuvre du produit, les mécanismes de relargage dans un laps de temps efficace devant rester inférieur à 600 s. Les émulsions (E/H) concentrées ont été réalisées à l'aide d'un système rotor stator à température ambiante. La phase aqueuse contenant le polysaccharide et du glycérol a été dispersée dans une phase huileuse agitée dans laquelle un surfactant (lécithine ou PolyRicinoléate de PolyGlycérol, PGPR) a préalablement été dissous. Des tests de stabilité ont été menés immédiatement après les phases de préparation ou par un vieillissement accéléré. Différents paramètres qui ont une influence sur cette stabilité ont été étudiés par DSC, observations microscopiques, diffraction laser et mesure des propriétés rhéologiques. Les analyses DSC ont été utilisées poursuivre l'évolution de la taille des gouttes en fonction du temps. En effet, le comportement thermique des émulsions pendant les phases de congélation et de fusion permet de calculer la fraction d’eau congelée dans les gouttelettes et sa mise en relation avec l’évolution de la stabilité des émulsions. Le relargage du polysaccharide (CarboxyMethylCellulose, CMC) est obtenu en deux étapes : déstabilisation de l'émulsion primaire E/H par un produit chimique puis dilution dans l'eau pour obtenir une émulsion (H/E) avec la concentration désirée de polysaccharide dans la phase aqueuse. La déstabilisation a été étudiée en observant l'évolution des gouttelettes par DSC. Le procédé de dilution a été étudié par une mesure de la conductivité de la solution aqueuse couplée à un modèle cinétique de relargage du CMC.La formulation et la stabilité de l'émulsion (E/H) ont montré que la DSC, complétée par d'autres techniques, est une méthode appropriée pour déterminer les caractéristiques des émulsions. L'étude du comportement lors de la congélation montre que la proportion de glace formée dans les gouttelettes durant les tests DSC est en bonne adéquation avec les mesures DSC et les calculs thermodynamiques. L'utilisation du PGPR comme tensioactif et l'ajout du glycérol dans la formulation permettent d'augmenter la stabilité de l'émulsion à long terme. La formulation optimum obtenue contient 3.5 % (m/m) de CMC, 10 % (m/m) de glycérol dans 75 % (v/v) de phase dispersée et 14 % (m/m) de PRPG dans la phase continue. Un modèle empirique peut être utilisé pour décrire la cinétique de relargage. Pour déstabiliser l'émulsion (E/H), la quantité optimum de tensioactif anionique Cynthiorex PMH1125 est de 10 % (m/m) dans première émulsion avec NRe ≥ 4200 et T ≥ 20°C. Dans les conditions réelles d’utilisation de la préparation au champ, le temps minimum de relargage est d'environ 200 secondes. / This study is a part of the European project VEGEPHY (VEGEtale-PHYtosanitaire) to develop a product for the crop protection purposes. The product is a concentrated W/O emulsion trapping of a polysaccharide in the aqueous phase and rapeseed methyl ester oil as a continuous phase. Polysaccharide is used as a thickening adjuvant to modify the rheology properties of the water-based spray solution in order to reduce the drift of thespray. The objective of this study is to formulate concentrated W/O emulsions incorporation with the maximum amount of polysaccharide which show long stability (for over 2 years) and to study the release mechanism of polysaccharide in suitable conditions with a goal of an efficiency time less than 600 seconds.Concentrated W/O emulsions were realized by using a rotor stator system at room temperature. Aqueous phase containing polysaccharide and glycerol was dispersed into the stirred oil continuous phase where in a surfactant (lecithin and/or polyglycerol polyricinoleate, PGPR) has been previously dissolved. Stability tests were performed immediately after preparation and after ageing tests. Various parameters having an influence on thestability have been interpreted from DSC thermogram parallel with microscopic observation, laser diffraction granulometry and rheology measurement. DSC technique was used to study the emulsions by following the evolution of the droplet size versus time. Thermal behaviour of emulsions may be evaluated when they under gofreezing and melting in which the proportion of ice formed in the droplets may be calculated and their link with the evolution of the emulsion versus time. The release of the polysaccharide (CarboxyMethyl Cellulose, CMC)from the emulsion system is obtained by a two steps process : destabilization of the primary W/O emulsion by achemical product and dilution in water that gives an O/W emulsion containing the required concentration of polysaccharide. Destabilization was observed by following the evolution of dispersed droplets using DSC. Dilution process was assessed by measuring electrical conductivity of the water solution and a mathematical model to represent the kinetic release of CMC in water was proposed.The formulation and the stability of concentrated W/O emulsion has shown that DSC completed with granulometry and rheometry is an appropriate technique to study the emulsion characteristics. The study offreezing behaviour of emulsions show that the proportion of ice formed in the dispersed droplets during DSC test indicates good agreement between DSC measurements and thermodynamics calculation. The use of PGPRas surfactant and the introduction of glycerol in the formulation are beneficial to improve the long‐term stabilityof the emulsion. The optimum formulation of concentrated W/O emulsion was obtained containing : 3.5% w/wof CMC, 10% w/w of glycerol in 75% v/v of dispersed phase and 14% w/w of PGPR in the continuous phase. From the release study, an empirical model may be used to describe the released kinetic. The optimum amount of nonionic surfactant Cynthiorex PMH 1125 to break primary W/O emulsion was found at 10% w/w in the primary emulsion with NRe ≥ 4200 and T ≥ 20°C. Under practical field conditions, the minimum release time isthen around 200 seconds.

