Cerro Baul: A Wari Enclave Interacting with TiwanakuWari expansion to the extreme south of Peru is a phenomenon whose study began 20 years ago, with the discovery of a great arquitectonic complex at Cerro Baul. The excavations undertaken in the last 3 years have revealed that Cerro Baul was more than a military fortress; it was the most important political and religious center that Wari established in the only region where there is direct evidence of interaction with Tiwanaku, the altiplano state that established its colonial center in the middle Moquegua Valley. Based on the twelve radiocarbon dates from Cerro Baul, we can affirm that this interaction was maintained for over 200 years, a time that included periods of tension and others of cooperation.The current work analyzes the relations that the Wari colony on Cerro Baul maintained with its capital located in the Department of Ayacucho. Therefore, we document the characteristics of the monumental and domestic architecture and establish their relationship to forms found in Ayacucho. We also analyze the irrigation technology implemented by Wari in the zone and compare it with the agricultural techniques utilized prior to Wari expansion in Ayacucho and in Moquegua. Precedents for the irrigation technology in the Cerro Baul region are present in Ayacucho, but are not found in Moquegua. Both lines of evidence indicate that contacts between Cerro Baul and the capital were very strong, a position which is also supported by the extensive exchange of prestige goods. Apparently, the Moquegua colony articulated the Wari state's policies for interacting with the Tiwanaku neighbors. / La expansión wari hacia el extremo sur del Perú es un fenómeno cuyo estudio ha comenzado en los últimos 20 años, con el descubrimiento de un gran complejo arquitectónico en Cerro Baúl. Las excavaciones realizadas en los últimos tres años han revelado que Cerro Baúl, más que una fortaleza, fue un centro político y religioso wari muy importante, establecido como enclave en una región donde resulta evidente una directa interacción con Tiwanaku, el estado altiplánico que colonizó el valle medio del Osmore. En base a 12 fechados radiocarbónicos, se puede deducir que esta interacción se habría mantenido por un lapso aproximado de 200 años, tiempo en el cual habrían existido momentos de tensión y otros de cooperación.EI presente trabajo analiza las relaciones que tenía la colonia wari de Cerro Baúl con su capital, ubicada en el departamento de Ayacucho. Para tal fin se han documentado las características de la arquitectura -doméstica y monumental- y se han establecido sus relaciones con formas encontradas en Ayacucho y en otros centros regionales. También se ha analizado la tecnología de riego implementada por Wari en la zona y comparado con la tecnología agrícola de Ayacucho, notando claras similitudes con ésta y fuertes contrastes con la que había antes de la ocupación wari en Moquegua. Ambas líneas de evidencia indican que los contactos entre Cerro Baúl y la capital eran intensos, lo cual se observa también en el intercambio de bienes de prestigio, notándose que fue la colonia de Moquegua la que mantuvo los lineamientos de la política del Estado Wari en su interacción con Tiwanaku.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao JULIO CESAR.pdf: 1526696 bytes, checksum: 7bb79c779f98949c9a9b0a9083e5df8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-15 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / This research aims to demonstrate that the southern region of the state of Maranhão has all the characteristics of an enclave economy, as it is based on primary commodity exports, especially soybeans, whose production activity contributes little to the development of the economy which it belongs. The agricultural model adopted , based on the large property, led by large companies, mostly foreign capital, income concentration and focused almost exclusively for export, includes a political and economic strategy to generate foreign exchange through surpluses Brazilian trade balance in prioritizing the traditional sectors of higher productivity, particularly commodities , contributing to reprimarization exports. To understand the phenomenon, this paper makes use of classical references on the subject; studies the major transformations of the Brazilian economy from the 1930s and the economy title from the 1970s, analyzes the major agricultural soybean expansion in the country and in the southern region of Maranhão, from the large economic and political upheavals that began in the late 1980s, is used for field research that prove the few benefits provided by the soybean economy for the people of wrapped and proves the discount chain effects, are downstream or upstream of primary commodity exports in the region. