A goal of this graduation thesis is subscribtion of geoeconomic and geopolitical situation of Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation. Particularly its relations with the Russian Federation, the European Union, Lithuania and Poland. Beginning part of the thesis consider historical relationship of the Kaliningrad Oblast to Germany, explication of conceptions as exclave and enclave, and economic situation of the Kaliningrad Oblast, that is affected by Special Economic Zone regime. Second part of the thesis describes relationship between Kaliningrad Oblast and Moscow, from perspective of its constitutional framework, administration, security and defence. Attention is paid to observance of the Treaty of Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and relations to NATO. Final part is concentrating on relationship with the European Union and bilateral cooperation with members of the European Union.

The aim of this thesis is to create a concept of semi-centralized cryptocurrency that supports external interoperability. It is assumed that semi-centralized cryptocurrency is the future of cryptocurrencies in the banking sector, because even at the cost of partial centralization, the concept brings the benefits of a decentralized ledger. Since the simultaneous deployment of their own cryptocurrencies by various central authorities, such as central bank, it is necessary to establish a communication protocol for interbank transactions. The work is thus focused on extending the existing Aquareum solution with an interoperability protocol.

Textural and compositional variations in titanite, along with whole-rock geochemistry, provide constraints on the emplacement and cooling histories of two plutons: the Jurassic Notch Peak pluton and the Oligocene Little Cottonwood stock, both in Utah. Titanite textures observed with back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging along with their compositions were used to determine four periods of growth: cores, rims, interstitial overgrowths, and secondary replacements. Brightness in BSE images correlates mostly with rare earth elements (REE). REE patterns in cores and rims are compositionally similar in both plutons, although the Notch Peak intrusion tend to be slightly more enriched in REE. Overgrowths and secondary replacements typically have lower concentrations of REE and Fe and higher Al, Mn, F, and U. They also have similar δ18O values to primary titanite, indicating alteration and recrystallization from exolved magmatic fluids rather than meteoric sources. In the Notch Peak intrusion, titanite grains usually have simple, oscillatory zoned textures that include cores which include bright sector zones. These are overprinted by secondary titanite that grows within and replaces the primary titanite grain. At some localities, Notch Peak titanites have been hydrothermally altered to fine-grained aggregates of rutile or brookite, magnetite, quartz, and plagioclase. These observations indicate a simple cooling path after magmatic intrusion, followed by hydrothermal alteration for the Notch Peak intrusion. The Little Cottonwood stock contains titanite grains that are distinctly different from those in the Notch Peak intrusion. They typically contain a distinct patchy core with rounded, resorbed ilmenite inclusions. Surrounding the core is a mantle of oscillatory zoned titanite. On many grains, narrow rims of secondary overgrowths are observed as well as interstitial titanite growing in between chloritized biotite sheets. The cores of these titanite grains suggest that a more reduced, ilmenite-rich magma mixed into an oxidized felsic magma, destabilizing existing ilmenites and forming its patchy texture. This was followed by hydrothermal overgrowths and interstitial titanite, like Notch Peak, but to a lesser extent. Although both plutons had similar emplacement settings–subduction related intrusion into Paleozoic limestone–their whole rock and titanite chemistries are different. The Notch Peak intrusion is more chemically evolved and less mafic than the Little Cottonwood stock. The patchy cores with Fe-Ti oxide inclusions found in the Little Cottonwood stock, along with the abundance of mafic enclaves in the pluton, provide evidence for magma mixing, while no evidence is observed in the Notch Peak intrusion for magma mixing.

