Orientador: Ângela Regina Araújo / Banca: Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva / Banca: Lourdes Campaner dos Santos / Banca: Hosana Maria Debonsi / Banca: Dionéia Camilo Rodrigues de Oliveira / Resumo: Este trabalho descreve a triagem de 21 fungos endofíticos associados a espécies vegetais de Cerrado e Mata Atlântica. Os extratos brutos fornecidos por estes fungos foram avaliados quimicamente (CLAE e RMN1H) e submetidos a bioensaios para avaliação da potencialidade antifúngica, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica, onde se mostraram promissores. Após esta triagem, os fungos Xylaria sp. E Colletotrichum crassipes, associados a Casearia sylvestris, foram selecionados para o estudo químico/biológico. Estes fungos foram cultivados nos meios líquido (MDB) e sólido (milho) para obtenção dos extratos brutos. O extrato bruto de Xylaria sp. em milho foi submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico e levou ao isolamento da griseofulvina, 7-desclorogriseofulvina e citocalasina B, enquanto que o extrato obtido do meio líquido conduziu ao isolamento da citocalasina D, citocalasina C e 5-carbóxi-6-hidroxi-3-metil-3,4- diidroisocumarina. Após fracionamento do extrato bruto do endófito C. crassipes no meio líquido MDB foram isoladas 8 substâncias da classe de dicetopiperazinas, N-(2-feniletil)acetamida, tirosol e as substâncias inéditas 1-hidroxi-1-feniletil-tirosol e (6-metil-3- (feniletóxi)-1,4-dioxan-2-il)metanol. Algumas substâncias puras foram submetidas à bioensaios e apresentaram potencial bioatividade frente aos fungos fitopatogênicos Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum e nos ensaios antioxidante e anticolinesterásico. As citocalasinas D e B isoladas durante este trabalho e outras 5 citocalasinas isoladas anteriormente foram submetidas à avaliação da citotoxicidade utilizando linhagens de células de adenocarcinoma murino e se mostraram muito ativas. Os fungos endofíticos Xylaria sp. e C. crassipes foram utilizados em biotransformação do substrato 4-etilciclohexanona. Este experimento foi realizado através do cultivo ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work describes the screening of 21 endophytic fungi from plant species from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. The crude extracts produced by these fungi after fermentation in potato dextrose broth (PDB) were evaluated by HPLC, 1HNMR and potential biological activities: antifungal, antioxidant and anticholinesterasic. After screening, the extracts of Xylaria sp. and Colletotrichum crassipes, isolated from Casearia sylvestris, were selected, based on the chemical/biological results. These endophytic fungi were cultivated in PDB and corn for crude extract preparation. The crude corn extract of Xylaria sp. led to isolation of griseofulvin, 7- dechlorogriseofulvin and cytochalasin B while the crude PDB extract led to isolation of cytochalasin C, cytochalasin D and 5-carboxy-6- hidroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin. The crude PDB extract of Colletotrichum crassipes led to isolation of eight diketopiperazines, N-(2-phenylethyl)acetamide, tyrosol, 1-hidroxy-1- phenylethyl-tyrosol and (6-methyl-3-(phenethyloxy)-1,4-dioxan-2- yl)methanol. The some of them pure compounds showed potential antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaeropermum, antioxidant and anticholinesterasic activities. The Cytochalasins D and B, isolated in this work, and other five cytochalasins produced by Xylaria sp.1 showed potential activity for cytotoxic activity against adenocarcinomatous murine cells. The fungi Xylaria sp. and C. crassipes were evaluated as biocatalysts for biotransformation of 4-ethylcyclohexanone. Four biotransformation products were isolated. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, including the application of bidimensional NMR techniques and comparison with published data. / Doutor

Orientador: Angela Regina Araújo / Banca: Marcia Nasser Lopes / Banca: Lourdes Campaner dos Santos / Banca: Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Moraes / Banca: Geraldo Humberto Silva / Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o isolamento de 43 fungos endofíticos associados à espécie vegetal Senna spectabilis, e a triagem química e biológica destes. Os extratos brutos em AcOEt produzidos pelos fungos foram avaliados quimicamente por CCDC, CLAE-DAD e RMN de 1H, e submetidos a bioensaios para avaliação da potencialidade antifúngica, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica, onde se mostram promissores. A partir dos resultados obtidos os fungos Myrothecium gramineum e Acremonium sp. foram selecionados para crescimento em escala ampliada, em meio de cultivo MBD, visando a obtenção do extrato bruto para isolamento e determinação estrutural dos metabólitos produzidos. Nesta etapa foram utilizados dois modos de incubação (estático e sob agitação) para avaliação da influência do modo de crescimento na produção metabólica, evidenciando que não ocorreram mudanças significativas na produção dos metabólitos secundários. Do extrato bruto obtido de M. gramineum foi isolada a Verrucarina A, como um precipitado, durante a solubilização do extrato em MeOH. O sobrenadante foi então submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico e levou ao isolamento de 3 dicetopiperazinas, sendo a ciclo (Pro-Tyr), ciclo (L-Pro-L-Leu) e a ciclo(D-Pro-D-Phe), e 4 tricotocenos, a Verrucarina A (já isolada como precipitado), Roridina A e Isororidina A e a Verrucarina L. Durante o processo de concentração para a obtenção do extrato bruto de Acremonium sp., ocorreu a formação de cristais em forma de filetes que ficaram aderidos ao balão. Os cristais foram separados e identificados como a Citocalasina D. O extrato bruto resultante da separação destes cristais foi submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico levando ao isolamento de 7 substâncias: uma xantona (Fusaridina), 4 isocumarinas [(R)-8-metoxi-meleina; (3S, 4S)-5-carbometoxi-4-hidroximeleína; (3R)-5-carbometoximeleina e (3S)-5-carboetoxi-mele... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work reports the isolation of 43 endophytic fungi associated with Senna spectabilis, and the chemical and biological screening of their extracts. The AcOEt crude extracts produced by fungi were submitted to chemical analysis by TLC, DAD-HPLC, NMR and bioassays to evaluation of antifungal, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential, which showed promising. The results enabled us to select the fungi Myrothecium gramineum and Acremonium sp. to growth on a large scale for isolation and structural determination of metabolites produced. The fungal strains were cultivated in liquid media PDB to obtaining the crude extracts. In this stage, we used two modes of incubation (static mode and under agitation), to evaluate the influence of the growing mode in production of the secondary metabolites, showing that there were no significant changes in metabolic production. The crude extract of M. gramineum yielded the substance Verrucarin A, as a white precipitated during solubilization of the extract in MeOH. The supernatant was fractioned by CC and preparative HPLC yielding three diketopiperazines [(cicle (Pro-Tyr), cicle (L-Pro-L-Leu) and cicle (D-Pro-D-Phe)] and four trichothecenes [Verrucarin A (already isolated as substance), Roridin A and Isororidin A and Verrucarin L. During the process of concentration of solvents to obtain crude extract of Acremonium sp., there was the formation of crystals in the form of fillets that were attached to the balloon. The crystals were separated and identified like Citocalasin D. The resulting crude extract was submitted to chromatographic fractionation yielding seven substances: one xanthone [Fusaridin, four isocoumarins [(R)-8-methoxi-mellein, (3S, 4S)-5-carbomethoxi-4-hydroximellein, (3R)-5-carbomethoximellein and (3S)-5-carboethoxi-mellein] and the griseofulvin and 7-dechlorogriseofulvin. The substances (3S, 4S)-5-carbomethoxi-4-hydroximellein... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:26:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zanardi_gj_dr_araiq.pdf: 7757680 bytes, checksum: 124090a2cfedea428566b448f77acc17 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho descreve o isolamento de 43 fungos endofíticos associados à espécie vegetal Senna spectabilis, e a triagem química e biológica destes. Os extratos brutos em AcOEt produzidos pelos fungos foram avaliados quimicamente por CCDC, CLAE-DAD e RMN de 1H, e submetidos a bioensaios para avaliação da potencialidade antifúngica, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica, onde se mostram promissores. A partir dos resultados obtidos os fungos Myrothecium gramineum e Acremonium sp. foram selecionados para crescimento em escala ampliada, em meio de cultivo MBD, visando a obtenção do extrato bruto para isolamento e determinação estrutural dos metabólitos produzidos. Nesta etapa foram utilizados dois modos de incubação (estático e sob agitação) para avaliação da influência do modo de crescimento na produção metabólica, evidenciando que não ocorreram mudanças significativas na produção dos metabólitos secundários. Do extrato bruto obtido de M. gramineum foi isolada a Verrucarina A, como um precipitado, durante a solubilização do extrato em MeOH. O sobrenadante foi então submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico e levou ao isolamento de 3 dicetopiperazinas, sendo a ciclo (Pro-Tyr), ciclo (L-Pro-L-Leu) e a ciclo(D-Pro-D-Phe), e 4 tricotocenos, a Verrucarina A (já isolada como precipitado), Roridina A e Isororidina A e a Verrucarina L. Durante o processo de concentração para a obtenção do extrato bruto de Acremonium sp., ocorreu a formação de cristais em forma de filetes que ficaram aderidos ao balão. Os cristais foram separados e identificados como a Citocalasina D. O extrato bruto resultante da separação destes cristais foi submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico levando ao isolamento de 7 substâncias: uma xantona (Fusaridina), 4 isocumarinas [(R)-8-metoxi-meleina; (3S, 4S)-5-carbometoxi-4-hidroximeleína; (3R)-5-carbometoximeleina e (3S)-5-carboetoxi-mele... / This work reports the isolation of 43 endophytic fungi associated with Senna spectabilis, and the chemical and biological screening of their extracts. The AcOEt crude extracts produced by fungi were submitted to chemical analysis by TLC, DAD-HPLC, NMR and bioassays to evaluation of antifungal, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential, which showed promising. The results enabled us to select the fungi Myrothecium gramineum and Acremonium sp. to growth on a large scale for isolation and structural determination of metabolites produced. The fungal strains were cultivated in liquid media PDB to obtaining the crude extracts. In this stage, we used two modes of incubation (static mode and under agitation), to evaluate the influence of the growing mode in production of the secondary metabolites, showing that there were no significant changes in metabolic production. The crude extract of M. gramineum yielded the substance Verrucarin A, as a white precipitated during solubilization of the extract in MeOH. The supernatant was fractioned by CC and preparative HPLC yielding three diketopiperazines [(cicle (Pro-Tyr), cicle (L-Pro-L-Leu) and cicle (D-Pro-D-Phe)] and four trichothecenes [Verrucarin A (already isolated as substance), Roridin A and Isororidin A and Verrucarin L. During the process of concentration of solvents to obtain crude extract of Acremonium sp., there was the formation of crystals in the form of fillets that were attached to the balloon. The crystals were separated and identified like Citocalasin D. The resulting crude extract was submitted to chromatographic fractionation yielding seven substances: one xanthone [Fusaridin, four isocoumarins [(R)-8-methoxi-mellein, (3S, 4S)-5-carbomethoxi-4-hydroximellein, (3R)-5-carbomethoximellein and (3S)-5-carboethoxi-mellein] and the griseofulvin and 7-dechlorogriseofulvin. The substances (3S, 4S)-5-carbomethoxi-4-hydroximellein... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:06:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_cm_dr_araiq.pdf: 6887141 bytes, checksum: 82b00c7d4674c3606654ce87230ecfce (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho, descreve a busca de substâncias bioativas a partir do estudo químico e biológico dos extratos brutos produzidos pelos fungos endofíticos AM-01 identificado como Penicillium sp1, AM-02 e AM-03 não identificados e AM-04, também pertencente ao gênero Penicillium, que foram isolados das folhas de Alibertia macrophylla. Os fungos endofíticos isolados, foram cultivados em meio líquido MBD, e sólido (milho) a 25oC, sob agitação, e no modo estático, respectivamente. Para o meio líquido, o caldo foi separado do micélio e submetido à partição com AcOEt, fornecendo os extratos brutos após a evaporação do solvente. Para o meio sólido, foi realizado uma extração com metanol, seguido de filtração e evaporação do solvente, originando os extratos brutos. Após análises por RMN de ¹H e CLAE-DAD, os extratos brutos obtidos em milho, foram fracionados por cromatografia em coluna, seguida de separação via Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAEprep.). O extrato bruto de AM-01 (Penicillium sp1) forneceu seis substâncias da classe das isocumarinas, sendo duas inéditas. O fracionamento cromatográfico do extrato bruto de AM-02, conduziu ao isolamento de três sesquiterpenos inéditos identificados como Xylarenonas C, D e E. Também do extrato bruto de AM-02 foi isolado um composto furânico identificado como (E)-5-(1- hidroxialil)-4-(pent-1-enil)-2,5-diidrofurano-3-ácido carboxílico. O fracionamento cromatográfico de AM-04, permitiu o isolamento de um benzenóide, identificado como orcinol. O estudo químico dos extratos brutos obtidos em MBD, de AM-03 e AM-04, permitiram o isolamento das dicetopiperazinas ciclo (Pro-Try) e ciclo (L-Pro- L-Val), além da uracila. As substâncias isoladas foram identificadas por análises de RMN 1D e 2D e espectrometria de massas, bem como por comparação com dados da literatura... / This work describes the search for bioactive substances from the chemical/biological of the crude extracts produced by endophytic fungi AM-01 identified as Penicillium sp1, AM-02, AM-03 and AM-04 also belonging to the genus Penicillium isolated from the leaves of Alibertia macrophylla. The endophytic fungal isolates were grown in liquid medium and solid MBD to 25 °C under shaking and static mode, respectively. For the liquid medium the mycelium was separated from the broth and subjected to partition with AcOEt, giving the crude extracts after evaporation of the solvent. For solid medium, the extraction was performed with MeOH, followed by filtration and evaporation of the solvent yielding the crude extracts. After analysis by the ¹H NMR and HPLC-DAD, the crude extracts from maize were fractionated by chromatography on a column followed by separation using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLCprep.). The crude extract of AM-01 (Penicillium sp1) provided six isocoumarins, two news. Chromatographic fractionation of the crude extract of AM-02 led to the isolation of three novel sesquiterpenes identified as Xylarenonas C, D and E and a furanic compound identified as 2,5-dihydro-5-(1-hydroxyallyl)-4-(E)-pent-1-enyl)furan-3-carboxylic acid. Chromatographic fractionation of AM-04 allowed the isolation of a benzenoid, identified as orcinol. The chemical study of AM-03 crude extracts and AM-04 cultivated in MDB allowed the isolation of diketopiperazines cyclo (Pro-Try), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val), and uracil. The substances isolated were identified through analysis of 1H NMR, mass spectrometry and by comparison with literature data. The crude extracts and pure substances were submited for trials for antifungal agents, antioxidants, anticholinesterasic and inhibition of protease. All substances showed biological activities.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:26:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cafeu_mc_dr_araiq.pdf: 2687839 bytes, checksum: 6f78bffb8a9f427b48e9b75f8cda9db6 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho descreve a triagem de 21 fungos endofíticos associados a espécies vegetais de Cerrado e Mata Atlântica. Os extratos brutos fornecidos por estes fungos foram avaliados quimicamente (CLAE e RMN1H) e submetidos a bioensaios para avaliação da potencialidade antifúngica, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica, onde se mostraram promissores. Após esta triagem, os fungos Xylaria sp. E Colletotrichum crassipes, associados a Casearia sylvestris, foram selecionados para o estudo químico/biológico. Estes fungos foram cultivados nos meios líquido (MDB) e sólido (milho) para obtenção dos extratos brutos. O extrato bruto de Xylaria sp. em milho foi submetido a fracionamento cromatográfico e levou ao isolamento da griseofulvina, 7-desclorogriseofulvina e citocalasina B, enquanto que o extrato obtido do meio líquido conduziu ao isolamento da citocalasina D, citocalasina C e 5-carbóxi-6-hidroxi-3-metil-3,4- diidroisocumarina. Após fracionamento do extrato bruto do endófito C. crassipes no meio líquido MDB foram isoladas 8 substâncias da classe de dicetopiperazinas, N-(2-feniletil)acetamida, tirosol e as substâncias inéditas 1-hidroxi-1-feniletil-tirosol e (6-metil-3- (feniletóxi)-1,4-dioxan-2-il)metanol. Algumas substâncias puras foram submetidas à bioensaios e apresentaram potencial bioatividade frente aos fungos fitopatogênicos Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum e nos ensaios antioxidante e anticolinesterásico. As citocalasinas D e B isoladas durante este trabalho e outras 5 citocalasinas isoladas anteriormente foram submetidas à avaliação da citotoxicidade utilizando linhagens de células de adenocarcinoma murino e se mostraram muito ativas. Os fungos endofíticos Xylaria sp. e C. crassipes foram utilizados em biotransformação do substrato 4-etilciclohexanona. Este experimento foi realizado através do cultivo... / This work describes the screening of 21 endophytic fungi from plant species from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. The crude extracts produced by these fungi after fermentation in potato dextrose broth (PDB) were evaluated by HPLC, 1HNMR and potential biological activities: antifungal, antioxidant and anticholinesterasic. After screening, the extracts of Xylaria sp. and Colletotrichum crassipes, isolated from Casearia sylvestris, were selected, based on the chemical/biological results. These endophytic fungi were cultivated in PDB and corn for crude extract preparation. The crude corn extract of Xylaria sp. led to isolation of griseofulvin, 7- dechlorogriseofulvin and cytochalasin B while the crude PDB extract led to isolation of cytochalasin C, cytochalasin D and 5-carboxy-6- hidroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin. The crude PDB extract of Colletotrichum crassipes led to isolation of eight diketopiperazines, N-(2-phenylethyl)acetamide, tyrosol, 1-hidroxy-1- phenylethyl-tyrosol and (6-methyl-3-(phenethyloxy)-1,4-dioxan-2- yl)methanol. The some of them pure compounds showed potential antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaeropermum, antioxidant and anticholinesterasic activities. The Cytochalasins D and B, isolated in this work, and other five cytochalasins produced by Xylaria sp.1 showed potential activity for cytotoxic activity against adenocarcinomatous murine cells. The fungi Xylaria sp. and C. crassipes were evaluated as biocatalysts for biotransformation of 4-ethylcyclohexanone. Four biotransformation products were isolated. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, including the application of bidimensional NMR techniques and comparison with published data.