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo demonstrar que a região sul do Estado do Maranhão possui todas as características de uma economia de enclave, pois está baseada em produtos primários de exportação, principalmente a soja em grãos, cuja atividade produtiva pouco contribui para o desenvolvimento da economia da qual faz parte. O modelo agrícola adotado, baseado na grande propriedade, conduzido por grandes empresas, em grande parte de capital estrangeiro, concentrador de renda e voltado quase que exclusivamente para exportação, integra uma estratégia política e econômica de geração de divisas através de superávits na Balança Comercial brasileira, priorizando os setores tradicionais de maior produtividade, em especial os produtos básicos, contribuindo para a reprimarização das exportações. Para a compreensão do fenômeno, este trabalho utiliza-se de referências clássicas sobre o tema; estuda as principais transformações da economia brasileira a partir da década de 1930 e da economia em epígrafe a partir da década de 1970; analisa a grande expansão agrícola da soja no território nacional e na região sul maranhense, a partir das grandes transformações políticas e econômicas iniciadas no final da década de 1980; utiliza-se de pesquisa de campo que comprova os poucos benefícios proporcionados pela economia da soja para a população do entorno e comprova os baixos efeitos em cadeia, sejam à jusante ou a montante, dos produtos primários de exportação da região. Palavras-chaves: Desenvolvimento soc

Trata-se do enclave étnico dos imigrantes coreanos do bairro do Bom Retiro, localizado na zona central da cidade de São Paulo, tendo como objetivo detectar seus aspectos urbano -espaciais e expô-los através de uma descrição sintética baseada nos trabalhos de campo. Através dela, procura-se estabelecer as relações entre os diferentes espaços do cotidiano dos coreanos do bairro dedicados ao trabalho, à moradia e à convivência intraétnica. A partir do modelo de territorialização do enclave étnico, tenta-se compreender a estrutura de relações humanas que está na base dessa constituição espacial, e propõe refletir sobre o caráter multicultural do Bom Retiro que se escora na economia do vestuário, e também sobre as particularidades da sua transformação espacial decorrente do processo de sucessão étnica. / It concerns the Korean immigrants ethnic enclave in the Bom Retiro neighbourhood located at São Paulo\'s city downtown area, aiming to find its spatial-urban aspects and exhibiting them through a field research based description. Trough this, it establishes relations among everyday life places that are dedicated to work, housing and intraethnic congregation. From the ethnic enclave territorialization model, it tries to understand the existing human relations structure in the base of this spatial constitution, proposing a reflection on the multicultural aspect of Bom Retiro which is supported by the garment manufacturing economy, and on the particularities of its spatial transformation derived from the ethnic succession process.

Comment concevoir l'« intégration » à l’ère de la mondialisation ? Dans quelle mesure le mot « intégration » demeure-t-il encore pertinent pour les migrants eux-mêmes à notre époque dite « mondialisée » et « transnationale » ? En soulignant les caractéristiques normatives, désormais performatives et interactives, du concept d’« intégration », cette thèse se propose de fournir une réponse partielle à partir d'expériences de politisation des nouveaux migrants chinois dans la région parisienne. Grâce à une ethnographie multi-située dans plusieurs communes chinoises et plusieurs quartiers parisiens, nous reconstituons le processus dynamique d’intégration via des actions politiques collectives. Arrivés avant tout avec des motivations économiques, les migrants en viennent à s'impliquer dans divers quartiers, ce qui les conduit à se mobiliser et se confronter aux règles tacites du système sociopolitique français. À travers leur apprentissage politique à plusieurs niveaux, ils créent une conscience de minorité désirant une reconnaissance politique en tant que membre de la société française. Un tel désir n’affaiblit pas pour autant leur sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté chinoise. Plus leur statut social est élevé, plus les migrants semblent capables de s'approprier leur origine chinoise comme une ressource en vivant des expériences à la fois « transnationales » et « translocales ». L’accès à la citoyenneté est donc inégal au sein d’une même communauté et ne peut être mesurée qu'en croisant les origines migratoires et le statut social. / How to grasp the notion of “integration” in an era of globalization? To what extent does the word “integration” remain relevant for migrants themselves in “globalized” and “transnational” times? By emphasizing the normative, thereby performative and interactive, characteristic of the concept of “integration”, my dissertation proposes a partial answer to these questions based on the experiences of political mobilization of Chinese migrants in Paris. Drawing on a multi-sited ethnography in several towns in China and neighborhoods in Paris, I reconstitute Chinese migrants’ dynamic processes of integration through collective actions. Arriving in Paris with primarily economic motivations, their involvement in different neighborhoods pushes them to engage in a political process of mobilization while confronting the tacit rules of the French political system. Through their political learning process, they create a minority consciousness with a desire for their political recognition as members of the French political community. However, such a desire does not weaken their feelings of belonging to the Chinese community. The higher their social status is, the more the migrants prove capable of capitalizing on their ethnic origin and use it as a resource to live a “transnational” as well as “translocal” experience. The access to political rights and citizenship is thus unequal within the Chinese community and cannot be measured without crossing ethnic origins and social class positions.