City managers and planners in the global South, particularly in African cities are confronted with an unprecedented urbanisation fraught with complexities such as urban sprawl, jobless growth, and informality. Urban planning practice in Ghana has retained colonial legacies that outlaw informality, be it economic, such as, street trading or housing, such as, slums. This has led to the marginalisation of the urban poor, who make up the majority of urban dwellers. Consequently, the masses invent ways to survive in the city and thus reshape the materiality of urban spaces. Most planners and state officials consider the activities of street vendors as a nuisance that mar the beauty of our cities. For this reason, 24% of the Ghanaian labour force who work on the streets are targets of misaligned and officious controls that include but are not limited to evictions. However, when evicted, most generally return to the streets. Building on existing work on urban planning in the global South and feeding into Southern urban theory, the research focuses explicitly on the Accra Mall Enclave (AME) as a microcosm of African cities. It explores how various players – planners/vendors/politicians – interact and navigate the dynamics of daily experiences. The research asks, how are planners navigating the tensions between planning regulations and the reality of street trading around the Accra Mall Enclave (AME)? What are street traders' logics, strategies, and experiences? How are vendors negotiating their interactions with state actors such as police, planners, city guards, toll collectors, etc.? The questions were answered through qualitative research methods; field observations, interviews, and a review of planning regulations and policies. The results of the study contribute to our understanding of how cities are being built in Africa, particularly Accra, Ghana. As a case study, the focus on the AME assisted in exposing the role of planners in this mode of urbanisation, while also uncovering meaning associated with space and place. Findings show that the state is reluctantly, if not unwillingly, coming to terms with vending within the AME. This could however change quickly if politics change, so still precarious. There are no viable alternatives to relocation, and vendors have established significant relationships and tactics that somehow entrench their position howbeit insecure. Besides all these, state officials, when acting in their individual capacity side with the vending profession because the state has not created jobs. Despite this personal understanding, the system, specifically state bureaucracy, generates obstacles, and as a result existing state structures frustrate the planning practice. This is complicated further by politics. Hence, planners themselves feel helpless, marginalised, and trapped. Further, spatial plans do not adequately provide access to the land needed by informal sector actors. The state resorts to occasional evictions when there is an adequate budget for this action. Imaginations of world class cityness dominate perceptions of the space. This is a candid depiction of the do-nothing scenario – the active contribution of the state in the creation of informality within the AME and the city of Accra, Ghana.

The Philippines is a food extractive enclave in the bust stage of export-oriented aquaculture, and this globalization agenda has had several negative impacts. Aquaculture has not expanded fish and marine foods but threatens national food security by integrating Philippine aquatic resources into the globalized food chain. Following structural adjustment policies imposed beginning in the 1980s, the Philippines shipped massive levels of animal protein to world markets, but this country has grown less food self-sufficient. During the decades that shrimp aquaculture has boomed and busted in the Philippines, the living conditions of Filipino families have steadily worsened. This study of three Panguil Bay fishing communities of Northern Mindanao demonstrates that the survival of subsistent artisan fisher households is now threatened because export-oriented producers have severely degraded the ecosystem upon which they rely. Moreover, women and children are inequitably threatened by the ecological and economic changes that have accompanied the Philippine global aquaculture agenda. In reality, capitalist commodity chains of export-oriented aquaculture externalize to households and to nature much of the true cost of producers and of ecological degradation. As a result, malnourished and impoverished Philippine fishing households subsidize global aquaculture commodity chains. While Filipino fisher households can no longer afford local food costs, their hidden inputs into capitalist commodity chains keep prices of luxury seafoods cheap in rich core countries. / Ph. D.

Les îles indépendantes de la Caraïbe et l’île Maurice dans le sud-ouest de l’océan Indien se sont lancées dans le développement pour réduire les risques liés à l’économie de plantation. Notre interrogation porte sur l’industrialisation. Quelles grandes politiques ont été mises en œuvre pour l’industrialisation ? Quels types d’industries trouvons-nous ? Dans quelles conditions peuvent-elles s’implanter ? Quels sont les impacts sur le développement socio-spatial ? La réflexion porte sur l’industrialisation : d’abord de substitution aux importations puis extravertie. Dans le cadre de cette dernière politique se sont développées les zones franches industrielles d’exportation. Ce qui explique l’analyse sur le concept de zone franche et les conditions de leur émergence dans un environnement économique protégé (1ère partie). L’étude comparée de l’île Maurice et de la République dominicaine met en exergue les dynamiques spatiales des zones franches, dynamiques largement dépendantes des possibilités d’implantation des unités d’assemblage. L’arrivée des industries délocalisées a un impact sur les organisations sociales, économiques et spatiales. De nouvelles classes sociales ont vu le jour. La zone franche mauricienne est devenue un district industriel tandis que les zones franches dominicaines – des enclaves économiques – ont des dynamismes fondamentalement différents. La multiplication des unités d’assemblage sur le territoire mauricien et des enclaves en République dominicaine aboutit à des modèles de l’expansion spatiale de l’espace industriel dont le moteur est la synergie générée par le système des acteurs (2ème partie). Le démantèlement des accords commerciaux sur le textile et l’habillement – principaux secteurs opérant dans ces zones – amène de nouvelles réponses locales comme la prise en compte du rôle des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises dans le développement territorial. L’impact des zones franches dans les sociétés conduit à l’étude de la culture ouvrière. Qu’en est-il de la culture ouvrière ? Enfin, rendre moins vulnérable un système économique spécialisé passe par la promotion des trois piliers du développement durable et la diversification des activités (3ème partie). / Caribbean Islands and mauritius, in southwest of indian Ocean, dashed into the development in order to reduce risks connected to economy of plantation. Interrogation concerns industrialization. What policies were implemented for industrialization? What types of industries do we find? What are the conditions of establishement? What are the impacts on the socio-spacial development? Reflexion concerns industrialization: first of replacement in the imports then the extroversion. Industrial free zones of export developped within the framework of this last policy. We analyses concept of free zone and the conditionsof their emergence in a economic protected environment (first part.). The compared study to Mauritius to Domican Republic highlights the spatial dynamic of the free zones, widely dependent on possibilities of setting-up. Arrival of the relocated industries has an impact on the social, economic and spatial organizations. New social classes wre born. Mauritian free zone became an industrial district whereas free zones dominican - economic enclave - have different dynamisms. Reproduction of units assembly ends in models of spatial expansion of industrial space which synergy generated by the actor's system (second part.). The dismantling of textile and clothing trade agreement needs new local answers about small and medium-sized entreprises in the territorial development. Impact of free zones in societies leads to study labor culture. What is labor culture? Finally, promote sustainable development and diversification of activities are possibilities to reduce vulnerability of a specialized economic system (third part.).

