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Language Modeling For Turkish Continuous Speech RecognitionSahin, Serkan 01 December 2003 (has links) (PDF)
This study aims to build a new language model for Turkish continuous speech recognition. Turkish is very productive language in terms of word forms because of its agglutinative nature. For such languages like Turkish, the vocabulary size is far from being acceptable from only one simple stem, thousands of new words can be generated using inflectional and derivational suffixes. In this work, word are parsed into their stem and endings. First of all, we consider endings as words and we obtained bigram probabilities using stem and endings. Then, bigram probabilities are obtained using only the stems. Single pass recognition was performed by using bigram probabilities. As a second job, two pass recognition was performed. Firstly, previous bigram probabilities were used to create word lattices. Secondly, trigram probabilities were obtained from a larger text. Finally, one-best results were obtained by using word lattices and trigram probabilities. All work is done in Hidden Markov Model Toolkit (HTK) environment, except parsing and network transforming.
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Os processos de gramaticalização e de lexicalização dos advérbios em -mente no português dos séculos XIV, XVI e XX / The processes of grammaticalization and lexicalization of adverbs in -mente in Portuguese of the fourteenth, sixteenth and twentieth centuriesGondim, Emanuela Monteiro January 2014 (has links)
GONDIM, Emanuela Monteiro. Os processos de gramaticalização e de lexicalização dos advérbios em -mente no português dos séculos XIV, XVI e XX. 2014. 111f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-27T14:46:36Z
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Previous issue date: 2014 / In this work, we perform a diachronic study of adverbs ending in -mente in the Portuguese of 14th, 16th and 20th centuries, in order to investigate the grammaticalization and lexicalization processes such adverbs have been experiencing. To this end, we analyzed constructions ending in -mente from four corpora, which consists of the representative of historiographical prose following texts: Crônica Geral de Espanha (CGE), from 14th century;História da Província de Santa Cruz (HPSC) and Da Monarquia Lusitana (ML), from 16th century, and História do Brasil (HB), from 20th century. Based on Lehmann (2002), who argues that grammaticalization and lexicalization processes are not opposite but complementary, since they occur in parallel, we evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively the roles played by these adverbs and the degree of compositionality they present in every period we analyzed. We concluded that, as time has gone by, adverbs ending in -mente have become decreasingly compositional and have expanded their functions progressively. However, these adverbs have concluded neither of these processes yet, once they still cannot be taken as lexicalizated words, since the adverb’s adjectival base still appears predominantly transparent even in the most recent period; and still hold, in 20th century, mostly semantic functions. / Neste trabalho, pretendemos fazer um estudo diacrônico dos advérbios em –mente no português dos séculos XIV, XVI e XX, a fim de investigar os processos de gramaticalização e lexicalização pelos quais tais advérbios vêm passando. Para tanto, analisamos as construções em -mente em quatro corpora, constituídos pelos seguintes textos representativos da prosa historiográfica: Crônica Geral de Espanha (CGE), do século XIV; História da Província de Santa Cruz (HPSC) e Da Monarquia Lusitana (ML), do século XVI e História do Brasil (HB), do século XX. Calcados em Lehmann (2002), que defende que os processos de gramaticalização e lexicalização não são opostos e sim complementares, vez que ocorrem em paralelo, avaliamos quantitativa e qualitativamente as funções exercidas por esses advérbios e o grau de composicionalidade que apresentam em todos os períodos analisados. Chegamos à conclusão de que, com o passar do tempo, os advérbios em –mente estão se tornando cada vez menos composicionais e expandindo cada vez mais suas funções. Todavia ainda não concluíram nenhum dos dois processos, vez que ainda não podem ser tomados como palavras idiomatizadas, já que a base adjetiva do advérbio ainda se mostra, mesmo no período mais recente, predominantemente transparente; e ainda exercem, no século XX, predominantemente funções semânticas.
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Technologický postup výroby koncovky brzdové hadice / Forming technology production of ending of brake hoseObůrka, Miloš January 2011 (has links)
The purpose of the diploma thesis elaborated during studies of Engineering technology is to project the technological process for production of brake hose end made of 12010.3 steel by cold forming. Based on the study of the cold forming problems and following technical calculations of the production process was designed a 3 steps process of forming. As a semiproduct was chosen wire stub with a diameter of 11.2 mm and a length of 27mm. The production is designed for automatic multistage press TPZK 25 from local manufacturers Šmeral Brno, a.s.