Secure enclave technology has during the last decade emerged as an important hardware security primitive in server computer cores, and increasingly also in chips intended for consumer devices like mobile phones and PCs. The Linux Confidential Compute Consortium has taken a leading role in defining the host APIs for enclave access (e.g. OpenEnclave APIs). Earlier solutions for security isolation in mobile phones relied on so called Trusted Execution Environments, which are similar in hardware isolation, but serve primarily OEM device security use-cases, and the environments are access controlled by remote trust roots (code signatures). This thesis examines the security requirements for enclaves, visible through APIs and SDKs. An augmented IDE / SDK interface that accounts for security, including legacy considerations present with TEEs is also proposed. This thesis also attempts to improve developer experience related to development of trusted application by providing a tight integration with IDE and an expressive way to select methods which can be carved out of an existing rust application into a seperate trusted application. Furthermore, this thesis also discusses some common pitfalls while developing code for trusted applications and attempts to mitigate several of the discussed risks. The work plan includes a background study on existing TEE and enclave SDKs, a novel SDK augmentation that accounts for the features listed above, and a prototype implementation that highlights the enclave security needs beyond mere isolated execution. An IDE plugin is also implemented, that exemplifies how software engineers (with potentially limited security knowledge) can implement a trusted application service with enclave support such that the end result (enclave code) will run without information leakage or interface security problems. / Säker enklavteknologi har under S senaste decenniet framstått som en viktig hårdvarusäkerhets primitiv i serverdatorkärnor och i allt högre grad även i chips avsedda för konsumentenheter som mobiltelefoner och datorer. Linux Confidential Compute Consortium har tagit en ledande roll i att definiera värdAPI:erna för enklavåtkomst (t.ex. OpenEnclave APIs). Tidigare lösningar för säkerhetsisolering i mobiltelefoner förlitade sig på så kallade Trusted Execution Environments, som liknar hårdvaruisolering, men som i första hand tjänar OEMenhetssäkerhetsanvändning, och miljöerna är åtkomstkontrollerade av fjärrstyrda förtroenderötter (kodsignaturer). Denna avhandling undersöker säkerhetskraven för enklaver, synliga genom API:er och SDK:er. Ett utökat IDE/SDK-gränssnitt som står för säkerhet, inklusive äldre överväganden som finns med TEE, föreslås också. Detta examensarbete försöker också förbättra utvecklarupplevelsen relaterad till utveckling av betrodda applikationer genom att tillhandahålla en tät integration med IDE och ett uttrycksfullt sätt att välja metoder som kan skäras ut ur en befintlig rostapplikation till en separat betrodd applikation. Dessutom diskuterar denna avhandling också några vanliga fallgropar samtidigt som man utvecklar kod för betrodda applikationer och försöker mildra flera av de diskuterade riskerna. Arbetsplanen inkluderar en bakgrundsstudie av befintliga TEE- och enklav-SDK:er, en ny SDK-förstärkning som står för funktionerna som anges ovan, och en prototypimplementering som belyser enklavens säkerhetsbehov utöver enbart isolerad exekvering. En IDE-plugin är också implementerad, som exemplifierar hur mjukvaruingenjörer (med potentiellt begränsad säkerhetskunskap) kan implementera en betrodd applikationstjänst med enklavstöd så att slutresultatet (enklavkoden) kommer att köras utan informationsläckage eller gränssnittssäkerhetsproblem.

El papel del Estado sufrió profundas modificaciones a partir de la crisis del año 2001, con las políticas impulsadas en el marco de distintas estrategias de intervención en el medio rural. Las instituciones debieron resignificar las intervenciones que venían desarrollando con el aporte de nuevos enfoques, el Estado comenzó a promover nuevas políticas para la inclusión. En la zona de estudio existen experiencias de intervención desde instituciones del Estado, entre ellas el INTA; el Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios; la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la UNLP y el Municipio. Las acciones que desarrollan se corresponden con la misión y función propias de aquellas. El presente trabajo busca conocer cómo se han promovido las vinculaciones interinstitucionales y con los destinatarios desde las instituciones del Estado para promover desarrollo territorial, indagándose asimismo la percepción de distintos grupos de productores. Se utilizó una metodología de tipo cualitativa, que combinó el uso de fuentes de información y la realización de entrevistas. Las conclusiones muestran una diversidad de experiencias en la planificación y gestión de procesos comunicacionales que se desarrollan desde el Estado, en la que se visualizan distintos enfoques, y el trabajo en redes por parte de actores vinculados al desarrollo. Se realizan aportes y sugerencias sobre la dimensión comunicacional de las estrategias que se analizan.