In the present work, a new generation opaque polymer pigment with multihollow structure was synthesized by suspension polymerization of &ldquo / Water-in-Oil-in-Water&rdquo / (W/O/W) emulsion system. Oil phase was methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomer mixture at 1:1 weight ratio. The dimension and distribution of hollows inside polymer particles are dependent on the size of water droplets which are encapsulated in micelles. For Water-in-Oil (W/O) assembly, a hydrophobic surfactant and hydrophilic co-surfactant (Span 80-Tween 80) combination with a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) value between 5-8 was used. The effects of surfactant and co-surfactant composition on the stability of the W/O emulsion and also on the size of water droplets were studied. In addition, the effect of the ultrasonication on the average size of water droplets was investigated. The hollow size distribution which may possibly give the maximum scattering efficiency was predicted by a mathematical model based on the Mie scattering. The optimum size distribution for W/O emulsion was obtained at the monomer/surfactant/water ratio of 75.5/9.4/15.1 after ultrasonication for 30 seconds at 80 W power. The W/O/W emulsion was prepared by dispersing the W/O emulsion in aqueous solution of hydrophilic Triton X-405. The influence of surfactant concentration and mechanical mixing on monomer droplets was investigated by size measurement and optical microscopy. After stabilizing with 1 %w/w polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution, the W/O/W emulsion was polymerized at 55 &deg / C for 20 h. The surface morphology of synthesized polymer pigments was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the inner hollow structure was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The analysis indicated that multihollow opaque polymer pigments were successfully synthesized. The opacity, the L*a*b* color, and the gloss properties of polymer pigments were examined by spectrophotometer and glossmeter. The opacity values were assessed by contrast ratio measurements, and the synthesized polymer pigments provided up to 97.3 % opacity (50 %v/v solid content). In addition, the pigments exhibited low gloss values, and yielded matt films.

No description available.

M. Tech. Civil Engineering / Asphalt mixes are commonly used for paving roads around the world. They consist of mainly bitumen and aggregate materials, which may differ depending on the type of asphalt mix. The shape properties of aggregate particles relevant for the performance of asphalt mixes include the form, angularity and surface texture. There are concerns about the standard test methods used to quantify the shape properties (i.e. angularity, surface roughness, flatness, elongation and sphericity) of aggregates used for road pavement design and construction. These test methods have been reported as time and labour intensive, and have several limitations including human error, lack of accuracy, and repeatability of test results. Although results obtained from these tests have been linked to performance, however these links are questionable. Recently, various researchers and practitioners have indicated that advanced and automated approaches such as imaging and laser scanning techniques would better quantify the shape and surface properties of aggregates. For instance, researchers at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) found that a portable three-dimensional (3-D) laser scanning system can be used to accurately quantify the shape properties of aggregate particles that are relevant to the performance of asphalt mixes. The overall objective of this study was to use a 3-D laser scanning technique to quantify the shape properties of aggregate materials and relate them to performance of laboratory compacted asphalt mixes.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: A new emulsion (code name: NW 120) has been developed by Plascon on laboratory scale, for application in the paint industry. It is an environmentally friendly emulsion in which no coalescent solvent is used. It also has a core-shell morphology. Research was undertaken to scale-up (industrialize) the emulsion polymerization of NW 120. The use of a suitable pilot plant was investigated. An available bench-scale pilot plant (RCl, Mettler Toledo) was found to be very expensive. The reactors were very small (R:1.8 l) and the reactor set-ups (reactor, baffies and stirrer configuration) were not similar to the industrial size reactors used by Plascon. A fully computer controlled bench-scale pilot plant was subsequently designed and built at a fraction of the cost of the commercially available set-up. The reactor (5 I) was a scale-down replica (geometrically similar) of the industrial size reactors used by Plascon. The reactor was designed to also serve as a calorimeter. Very good control was achieved over the reaction temperature and addition rates of the monomers and catalyst. Heat loss and heat capacity models were derived for a variation in the reaction temperature between 82.5 - 87.5 °c in order to perform accurate energy balances (calorimeter) around the reactor. The accuracy of the calorimeter was verified at a reaction temperature of 85°C, by measuring the heat that evolved when a sodium hydroxide solution was diluted with water. The accuracy of the calorimeter was found to be extremely good. The pilot plant was commissioned with an industrially manufactured emulsion (code name: AE 446), well known to Plascon. The results obtained in the pilot plant