Cette thèse explore les deux sujets suivants: (i) les déterminants de la participation à la population active des personnes âgées aux États-Unis; (ii) le rôle du réseau social dans le niveau de revenus de travail des immigrants récents au Canada. Plus précisément, le chapitre 1 utilise les données du Health and Retirement Study (HRS) pour fournir des estimations de l’effet causal du prix des maisons au niveau local sur les décisions d’offre de travail des individus âgés aux États-Unis, au cours de la période du boom immobilier 1994- 2004. Le prix des maisons est instrumentalisé par des variations spatiales et temporelles de chocs plausiblement exogènes de l’offre de crédit. Les estimations suggèrent que le boom immobilier durant la période considérée pourrait expliquer jusqu’à deux tiers des sorties de la population active des hommes âgés aux États-Unis. Le chapitre 2 répond à la question: les personnes en bonne santé sont-elles plus susceptibles de rester sur le marché du travail lorsque le chômage augmente? Ce travail fournit des estimations empiriques de l’impact relatif des chocs de chômage au niveau local sur la participation au marché du travail des américains âgés ayant des états de santé hétérogènes. Cette étude montre que la plupart des départs de travailleurs âgés pendant la Grande récession peuvent être attribués à de mauvaises conditions de santé, telles que mesurées, avant la récession. Enfin, le chapitre 3 analyse l’effet du fait de vivre dans un quartier où la majorité des résidents appartient à des minorités visibles sur les gains des résidents permanents qui sont arrivés à Montréal, Vancouver et Toronto en 2001. Dans l’ensemble, cette recherche documente un effet négatif du regroupement ethnique sur les gains des immigrants récents au Canada et l’explique par "l’effet d’aiguillage". / This thesis explores the following two topics : (i) determinants of labor force participation at older ages in the US ; (ii) the role of social network in the earnings of recent immigrants in Canada. Specifically, Chapter 1 provides estimates of the causal effect of local house prices on the labor supply decisions of older workers in the US during the 1994-2004 housing boom period using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Local house prices are instrumented by plausible exogenous spatial and time-varying credit supply shocks. The estimates suggest that the housing boom accounted for about two thirds of older men labor force exit during the studied period. Chapter 2 responds to the question : are people in good health more likely to stay in the labor market when unemployment rises? This work provides empirical estimates of the relative impact of local unemployment shocks on the labor force participation of US older workers with heterogeneous health conditions. This study documents that most of the labor force exit of older workers during the Great recession can be attributed to poor health conditions measured before the recession. Finally, Chapter 3 analyses the effect of living in a neighborhood where the majority of the residents belongs to visible minority groups on the earnings of permanent residents who landed in Montreal, Vancouver and Toronto in 2001. Overall, this research documents a negative effect of ethnic clustering on the earnings of recent immigrants in Canada and explain it by the "referral effect".