Submitted by Everaldo Pereira (pereira.evera@gmail.com) on 2017-02-21T01:35:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado Maria Clara.pdf: 12205332 bytes, checksum: 2cb8df79b23cb30a252171cfd1250ec8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T01:35:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado Maria Clara.pdf: 12205332 bytes, checksum: 2cb8df79b23cb30a252171cfd1250ec8 (MD5) / As rochas granulíticas estudadas inserem-se na macrounidade geotectônica do Cráton do São Francisco, mais especificamente no Bloco Jequié, de idade Arqueana. Foram identificados três diferentes litotipos: granulitos augen-charnoenderbítico-charnockíticos, granulitos heterogêneos paraderivados e granulitos heterogêneos ortoderivados, sendo este último o alvo principal do presente estudo, juntamente com os enclaves máficos boudinados associados a essas rochas, sobretudo o contato entre estes dois (enclave e granulito). Petrograficamente os granulitos ortoderivados são constituídos por plagioclásio, quartzo, mesopertita, piroxênio, anfibólio, biotita, mimerquita, apatita, minerais opacos e zircão. Os enclaves máficos são compostos por anfibólio, clino e ortopiroxênio, biotita, feldspatos, quartzo e minerais opacos. Identificou-se paragêneses metamórficas progressivas e regressivas, tanto nos granulitos ortoderivados quanto nos enclaves máficos. No estudo de química mineral os ortopiroxênios foram classificados como ferrossilita, enstatita e na transição entre ferrossilita e enstatita, os clinopiroxênios classificados como augita e diopsídio (apenas nos enclaves e contato). Os cristais de plagioclásio tiveram predominantemente composições de andesina, exceto para os enclaves que foram classificados como labradorita/andesina, provavelmente associados à composição do protolito máfico (basáltico). Os cristais de anfibólio são cálcicos e situaram-se no campo da edenita (enclaves e contato) e os cristais de biotita classificados como eastonita. A presença de ortopiroxênio, clinopiroxênio e mesopertita marcam temperaturas do pico do metamorfismo granulítico. Os cristais de anfibólio e biotita, associados às bordas dos piroxênios caracterizam o metamorfismo regressivo (passagem da fácies granulito para anfibolito), durante o processo de soerguimento orogenético do Bloco Jequié, embora ocorram cristais de anfibólio e biotita (com altos valores de TiO2) no metamorfismo progressivo granulítico. / ABSTRACT - The studied of granulite rocks are part of the tectonic macro unit of the São Francisco Craton, specifically in Jequié Block, Archean old. Three different types of rocks were identified: granulites augen-charnoenderbitic-charnockitics, paraderivatives heterogeneous granulites and heterogeneous ortoderivatives granulites, the latter being the main target of this study, along with boudinage mafic enclaves associated with these rocks, especially the contact between these two (enclave and granulite). Petrographically the ortoderivatives granulits consist of plagioclase, quartz, mesoperthite, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, mimerquite, apatite, zircon and opaque minerals. The mafic enclaves are composed of amphibole, clino and orthopyroxene, biotite, feldspar, quartz and opaque minerals. It was identified progressive and regressive metamorphic, both ortoderivatives granulites as in mafic enclaves. In the study of mineral chemistry the ortopyroxene were classified as ferrosilite, enstatite and in the transition between ferrosilite and enstatite, the clinopyroxenes classified as augite and diopside (only in enclaves and contact). The plagioclase crystals were predominantly andesite compositions, except for the enclaves that were classified as labradorite / andesine probably associated with the composition of mafic protolith (basalt). The amphibole crystals are calcic, and stood in the field of edenite (enclaves and contact) and biotite crystals classified as eastonite. The presence of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and mesoperthite temperatures mark the peak of granulite metamorphism. The amphibole and biotite crystals, associated with the edges of pyroxene characterize regressive metamorphism (granulite facies pass to amphibolite) during the orogenic uplift process of Jequié Block, though occurring crystals of amphibole and biotite (with high TiO2 values) in granulite progressive metamorphism.