reactor were very similar to those obtained for the full-scale manufacturing of AE 446. It was determined that if geometrical similarity between the pilot plant reactor and the industrial size reactor is preserved and if the correct process conditions (stirring speed, reaction temperature and addition rates of the monomers/catalyst) are maintained, then the direct scale-up of the production ofNW 120, from bench-scale to full-scale, would be possible. The reaction conditions were varied over a wide range, in order to find the optimum process conditions. The stirring speed was varied between 150 - 550 rpm. Shear sensitivity was observed at stirring speeds of 450 rpm and higher. The measured physical properties at 550 rpm were found to be unacceptable. The optimum stirring speed for the desired particle size and viscosity was found to lie between 150 rpm and 250 rpm. The reaction temperature was varied between 70 and 90 DC. The optimum reaction temperature was found to lie between 80 and 90 De. It was possible to successfully reduce the monomer addition time, and hence the reaction times, by increasing the addition rate of the monomers/catalyst, from 4 h to 2 ~ h. The method developed by Klein et al. (1996), for the scale-up of the stirring speed of emulsion polymerization reactions was used to determine the equivalent fullscale stirring speed. The scale-up of NW 120 was subsequently conducted at 85 DC, at a stirring speed of 35 rpm and the monomers/catalyst were added over a period of 4 h. The use of reduced reaction times were not considered in the first scale-up run since at that stage it was not clear whether the heat removal capability of the industrial size reactor would be adequate to cope with the increase in the evolved heat, associated with an increase in the addition rates of the monomers/catalyst. Very good results were obtained. The measured physical properties of NW 120 produced in the industrial size reactor were found to be almost exactly the same as in the pilot plant reactor. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Nuwe emulsie (kode naam NW 120) is deur Plascon op laboratorium skaal ontwikkel, vir die gebruik in die verfbedryf. Dit is 'n omgewingsvriendelike produk en geen oplosmiddels word gebruik vir die filmvormingsproses nie. Hierdie projek handeloor die opskalering (industrialisering) van die produksie van NW 120. Die gebruik van 'n geskikte loodsaanleg is eers ondersoek. Daar is gevind dat die beskikbare laboratorium skaalloodsaanleg (RCl, Mettler Toledo) baie duur was. Die reaktore is baie klein (:::::1.81). Die reaktoropstellings (reaktor, keerplate en roerder-konfigurasie) is ook nie in ooreenstemming met die industriële grootte reaktore wat deur Plascon gebruik word nie. 'n Ten volle rekenaarbeheerde loodsaanleg is ontwerp en gebou teen 'n breuk van die koste van soortgelyke kommersieel beskikbare opstellings. Die reaktor (5 I) is 'n skaalmodel (geometries gelykvormig) van die industriële grootte reaktore wat deur Plascon gebruik word. Die reaktor word ook aangewend as 'n kalorimeter. Baie goeie beheer oor die reaktortemperatuur, sowel as die toevoertempo's van die monomere en die katalis is verkry. Hitteverlies en hittekapasiteits modelle is afgelei vir variasies in die reaktortemperatuur tussen 82.5 - 87.5 °c om dit moontlik te maak om akkurate energiebalanse te kan opstel (kalorimeter). Die akkuraatheid van die kalorimeter is getoets by 85°C, deur die verdunningswarmte van 'n natriumhidroksiedoplossing te meet. Daar is gevind dat die kalorimeter baie akkuraat is. 'n Industrieel vervaardigde (plaseon) emulsie (kode naam: AB 446) is gebruik om die loodsaanleg in bedryf te stel. Die resultate wat in die loodsaanleg verkry is, was ongeveer dieselfde as die resultate wat in die industriële reaktore verkry word. Hierdie resultate toon dat indien die reaktore geometries gelykvormig is en indien die regte prosestoestande (roerspoed, reaksietemperatuur en toevoertempo's van die monomere/katalis) gebruik word, dit moontlik sou wees om NW 120 direk op te skaal van loodsaanleg tot volskaal. Die reaksietoestande is gevaneer oor 'n wye bereik om die optimum prosestoestande te probeer verkry. Die roerspoed is gevarieer tussen 150 - 550 opm. Daar is gevind dat die emulsie sleur sensitief is bokant 'n roerspoed van 450 opm. Die gemete fisiese eienskappe by 'n roerspoed van 550 opm was onaanvaarbaar. Die optimum roerspoed in terme van partikelgrootte en viskositeit lê tussen 150 en 250 opm. Die reaksietemperatuur is gevarieer tussen 90 - 70°C. Die optimum temperatuur lê tussen 90 - 80 °C. Dit was moontlik om die monomeer-toevoertyd, m.a.w die reaksietyd, te verminder deur die toevoertempo van die monomere/katalis te verhoog, van 4 tot 2 ~ uur. Die metode wat deur Klein et al. (1996) ontwikkel is vir die opskalering van die roerspoed van 'n emulsiepolimerisasie reaksie is gebruik om die ekwivalente roerspoed vir die opskalering te verkry. Die opskalering van NW 120 is uitgevoer by 'n reaksietemperatuur van 85°C en 'n roerspoed van 35 opm. Die monomere/katalis is toegevoer oor 'n tydperk van 4 uur. Die verkorte reaksietyd is nie oorweeg vir die opskaleringslopie nie omdat dit nog nie seker was of die hitteverwydering van die industriële reaktor effektief genoeg sou wees om die verhoging in die reaksiewarmte-ontwikkeling, wat geassosieer word met 'n verhoging in die toevoertempo van die monomere/katalis, te kan verwyder nie. Baie goeie resultate is verkry. Die gemete fisiese eienskappe van NW 120 wat verkry is in die industriële reaktor was ongeveer dieselfde as dié wat verkry is op die loodsaanleg.