O interesse na obtenção de novos fármacos a partir de micro-organismos endofíticos vem crescendo, uma vez que esta é uma fonte ainda pouco explorada. Além disso, o estudo das interações entre plantas e micro-organismos tem sido amplamente discutido ao longo dos últimos anos. No presente trabalho, o fungo endofítico Drechslera ravenelii (SS33), isolado das folhas de Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon), foi cultivado sob diferentes condições fermentativas, objetivando a determinação das melhores condições para produzir metabólitos secundários com atividades antimicrobiana e/ou citotóxica. Para tal avaliaram-se dois parâmetros: meio fermentativo e tempo de incubação. Os meios fermentativos líquidos utilizados foram Czapek e caldo de batata (PDB), sob agitação (120 RPM), cultivados por 216 e 480 horas. Também foi desenvolvida cultura por fermentação em substrato sólido, meio de arroz-aveia, durante 720 horas. Todos os cultivos foram realizados em temperatura de 30 ºC e precedidos por pré-fermentação. Dos cultivos em meio líquido foram obtidas frações em diclorometano e em acetato de etila. Já dos cultivos provenientes do meio fermentativo sólido foram obtidas frações em n-hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e n-butanol. Dessa forma, obtiveram-se 12 frações que foram concentradas em rotaevaporador até a secura, pesadas e identificadas. As frações tiveram sua atividade antimicrobiana avaliada através de duas técnicas: técnica da bioautografia e técnica da microdiluição em microplaca (determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima), utilizando-se como indicadores biológicos as cepas Kocuria rhizophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A avaliação da atividade citotóxica foi realizada pela técnica do MTT, utilizando-se três linhagens de células tumorais MB435 (melanoma humano), HCT-8 (cólon humano) e SF-295 (glioblastoma humano). As frações tiveram também seus perfis químicos avaliados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Após observação dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a fração diclorometânica, proveniente do meio fermentativo sólido, foi a que apresentou maior rendimento, manejo mais simples e perfil cromatográfico mais interessante, quando comparada às outras frações obtidas dos meios sólido e líquido. Desse modo, foi realizada ampliação da escala fermentativa em meio sólido e a fração diclorometânica obtida foi submetida a processos cromatográficos visando o isolamento das substâncias majoritárias. Assim, foram isoladas a substância 1 (não identificada) e a substância 2, identificada como terpestacina, um sesterpeno incomum com conhecida atividade na inibição da formação de sincícios pelo vírus HIV. A terpestacina foi isolada pela primeira vez do fungo Drechslera ravenelii no presente estudo. A substância 2 não apresentou atividade antimicrobiana quando submetida ao ensaio da microdiluição em microplaca e apresentou atividade citotóxica discreta, frente a três linhagens de células cancerígenas humanas. / The interest in obtaining new drugs from endophytic microorganisms is growing, since this is a source still little exploited. In addition, the study of the interactions between plants and microorganisms has been widely discussed over the past few years. In this work, the endophytic fungus Drechslera ravenelii (SS33), isolated from the leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon), was grown under different conditions, targeting the determination of the best conditions to produce secondary metabolites with antimicrobial and/or cytotoxic activities. For that, two parameters were evaluated: culture medium type and incubation time. The liquid media used were Czapek and Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB), swirling (120 RPM), cultivated for 216 and 480 hours, respectively. The fungus has also been culture by fermentation in solid substrate, rice-oats medium, during 720 hours. All crops were conducted in temperature of 30 °C and preceded by pre-fermentation. The obtained liquid mediums were submitted to liquid partition to furnish dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions. The solid medium was submitted to extraction to furnish the fractions in n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, in sequence. |Then, the 12 fractions obtained were dried, cumbersome and identified. The antimicrobial activity of the fractions was evaluated through two techniques: bioautography and Microdiluition method (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration-MIC), and for that, the biological indicators used were Kocuria rhizophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cytotoxic activity evaluation was performed by MTT test, using three tumor cell lines: MB435 (human melanoma), HCT-8 (human colon) and SF-295 (human glioblastoma). The chromatographic profiles of the fractions were evaluated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Analysis of the results allowed to conclude that the dichloromethane fraction from the solid medium gave greater yield, was easier to manager and more displayed an interesting chromatographic profile when compared to other fractions obtained from both solid and liquid media. Thus, the fungus was cultivated in a larger scale in solid medium and the dichloromethane fraction obtained was subjected to chromatographic processes aiming the isolation of the major compounds. Thus, two compounds were isolated the substance 1 (unidentified) and the substance 2, witch was identified as terpestacin, an uncommon sesterpene, which inhibits the formation of syncytia in the course of HIV infection. The terpestacin was isolated for the first time from the fungus Drechslera ravenelii in this study. The compound 2 did not presented antimicrobial activity when subjected to the microdilution test and it displayed discreet cytotoxic activity in three human cancer cell lines.