The aim of this work was to define changes in the landscape from 1949 to the present in the area of Zdíkov which is situated near Vimperk in the Bohemian Forest. The representation of elements land use was established- that are forests, arable land, water areas, water-courses, settlements, road network and permanent grassland - on each of the three aerial photographs from the years 1949, 1973 and 1988.The representation of elements land use was compared in each year on the basis of these photographes and the change and transformation of the original character of the landscape were defined in a given time horizon. The results were worked up graphically.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Bats are distributed in all Brazilian biomes. Of the 167 species known to occur in Brazil, more than 70 have been recorded in the Caatinga. Despite this diversity, the few studies available for the Caatinga are concentrated at a small number of sites, leaving considerable gaps in the data. A variety of vegetation types are found in the Caatinga. One of the most striking is the enclaves of humid forest, known as brejos de altitude , found in the semi-arid matrix. The objective of the present study was to define the structure of the chiropteran communities of the Caatinga proper and the local brejo known as Serra da Guia, in the state of Sergipe, and analyze the differences between them. For this, monthly captures (three nights in each habitat) were carried out monthly between October, 2008, and September, 2009. The total sampling effort of 185,790 h.m² resulted in the capture of 157 specimens belonging to 12 species in the caatinga, and 259 individuals from 14 species in the brejo, and a total of 18 species. Two of these species warrant special attention. One is Lichonycteris obscura, which had not been recorded previously in the Caatinga, and the other is Micronycteris sanborni, which is classified by the IUCN as Data Deficient. Eight species were common to both habitats, but differed considerably in terms of abundance. The most abundant species in the caatinga was Glossophaga soricina (n = 54, 34% of the total), whereas in the brejo, it was Carollia perspicillata (n = 95, 36%). While the family Phyllostomidae was the most common in both areas, the subfamily Glossophaginae predominated in the caatinga, whereas Stenodermatinae was most abundant in the brejo. The frugivore guild was by far the most abundant in the brejo (n = 233), where some species appear to concentrate during the dry season, expanding their foraging range into the caatinga during the wet season. By contrast, the nectarivores were the most abundant guild in the caatinga throughout the year, which suggests that sufficient nectar was available to support this guild, even during the dry season. / Os morcegos são amplamente distribuídos em todos os biomas brasileiros. Das 167 espécies conhecidas no Brasil, mais de 70 já foram registradas em áreas de Caatinga. Apesar da grande diversidade, os poucos estudos existentes sobre a quiropterofauna da Caatinga estão concentrados em algumas poucas áreas, gerando assim grandes lacunas de informação. Dentre as várias fitofisionomias existentes na Caatinga, uma das mais peculiares são os enclaves de florestas úmidas inseridas na região semi-árida, conhecidos como brejos de altitude. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a estrutura das comunidades de morcegos em hábitats de caatinga e brejo de altitude da Serra da Guia, no estado de Sergipe, identificando e discutindo as diferenças entre elas. Para tanto, entre outubro de 2008 e setembro de 2009, foram realizadas três noites de coleta mensais em cada um dos ambientes. O esforço de 185.790 h.m² proporcionou a captura de 157 indivíduos de 12 espécies no hábitat de caatinga e 259 indivíduos de 14 espécies no brejo de altitude. Das 18 espécies coletadas no geral, destaca-se o primeiro registro de Lichonycteris obscura para o bioma Caatinga e o registro de Micronycteris sanborni, categorizada na IUCN como deficiente em dados. Oito espécies foram comuns a ambos os hábitats, porem apresentaram diferenças altamente significativas no número de indivíduos capturados. A espécie mais abundante na caatinga foi Glossophaga soricina (n = 54; 34%) e no brejo foi Carollia perspicillata (n = 95; 36%). Apesar de a família Phyllostomidae ter sido a mais representativa em ambas as áreas, a subfamília Glossophaginae foi predominante na caatinga, enquanto Stenodermatinae foi predominante no brejo. Os frugívoros foram a guilda mais abundantes no brejo (n = 233), e algumas espécies parecem ficar concentradas no mesmo durante a época seca, expandindo sua área de forrageio para a caatinga na época chuvosa. Já os nectarívoros foram mais abundantes na caatinga, em ambas as estações, sugerindo que mesmo na época seca, existe recurso suficiente para a manutenção dessa guilda.

A goal of this graduation thesis is subscribtion of geoeconomic and geopolitical situation of Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation. Particularly its relations with the Russian Federation, the European Union, Lithuania and Poland. Beginning part of the thesis consider historical relationship of the Kaliningrad Oblast to Germany, explication of conceptions as exclave and enclave, and economic situation of the Kaliningrad Oblast, that is affected by Special Economic Zone regime. Second part of the thesis describes relationship between Kaliningrad Oblast and Moscow, from perspective of its constitutional framework, administration, security and defence. Attention is paid to observance of the Treaty of Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and relations to NATO. Final part is concentrating on relationship with the European Union and bilateral cooperation with members of the European Union.