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A Love Affair: Feminist Voice and Representation in the Romance Fiction NarrativeLoughridge, Anna L 01 January 2015 (has links)
I focus on the changing and now contemporary feminist conceptualization of romance fiction. Through the genre’s mass-market success and complicated history, a definition of ro·mance (genre) is conjured. By depicting a fantasy world for the female reader to escape to, feminist critics and romance academics have found the genre’s influence to be an effective one. In an analysis if popular romance fiction author, Emily Giffin, and her most recent novel The One & Only, I demonstrate what has now resulted in the modern romance and further, how the modern heroine is understood today.
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價格尾數、特價及新產品標示對消費者行為之影響陳怡安, Chen, Yi-An Unknown Date (has links)
過去國外的研究顯示,約有30%~65%的商品是採用九尾數定價,國內的研究也顯示,九尾數被使用的頻率顯著高於其他尾數,然而,過去國外的研究,多半只單偏重於認知面或行為面的研究,缺少整合性的資料,而且通常一次只探討一個變數,難以考慮交互效果的影響。在國內的研究方面,目前僅就廠商定價的角度進行研究,因此,本研究擬結合認知面、行為面的實驗,探討採用九尾數定價的商品,是否在消費者注意力、偏好態度等認知面,以及消費者實際購買的行為面有顯著差異。
研究使用的變數包括九尾數與否、特價標示與否、新產品標示與否,以及一個調整變數:品牌知名度等四個解釋變數。本研究分為三個部分進行,第一個部分是以實驗商品的問卷調查,了解四個變數對消費者注意力的影響。第二個部分是以問卷調查的方式,了解其對消費者偏好態度的影響。第三個部分是以實驗商品的銷售百分比,研究變數對消費者購買行為的影響。
實驗得到的結果是,九尾數可以有效吸引消費者的注意力、使消費者產生偏好,但是在實際購買行為上,需要與特價標示同時出現,才有較佳的效果。新產品無法顯著引起消費者的注意力,但是有新產品標示的產品,消費者有較高的偏好及購買程度。在新舊產品的影響方面,九尾數使用在新產品或舊產品,並沒有顯著差異。考慮品牌知名度的影響,高知名度會增加消費者的注意力,但在購買行為上,會與九尾數產生交互效果,低知名度的產品採用九尾數的效果顯著不佳。
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Remembering to Look Down: A Thing not a ThesisMcMahon, George Ian 08 May 2013 (has links)
Thoughts on magic, spectacle, arena, material, materiality, marrow, invincibility, repetition, performance, sculpture, time, decay, temporality, tools, marks, gestures, writing, coaxing, site, stage, architecture, and movement.
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Análise retórica com base em grande quantidade de dados / Rhetorical analysis based on large amount of dataMaziero, Erick Galani 09 November 2016 (has links)
Com uma quantidade quase incontável de informação textual disponível na web, a automatização de diversas tarefas referentes ao processamento automático de textos é uma necessidade inegável. Em abordagens superficiais do PLN (Processamento da Linguagem Natural), importantes propriedades do texto são perdidas, como posição, ordem, adjacência e contexto dos segmentos textuais. Uma análise textual mais profunda, como a realizada no nível do discurso, ocupa-se da busca e identificação da organização retórica do texto, gerando uma estrutura hierárquica em que as intenções do autor são explicitadas e relacionadas entre si. Para a automatização dessa tarefa, tem-se utilizado técnicas de aprendizado automático, predominantemente do paradigma supervisionado. Nesse paradigma, são necessários dados rotulados manualmente para a geração dos modelos de classificação. Como a anotação para essa tarefa é algo custoso, os resultados obtidos no aprendizado são insatisfatórios, pois estão bem aquém do desempenho humano na mesma tarefa. Nesta tese, o uso massivo de dados não rotulados no aprendizado semissupervisionado sem fim foi empregado na tarefa de identificação das relações retóricas. Foi proposto um framework que utiliza textos obtidos continuamente da web. No framework, realiza-se a monitoração da mudança de conceito, que pode ocorrer durante o aprendizado contínuo, e emprega-se uma variação dos algoritmos tradicionais de semissupervisão. Além disso, foram adaptados para o Português técnicas do estado da arte. Sem a necessidade de anotação humana, a medida-F melhorou, por enquanto, em 0,144 (de 0,543 para 0,621). Esse resultado consiste no estado da arte da análise discursiva automática para o Português. / Considering the almost uncountable textual information available on the web, the auto- matization of several tasks related to the automatic text processing is an undeniable need. In superficial approaches of NLP (Natural Language Processing), important properties of the text are lost, as position, order, adjacency and context of textual segments. A de- eper analysis, as carried out in the discursive level, deals with the identification of the rhetoric organization of the text, generating a hierarchical structure. In this structure, the intentions of the author are identified and related among them. To the automati- zation of this task, most of the works have used machine learning techniques, mainly from the supervised paradigm. In this paradigm, manually labeled data is required to obtain classification models, specially to identify the rhetorical relations. As the manual annotation is a costly process, the obtained results in the task are unsatisfactory, because they are below the human perfomance. In this thesis, the massive use of unlabeled data was applied in a semi-supervised never-ending learning to identify the rhetorical relations. In this exploration, a framework was proposed, which uses texts continuously obtained from the web. In the framework, a variation of traditional semi-supervised algorithms was employed, and it uses a concept-drift monitoring strategy. Besides that, state of the art techniques for English were adapted to Portuguese. Without the human intervention, the F-measure increased, for while, 0.144 (from 0.543 to 0.621). This result consists in the state-of-the-art for Discourse Analysis in Portuguese.