<p>Promising applications in the design of various biological systems hold critical implications as heralded in the rising field of synthetic biology. But, to achieve these goals, the ability to synthesize and screen in situ DNA constructs of any size or sequence rapidly, accurately and economically is crucial. Today, the process of DNA oligonucleotide synthesis has been automated but the overall development of gene and genome synthesis and error correction technology has far lagged behind that of gene and genome sequencing. What even lagged behind is the capability of screening a large population of information on a single cell, protein or gene level. Compartmentalization of single cells in water-in-oil emulsion droplets provides an opportunity to screen vast numbers of individual assays with quantitative readouts. However these single-emulsion droplets are incompatible with aqueous phase analysis and are not controllable through molecule transports. </p><p>This thesis presents the development of a multi-tool ensemble platform targeted at high-throughput gene synthesis, error correction and screening. An inkjet oligonucleotide synthesizer is constructed to synthesize oligonucleotides as sub-arrays onto patterned and functionalized thermoplastic microchips. The arrays are married to microfluidic wells that provide a chamber to for enzymatic amplification and assembly of the DNA from the microarrays into a larger construct. Harvested product is then amplified off-chip and error corrected using a mismatch endonuclease-based reaction. Bacterial cells baring individual synthetic gene variants are encapsulated as single cells into double-emulsion droplets where cell populations are enriched by up to 1000 times within several hours of proliferation. Permeation of Isopropyl-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) molecules from the external solution allows induction of target gene expression. The induced expression of the synthetic fluorescent proteins from at least ~100 bacteria per droplet generates clearly distinguishable fluorescent signals that enable droplets sorting through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technique. The integration of oligo synthesis and gene assembly on the same microchip facilitates automation and miniaturization, which leads to cost reduction and increases in throughput. The capacity of double emulsion system (millions discrete compartments in 1ml solution) combined with high-throughput sorting by FACS provide the basis for screening complex gene libraries for different functionality and activity, significantly reducing the cost and turn-around time.</p> / Dissertation

Le Cydia pommonella granulovirus (CPGV) est un insecticide naturel des ravageurs des pommes sensible à l’environnement extérieur (UV et dioxygène). Pour le protéger, nous avons encapsulé le CpGV dans des émulsions doubles de type eau dans huile dans eau (E/H/E). Cependant, l’utilisation des émulsions doubles requiert la maitrise de leur stabilité thermodynamique et la compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu au cours de leur déstabilisation. C’est dans ce contexte que différents paramètres de formulation : procédé d’émulsification, type de stabilisant hydrophile, concentration en stabilisant lipophyle et en gouttelette d’eau, utilisation d’un agent anti-UV ont été testés pour étudier leur influence sur la libération du virus. Chaque formulation a fait l’objet de test d’efficacité sur les vergers et detransposition à l’échelle pilote afin de déterminer la formulation la plus efficace et pouvant être produit industriellement. / Cydia pommonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a natural insecticide pest of apples wich is sensitive to the external environment (UV and oxygen). To protect it, we have encapsulatedthe CpGV in double emulsions of water-in-oil-in-water (W / O / W). However, it’s necessary to understand the mechanisms involved in their destabilizationin order to master their thermodynamic stability. In that context, several various formulation parameters: emulsification processes, hydrophilic stabilizer type, lipophilic stabilizer concentration and water droplet, using a UV stabilizer were tested to study their influence on virus release. Each stable formulation undergoes efficiency tests in fields and pilot scale to determine the most effective formulation which could be industrially produced.