Cancer has become a major health problem due to its high rate of morbidity and mortality. Severe side effects associated with most of the available anticancer drugs and the development of the drug resistant cells are the major hurdles limiting their application and therapeutic success. Much attention has thus been focused on natural compounds with minimal or no toxicity in humans and having capacity to suppress proliferation and/or induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Therefore, it is imperative to discover and develop new anticancer drugs. Endophytic fungi though underexploited have remained a rich source of structurally novel and biologically active secondary metabolites. That they are a prolific resource for new compounds in drug discovery is evident from a plethora of reported research findings of the recent past. Those of endophytic fungi especially isolated from medicinal plants with known therapeutic value have especially caught the attention of several research groups worldwide for the production of host associated or novel lead molecules. In this backdrop, the focus of my research work has been centered on exploring the endophytic fungal population associated with Catharanthus roseus in search of production of novel anticancer compounds. Twenty endophytic fungi were isolated from different parts of Catharanthus roseus plant. The ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of three week grown liquid cultures of the individual endophytes were assessed in vitro for their cytotoxic activities in HeLa and HepG2 cancer cells using MTT assay. Of all the isolates thus screened, the EA extract from an isolate identified as Chaetomium nigricolor exhibited significant cytotoxicity in the tested cell lines with a better activity profile against HeLa cells. To understand if the liquid culture filtrate or the mycelium harbored the active cytotoxic principle, the C. nigricolor culture filtrate and mycelia was extracted separately using organic solvents with varying polarity namely ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, chloroform and hexane. These extracts were further tested for cytotoxicity induction in HeLa and MCF-7 cells by MTT assay. The ethyl acetate culture filtrate and mycelial extracts showed best cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells compared to other extracts; therefore, the mycelial and culture filtrate ethyl acetate extracts of C. nigricolor were pooled and was used for further work. Hexane culture filtrate extract of C. nigricolor showed best antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells. Thus, the compounds with anticancer potential from both ethyl acetate pooled extracts and hexane culture filtrate extract of C. nigricolor were purified using bioassay guided isolation method. This finally resulted in the isolation of two different anticancer compounds, one each from EA pooled extract and Hexane culture filtrate extracts of C. nigricolor named as compound 1 and compound 2, respectively. Based on various analyses including mass spectrometry (MS and MS-MS) and UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the compounds 1 and 2 were identified as 1, 2 Bis (diethylamino) ethene-1, 2 diol (BDED) and Nonacos-4-enoic acid (NA), respectively An improved understanding of the cellular responses to chemotherapeutic agents in cancer cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms gains particular relevance in the efforts to improve the clinical outcome of chemotherapeutic agents. Arresting the growth of cancer cells in one way or the other and induction of apoptosis in a drug specific manner is the hallmark of almost all the clinically used anticancer drugs. Towards this end, evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of the newly identified compounds on various human cancer cells was carried out. BDED was examined for in vitro cytotoxicity of against a panel of five human cancer cell lines namely HeLa, A-431, A549, COLO 205, and MCF-7. Among the cell lines screened, HeLa cells were most vulnerable to BDED treatment with an IC50 value of 27 μM. This cytotoxicity was later identified as resulting from apoptosis induction by BDED which was scored by the characteristic events of membrane externalization of phosphatidylserine, cytoplasmic shrinkage and chromatin condensation which were observed in a large majority of the BDED-treated cells. Further detailed studies were performed to delineate the cellular mechanisms of BDED-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Analysis of cell cycle progression by propidium iodide (PI) staining revealed BDED-induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase of cell cycle. The results indicated that BDED induced a significant ROS generation and a significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential which were abrogated upon pretreatment of the cells with an antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). These observations suggested the probable involvement of the initial events of BDED-induced ROS production in causing cell death via mitochondria-based intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. In addition, the results from the expression profile of pro- and anti- apoptotic proteins by western blot analysis in the BDED-treated HeLa cells further corroborated this hypothesis. These included an abnormally deregulated cellular abundance of BAX 1 and BCL 2 proteins, elevated levels of APAF-1, and activated cleaved species of procaspases 9 and 3. In addition, a pronounced abundance of cleaved PARP protein was observed in these experiments. Thus, the results suggest that BDED induced apoptosis in HeLa cells via ROS mediated mitochondrial dependent pathway. In parallel, the in vitro cytotoxic effects of NA was also studied, the second antiproliferative compound identified from hexane extracts of C. nigricolor using a panel of four human cancer cell lines - A-431, A549, COLO 205, and MCF 7. NA was thus found to be most potent against MCF 7 (breast cancer) cells. PI staining-based viability assays and microscopic observations showed a dose dependent cytotoxicity of NA on MCF 7 cells. Our data reveled an IC 50 of 40 μM for NA The NA-induced apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometric detection of membrane externalization of phosphatidylserine using Annexin V FITC/PI dual staining. NA was also observed to induce cytotoxicity best at 72 h this could be attributed to the fact that it is a derivative of a Nonocosane-(a naturally prevalent molecule found in several vegetables). Similar to our results from BDED-treated HeLa cells, ROS generation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential which were abrogated on pretreatment with NAC, were also observed in NA-treated MCF-7cells. Similar to several other fatty acids, NA was also observed to induce cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase of cell cycle. Further, apoptotic signature of an altered expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 and pro-apoptotic BAX, APAF-1 and procaspase 9 and 3 and a cleaved PARP were observed in NA-treated MCF 7 cells. In conclusion, the results indicate that BDED and NA have cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on HeLa (cervical cancer) and MCF 7 (breast cancer) cell lines, respectively. This leaves open further avenues to evaluate their potential application as anticancer agents for treatment of human cervical and breast cancers.