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”¿Me pasarías la blåbärssylt?” : Lexikaliskt inskott och genusval: hur infödda talare av spanska väljer grammatiskt genus när de skjuter in svenska substantiv i spanskt talPrieto, Gastón January 2018 (has links)
När en infödd talare av spanska med hög behärskningsnivå i svenska samtalar med en annan individ med liknande språkbakgrund är det inte sällan fraser som ”¿me pasarías la blåbärssylt?” (”kan du skicka blåbärssylten, tack?”) uppstår. Lexikaliskt inskott (eng. noun insertion), d.v.s. att skjuta in substantiv från andraspråket i för övrigt förstaspråksdominerat tal, är ett vanligt förekommande fenomen hos tvåspråkiga. Men vad händer när de två samspelande språken har asymmetriska genussystem som spanskans och svenskans? Vilket spanskt grammatiskt genus ska man då tillskriva de inskjutna svenska enheterna som ”blåbärssylt” i rubriken? Och vad är det som styr dessa val? Två hypoteser ställs upp för att försöka få svar på dessa frågor: genusvalet styrs i större utsträckning av det inskjutna substantivets ändelsemorfem, eller så styrs det i större utsträckning av dess översättningsmotsvarighet. För att testa dessa två hypoteser genomfördes ett experiment med 30 infödda spansktalare med svenska som andraspråk där de ombads attribuera ett spanskt grammatiskt genus, maskulinum eller femininum, till en del svenska substantiv i två olika uppgifter, en lucktext och en ordlista. Resultaten visade att både de olika stimuliordens ändelsemorfem och översättningsmotsvarighet spelade en signifikativ roll för val av grammatiskt genus, och att översättningsmotsvarighet hade en relativt större påverkan på genusvalet jämfört med ändelsemorfem. Detta kan eventuellt peka på att genus hos infödda spansktalare upplevs som en inherent egenskap hos själva referenten, med påtagliga konsekvenser för hur de ser på och tänker kring omvärlden.