This paper deals with the main geopolitical aspects of India-Bangladesh relation. It covers the process of creation of the Indo-Bangladesh border, problems originating from its constitution including the Cooch Behar enclaves and efforts of the both countries to resolve these problems by the means of bilateral treaties. It also focuses on illegal migration from Bangladesh to India, analyses its causes and its influence on the security in the North-east India and Indian political scene. Disputes concernig the fresh-water sharing, emerging from Indian dams and irrigation canals, either allready built, or planned. The last part deals with possible connection between one of the aspects of the global warming, sea-level rising, and migration. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Le granite hercynien du Rochail (Haut Dauphiné, Alpes françaises) présente un certain nombre d'enclaves basiques, ou "syénite du Lauvitel". La cartographie au 1/1000° environ et les mesures effectuées sur ces affleurements (en particulier dans le secteur du refuge des Sources au NordOuest du massif) confirment le caractère magmatique des relations acidebasique. L'étude pétrographique et minéralogique des divers facies syénitiques a permis de distinguer trois paragénèses successives représentatives d'autant d'états physico-chimiques du matériel basique: - une paragénèse précoce et profonde, largement déstabilisée : olivine (?), clinopyroxène, plagioclase basique, apatite trapue, zircon, ilménite? - une paragénèse de remplacement où apparaissent des minéraux hydratés. Les conditions de cristallisation sont de l'ordre de 5 Kb et 600 à 700°C : actinote/hornblende, biotite phlogopitique/biotite, plagioclase oligoclase, apatite prismatique, sphène ... - une paragénèse à affinité alcaline leucocrate révélatrice de la contamination de l'enclave basique par l'encaissant granitique feldspath potassique, apatite aciculaire, quartz, albite :.. La géochimie du matériel basique et de l'encaissant granitique infirme l'idée d'une parenté entre eux, mais rend plausible celle de l'origine cumulative des enclaves. Les facies intermédiaires entre les termes extrêmes acide et basique. s'avèrent être la conséquence de la contamination de l'enclave par l'encaissant. La métasomatose silico-potassique pourrait être invoquée. L'hypothèse retenue fait intervenir un matériel basique d'origine profonde, cristallisé, emballé et fragmenté pendant son transport par un magma granitique monzonitique. Après la mise en place magmatique acide-basique tardihercynienne, l'ensemble est repris par la phase tectonique alpine.

Trois magmas (haplotonalite synthétique, basalte et dacite de Santorin) ont été juxtaposés et déformés à l'aide d'une presse de type Paterson pour contraindre les conditions de mélange de magmas à haute pression (300 MPa). Ces trois magmas ont été utilisés en conditions sèches ou hydratées et dans une gamme de température comprise entre 600 et 1200°C, permettant d'obtenir plusieurs fractions cristallines et contrastes de viscosité. Les textures de mélange produites lors des expériences dépendent de la fraction cristalline et sont similaires aux textures rencontrées dans la nature. Les textures de mélange mécanique (mingling) produites sont la ségrégation de cristaux depuis leur magma source, la formation d'enclaves par détachement et de filaments par étirement de parcelles de magma. Le mélange chimique (mixing) est illustré par des zones d'interactions comportant une large variété de liquides intermédiaires et la cristallisation de nouvelles phases. Le mélange est produit en l'absence d'une charpente cristalline dans l'un ou l'autre des magmas, si le contraste de viscosité est faible (< 0,3 unité log) et en dessous d'un seuil de viscosité absolue, déterminé entre 107 et 108 Pa.s. Par ailleurs, l'eau joue un rôle important sur les propriétés rhéologiques des magmas, et donc sur leurs capacités de mélanges : elle abaisse le seuil de mélange de près de 200°C entre des magmas saturés en eau, et son exsolution (présence de bulles) entraîne une réduction significative des viscosités promouvant le mélange à des fractions cristallines plus faibles. Les conditions rhéologiques favorables aux mélanges entre le magma d'un réservoir et un magma plus chaud qui le recharge ont été déterminées selon la fraction de magma injecté. Cette fraction est de 0,5 minimum pour la majorité des réservoirs typiques du contexte d'arc. La comparaison avec des systèmes plutoniques et volcaniques exposant des figures de mélange montre que les conditions favorables aux mélanges sont atteintes avec des fractions inférieures. Ceci suggère que le fonctionnement d'un réservoir magmatique est influencé par ses styles et taux de recharge, ainsi que la quantité de volatils.