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ad_me_araiq.pdf: 4535490 bytes, checksum: 8bb674faf58fdd954d9ebfabaecc42b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O fungo Hypoxylon investiens ocorre em ambientes terrestres e aquáticos, sendo que a maior parte dos estudos já realizados com o gênero Hypoxylon refere-se aos fungos terrestres. Diversas substâncias e atividades biológicas foram determinadas para o gênero e o presente estudo é o primeiro a realizar a bioprospecção de H. investiens associado à alga marinha. Neste trabalho, foram estudados os constituintes químicos produzidos pelo fungo H. investiens e avaliadas algumas atividades biológicas promissoras (antifúngica e citotóxica). O extrato bruto dos metabólitos produzidos em meio líquido de PDB obtido em escala ampliada apresentou forte atividade frente aos fungos fitopatogênicos Cladosporium cladosporioides e Cladosporium sphaerospermum e mostrou-se ativo (75,7% de inibição) frente à linhagem tumoral HCT-116 (carcinoma de cólon). O seu fracionamento por CC em Sephadex LH-20 eluída com metanol resultou em 6 frações (G1 a G6): a fração G4 mostrou forte atividade antifúngica contra linhagens de C. cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum, além de alto potencial de inibição (97,3%) de células tumorais HCT-116. As frações G5 e G6 também se mostraram ativas frente à linhagem tumoral HCT-116 apresentando, respectivamente, 104,8% e 99,4% de inibição dessa linhagem de células tumorais. A fração G5 apresentou ainda atividade (inibição de 84,5%) contra a linhagem MCF-7 (adenocarcinoma de mama metastático). No entanto, as frações G4 e G6 mostraram-se inativas contra esta linhagem, o que evidenciou a seletividade dessas frações frente às linhagens tumorais testadas. Estes resultados indicaram elevado potencial de produção de metabólitos bioativos por H. investiens. Os procedimentos cromatográficos levaram ao isolamento de 14 substâncias da fração G5, 3 substâncias da fração G6 e de outras 2 substâncias da fração inativa G3. A análise estrutural preliminar por RMN das 17 substâncias isoladas das frações bioativas G5 e G6 indica que devam se tratar de compostos inéditos, derivados do BNT (4,4´,5,5’-tetraidroxi-1,1´-binaftila), sendo que três delas, isoladas da fração G5, tiveram seus esqueletos carbônicos completamente caracterizados, utilizando-se experimentos uni e bidimensionais de RMN e espectrometria de massas de alta resolução. Experimentos adicionais estão em andamento para se determinar a estereoquímica dos centros de quiralidade das substâncias elucidadas, e as demais estruturas estão sob processo de investigação estrutural. Uma das substâncias isoladas da fração não-ativa G3 foi o ácido 3-nitropropanóico, uma toxina mitocondrial produzida por fungos para sua defesa e que foi produzido com alto rendimento (304,5 mg a partir de 605,4 mg da fração G3) por H. investiens. Os resultados obtidos foram promissores, evidenciando a destacada quimiodiversidade de fungos obtidos do ambiente marinho e elevado potencial de bioatividade de seus extratos e frações. Sinalizam ainda para a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados da química e das propriedades biológicas do fungo H. investiens contribuindo para a exploração sustentável da biodiversidade marinha brasileira. / The fungus Hypoxylon investiens occurs in terrestrial and aquatic environments, and most studies carried out so far on genus Hypoxylon refer to the terrestrial fungal strains. Many compounds and biological activities were determined for the genus and the present study is the first to carry out the bioprospection of H. investiens associated to marine algae. In this work, the chemical constituents produced by a fungal strain of H. investiens were investigated and some promising biological activities were evaluated (antifungal and cytotoxicity). The crude extract of the metabolites produced in PDB liquid medium by H. investiens was obtained in large scale and showed strong activity against the phytopathogenic fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum. It also showed inhibitory activity (75.7% of inhibition) on colon carcinoma tumor cell line HCT-116. Its fractionation by column chromatography over Sephadex LH-20 eluted with methanol afforded 6 fractions, (G1-G6). Fraction G4 showed strong antifungal activity against C. cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum strains, in addition to high inibitory potential (97,3%,) towards tumor cells HTC-116. Fractions G5 and G6 were also active against tumor cell line HCT-116, showing 104,8% and 99,4% inhibition, respectively. Additionally, fraction G5 inhibited metastatic breast adenocarcinoma cell line MVF-7 whereas fractions G4 and G6 were inactive, which evidenced selectivity of such fractions towards the tested tumor cells lines. These results evidenced a high potential of production of bioactive metabolites by H. investiens. The chromatographic procedures led to the isolation of 14 compounds from fraction G5, 3 compounds from fraction G6 and 2 compounds from the non-active fraction G3. The preliminary analysis of the 17 isolated compounds from the bioactive fraction G5 and G6 by NMR spectroscopy indicated they are novel compounds structurally related to BNT (4,5,4',5'-tetrahydroxy-1,1'-BiNaphThyl). From those, three compounds were isolated from fraction G5 and had their carbon skeletons fully characterized and consistent with uni and bidimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectral data and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Additional experiments are being developed to determine the stereochemistry of asymmetric centers in the elucidated structures. Additionally, the non-active fraction G3 afforded high yield (304,5 mg from 605,4 mg of G3 fraction) of 3-nitropropanoic acid, a mitochondrial toxin wide spread among fungi and produced for their own defense. The results obtained were promising, pointing out the need for further in-depth investigations on the chemistry and biological properties of the fungus H. investiens. Such promising results evidence the outstanding chemodiversity of marine-derived fungi and highlight the bioactivity potencial of their extracts and fractions. They also point out the need for further studies of H. investiens chemistry and biological properties, which may contribute for the sustainable exploration of Brazilian marine biodiversity.