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Morfologia do verbo português em obras de referência / Morphology of Portuguese verb in reference booksSalum, Maria Elizabeth Leuba 16 April 2007 (has links)
Neste estudo, analisou-se o tratamento dado à morfologia verbal do português em três tipos de obras de referência - um estudo de lingüística teórica; nove gramáticas de português, e os verbetes de terminações verbais de um dicionário -, na tentativa de: tornar a descrição mattosiana mais clara para a manipulação didática; verificar em que medida as gramáticas se beneficiam dessa análise; estabelecer possíveis razões para a defectividade em português, e atribuir uma classificação para os verbos com alternância vocálica, baseada no levantamento quantitativo desses verbos. Assim, a morfologia verbal foi examinada em três textos de Câmara Jr. (1975; 1972; 1970); duas gramáticas de português voltadas para falantes de português como língua materna (Bechara, 1999; Cunha; Cintra, 1985) e em sete gramáticas voltadas para falantes de português como língua estrangeira (Hutchinson; Lloyd, 2002; Perini, 2002; Masip, 2000; Abreu; Murteira, 1998; Gärtner 1998; Teyssier, 1984; Vázquez Cuesta; Mendes da Luz, 1980). Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que a descrição mattosiana está no bojo de exposição da morfologia das duas primeiras gramáticas, mas poderia ser mais explorada na exposição didática. O levantamento dos verbos defectivos em Bechara (1999); Cunha; Cintra (1985) permitiu verificar relação entre a defectividade verbal e uma possível alternância vocálica nos verbos de terceira conjugação. Apesar da descrição pouco econômica, o estabelecimento de verbetes de Houaiss; Villar (2001a; 2001b) favoreceu o levantamento quantitativo dos verbos com alternância vocálica, fazendo ver que o fenômeno ocorre na maioria dos verbos com vogais radicais /e/ e /o/ das três conjugações. / In this study, the treatment given to the verb Portuguese morphology was analyzed in three types of reference books - theoretical linguistic study; nine grammar books in Portuguese and the dictionary entries of verb endings -, in the attempt of: making clearer Joaquim Mattoso Câmara Jr. description for didactic usage; of verifying to what extent the grammar books take advantage of this analysis; of establishing possible reasons for the defectiveness in Portuguese and of classifying the verbs with vowel variation based on these verbs\' quantitative survey. This way the verb morphology was examined in three Câmara Jr. texts (1975; 1972; 1970); two Portuguese grammar books directed to Portuguese learners viewing this language as a mother-tongue (1975; 1972; 1970); and in seven grammar books directed to Portuguese learners viewing it as a foreign language. (1975; 1972; 1970). The results of this study reveal that Joaquim Mattoso Câmara Jr. description is in the core of the morphology exposure in the two former grammar books, but that it also could be better exploited in the didactic usage. The defective verbs survey in Bechara (1999, 1975); Cunha; Cintra (1985) made it possible to verify the relation between the verb defectiveness and a probable vowel variation in the third inflection verbs. Despite a brief description, the entries\'s setting found in Houaiss; Villar (2001a; 2001b) made it possible the quantitative survey of verbs with vowel variation showing that the phenomenon takes place in most part of verbs with root vowels /e/ and /o/ in the three inflections.
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Les dernières pièces pour piano de Franz Liszt. Pour une étude de la notion de fin d’œuvre / Liszt’s Late Piano Works : A Study of the Notion of EndingCaux, Grégoire 05 November 2011 (has links)
Dans ses dernières pièces pour piano, Franz Liszt tend à déstabiliser les codes normatifs des procédures cadentielles, en cherchant à éviter la configuration générale de la consonance, de la détente et de l’apaisement. Plusieurs catégories sémantiques peuvent être déterminées, ayant chacune ses propres caractéristiques stylistiques : la figure féminine, le passé, le sinistre, le macabre, même si la mort semble constituer le principe esthétique essentiel. À partir de ces catégories, il s’agit alors de proposer une réflexion sur les significations de ces fins d’œuvres, en convoquant les stratégies poïétiques du compositeur, les attentes esthésiques et la collaboration de l’auditeur. La première partie se consacre pleinement au processus de dépouillement et à la notion de seuil, tandis que la deuxième interroge le principe d’accroissement sonore en lien avec les topoï méphistophéliques, sinistres et tzigano-hongrois. Enfin, la troisième partie s’articule autour de plusieurs axes : la fin ouverte, la forme expérimentale, l’attente, l’inattendu, l’improvisation, la notion de fragment romantique. Ces pistes de réflexions visent à cerner un paradoxe de la fin d’œuvre chez le dernier Liszt, entre structure fermée et principe de seuil. / In his late piano pieces, Franz Liszt tends to destabilize the traditional codes of the cadential procedures. He aims to avoid the general configuration of consonance, relaxation and quiescence. Several semantic categories can be defined, each of them having its own stylistic characteristics: female, past, sinister, macabre, even if death seems to be the most efficient principle, from a point of view of aesthetics. It is to propose a reflection into the meanings of these endings. To do this, we resort to poïtic intentions of the composer with the esthesic expectations and interpretive collaboration of the listener. The first part of this thesis is devoted to process of denudation and threshold notion, whereas the second part raises questions about the principle of increase, related to mephistophelian, sinister and gypsy-Hungarian topoï. At last, the third part focuses on several topics: open ending, experimental form, expectation, the unexpected and romantic fragment. These avenues of reflection attempt to identify a paradox of the ending in Liszt’s late piano pieces, between closed structure and threshold principle.
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