Orientador: Ângela Regina Araujo / Banca: Silvia Noeli López / Banca: Mônica Tallarico Pupo / Banca: Maria da Conceição Farreira de Oliveira / Banca: Luce Maria Brandão Torres / Resumo: Este trabalho, descreve a busca de substâncias bioativas a partir do estudo químico e biológico dos extratos brutos produzidos pelos fungos endofíticos AM-01 identificado como Penicillium sp1, AM-02 e AM-03 não identificados e AM-04, também pertencente ao gênero Penicillium, que foram isolados das folhas de Alibertia macrophylla. Os fungos endofíticos isolados, foram cultivados em meio líquido MBD, e sólido (milho) a 25oC, sob agitação, e no modo estático, respectivamente. Para o meio líquido, o caldo foi separado do micélio e submetido à partição com AcOEt, fornecendo os extratos brutos após a evaporação do solvente. Para o meio sólido, foi realizado uma extração com metanol, seguido de filtração e evaporação do solvente, originando os extratos brutos. Após análises por RMN de ¹H e CLAE-DAD, os extratos brutos obtidos em milho, foram fracionados por cromatografia em coluna, seguida de separação via Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAEprep.). O extrato bruto de AM-01 (Penicillium sp1) forneceu seis substâncias da classe das isocumarinas, sendo duas inéditas. O fracionamento cromatográfico do extrato bruto de AM-02, conduziu ao isolamento de três sesquiterpenos inéditos identificados como Xylarenonas C, D e E. Também do extrato bruto de AM-02 foi isolado um composto furânico identificado como (E)-5-(1- hidroxialil)-4-(pent-1-enil)-2,5-diidrofurano-3-ácido carboxílico. O fracionamento cromatográfico de AM-04, permitiu o isolamento de um benzenóide, identificado como orcinol. O estudo químico dos extratos brutos obtidos em MBD, de AM-03 e AM-04, permitiram o isolamento das dicetopiperazinas ciclo (Pro-Try) e ciclo (L-Pro- L-Val), além da uracila. As substâncias isoladas foram identificadas por análises de RMN 1D e 2D e espectrometria de massas, bem como por comparação com dados da literatura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work describes the search for bioactive substances from the chemical/biological of the crude extracts produced by endophytic fungi AM-01 identified as Penicillium sp1, AM-02, AM-03 and AM-04 also belonging to the genus Penicillium isolated from the leaves of Alibertia macrophylla. The endophytic fungal isolates were grown in liquid medium and solid MBD to 25 °C under shaking and static mode, respectively. For the liquid medium the mycelium was separated from the broth and subjected to partition with AcOEt, giving the crude extracts after evaporation of the solvent. For solid medium, the extraction was performed with MeOH, followed by filtration and evaporation of the solvent yielding the crude extracts. After analysis by the ¹H NMR and HPLC-DAD, the crude extracts from maize were fractionated by chromatography on a column followed by separation using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLCprep.). The crude extract of AM-01 (Penicillium sp1) provided six isocoumarins, two news. Chromatographic fractionation of the crude extract of AM-02 led to the isolation of three novel sesquiterpenes identified as Xylarenonas C, D and E and a furanic compound identified as 2,5-dihydro-5-(1-hydroxyallyl)-4-(E)-pent-1-enyl)furan-3-carboxylic acid. Chromatographic fractionation of AM-04 allowed the isolation of a benzenoid, identified as orcinol. The chemical study of AM-03 crude extracts and AM-04 cultivated in MDB allowed the isolation of diketopiperazines cyclo (Pro-Try), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val), and uracil. The substances isolated were identified through analysis of 1H NMR, mass spectrometry and by comparison with literature data. The crude extracts and pure substances were submited for trials for antifungal agents, antioxidants, anticholinesterasic and inhibition of protease. All substances showed biological activities. / Doutor

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Periconia hispidula is an endophytic fungus isolated from dried leaves from semi-arid dunes of Bahia. The fungus was subjected to cultivation by varying nutritional factors in four different culture mediuns: MPD (malt, peptone and dextrose), BD (potato dextrose), BDL (potato, dextrose and yeast) and MntPL (mannitol, peptone and yeast), and analyzing the extracts on different incubation days (7, 14, 21, 28 days). A survey of primary cytotoxic activity was carried out from the extracts against tumor cell line of colon cancer (HCT-116). The MPD extracts - 28 days BDL - 28 days and BD - 21 days showed a promising cytotoxic activity and were preliminarily selected for the chemical study. The chromatographic fractionation of MPD-28 days extract resulted in the isolation of 11 secondary metabolites characterized as {4-chromanone, 6-hydroxy-(R) -methyl- (PS-1)}, {4-chromanone, 6-hydroxy-(S) -methyl- (PS-2)}, {E, 1-(2,5 dihydroxyphenyl) but-2-en-1-one (PS-3)}, {1-(2, 5 dihydroxyphenyl)-butan-1-one (PS-4)}, {Z-methyl-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) propenoate (PS-5)}, modiolide A (PS-7), fusanolide B (PS-8), stagonolide E (PS-9), {(3R,4R)-3,4-dihydro, 3,4,8- trihdroxy, naphthalen-1(2H)-one (PS-11)}, {(4S) isosclerona (PS-12)}, furtermore PS-10 without structural characterization yet. The BDL-BD-28 days and 21 days extracts presented a chromatographic profile very similar to MPD-28 days extract, thus, the chromatographic fractionations of both extracts were targeted for isolation of substances absent in MPD-28 days. The 3,4 dihydoxy-benzoic acid was isolated just from the BD-extract 21 days, while the fractionation of the extract BDL 28days gave (PS-13 without structural characterization yet) as different. Among the isolated metabolites, {4-chromanone, 6-hydroxy-(S) -methyl- (PS-2)}, fusanolido B and PS10 (probably) showed were new compounds. The isolated compounds were shown to be inactive in cytotoxicity assays against strains of HCT-116 and MC-27 (breast adenocarcinoma). However, the 1- (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl) but-2-en-1-one showed strong inhibition with a MIC of 62.5 Âg/mL to be subjected to antimicrobial test against strains of fungi Candida Krusei (ATCC 142432TM) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231TM) and CIM of 125 Âg/mL against Candida parapsilosis (ATCC 22019TM), while {4-chromanone, 6-hydroxy-(S) -methyl-}, Z-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) propenoate methyl, modiolide A, estagonolide E, fusanolido B and 3R,4R-dihydro-3,4,8-trihydroxy-1-(2H) -naftalelone showed moderate activity with MIC of 500 Âg / mL.Usual chromatographic techniques including liquid-liquid partitioning, flash chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for the isolation of secondary metabolites, while the structural characterization was possible through the use of spectrometric techniques using infrared (IR), mass spectrometry (MS), and uni and bidimensional techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and comparison with literature data. / Periconia hipidula à um fungo endofÃtico isolado de folhas secas provenientes de dunas do semiÃrido do estado da Bahia. O fungo foi submetido ao cultivo atravÃs da variaÃÃo de fatores nutricionais em quatro meios diferentes: MPD (malte, peptona e dextrose), BD (batata, dextrose), BDL (batata, dextrose e levedura) e MntPL (manitol, peptona e levedura), e anÃlise dos extratos em diferentes dias de incubaÃÃo (7, 14, 21, 28 dias). A prospecÃÃo da atividade citotÃxica preliminar foi realizada a partir dos extratos obtidos frente à linhagem de cÃlulas tumorais de cÃncer de cÃlon (HCT-116). Os extratos MPD â 28 dias, BDL - 28 dias e BD - 21 dias apresentaram uma atividade citotÃxica promissora e foram preliminarmente selecionados para o estudo quÃmico. O fracionamento cromatogrÃfico do extrato MPD-28 dias, resultou no isolamento de 11 metabÃlitos secundÃrios caracterizados como {(R), 6-hidroxi-2-metil, 4-cromanona (PS-1)}, { (S), 6-hidroxi-2-metil, 4-cromanona (PS-2)}, {E, 1-(2,5 diidroxi-fenil) but-2-en-1-ona (PS-3)}, {1-(2, 5 diidroxi-fenil)-butan-1-ona (PS-4)}, Z-3-(3 hidroxifenil) propenoato de metila (PS-5), modiolido A (PS-7), fusanolido B (PS-8), estagonolido E (PS-9), {(3R,4R)-3,4diidro,3,4,8 triidroxi,naftalen-1-(2H)-ona (PS-11)}, (4S)-isosclerona (PS-12), alÃm de PS-10 que se encontram em fase de caracterizaÃÃo estrutural. Os extratos BDL-28 dias e BD-21 dias apresentaram um perfil cromatogrÃfico bastante semelhante ao extrato MPD-28 dias, desta forma, os fracionamentos cromatogrÃficos de ambos os extratos foram direcionados para o isolamento de substÃncias ausentes em MPD-28 dias. O Ãcido 3,4 diidroxi-benzÃico (PS-6) foi isolado apenas do extrato BD-21 dias, enquanto que o fracionamento do extrato BDL 28d forneceu PS-13 (em fase de caracterizaÃÃo estrutural) como diferente. Dentre os metabÃlitos isolados, os compostos (2S)-6-hidroxi-2-metil-4-cromanona, fusanolido B apresentaram carÃter inÃdito na literatura. Os compostos isolados mostraram-se inativos em ensaios de atividade citotÃxica frente a cepas de HCT-116 e MC-27 (adenocarcinoma de mama). No entanto, o composto 1-(2,5-diidroxifenil)-but-2-en-1-ona apresentou elevada inibiÃÃo com CIM de 62,5 Âg/mL ao ser submetido à ensaio antimicrobiano frente a cepas de fungos Candida Krusei (ATCC 142432TM) e Candida albicans (ATCC 10231TM) e 125 Âg/mL frente à Candida parapsilosis (ATCC 22019TM), enquanto que o (2R)-6-hidroxi-2-metil-4-cromanona, Z-3-(3-hidroxifenil)-propenoato de metila, o modiolido A, o estagonolido E, o fusanolido B e a 3,4-diidro- 3,4,8-triidroxi-1(2H)-naftalelona apresentaram moderada atividade com CIM de 500 Âg/mL. TÃcnicas cromatogrÃficas usuais, incluindo partiÃÃo lÃquido-lÃquido, coluna de sÃlica flash e cromatografia de alta eficiÃncia (CLAE) foram utilizadas para o isolamento dos metabÃlitos secundÃrios, enquanto que a caracterizaÃÃo estrutural foi possÃvel atravÃs do uso de tÃcnicas espectromÃtricas utilizando infravermelho (IV), espectrometria de massa (EM) e ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear (RMN) com experimentos uni e bidimensionais, alÃm de comparaÃÃo com dados da literatura.