Neuropilin (Nrp) is an essential cell surface receptor with dual functionality in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. The first identified Nrp-ligand family was the Semaphorin-3 (Sema3) family of axon repulsion molecules. Subsequently, Nrp was found to serve as a receptor for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of pro-angiogenic cytokines. In addition to its physiological role, VEGF signaling via Nrp directly contributes to cancer stemness, growth, and metastasis. Thus, the Nrp/VEGF signaling axis is a promising anti-cancer therapeutic target. Interestingly, it has recently been shown that Sema3 and VEGF are functionally opposed to one another, with Sema3 possessing potent endogenous anti-angiogenic activity and VEGF serving as an attractive cue for neuronal axons. We hypothesized that direct competition for an overlapping binding site within the Nrp extracellular domain may explain the observed functional competition between VEGF and Sema3. To test this hypothesis we have separately investigated the mechanisms of VEGF and Sema3 binding to Nrp. Utilizing structural biology coupled with biophysics and biochemistry we have identified both distinct and common mechanisms that facilitate the interaction between Nrp and these two ligand families. Specifically, we have identified an Nrp binding pocket to which these ligands competitively bind. The Sema3 family uniquely requires proteolytic activation in order to engage this overlapping binding site. These findings provide critical mechanistic insight into VEGF and Sema3 mediated physiology. Additionally, these data have informed the development of small molecules, peptides, and soluble receptor fragments that function as potent and selective inhibitors of VEGF/Nrp binding with exciting therapeutic potential for treating cancer.

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are key regulators of growth, differentiation and survival of epithelial cells and play a significant role in the development and progression of cancers derived from these tissues. In malignant cells, these receptors and their downstream signalling pathways are often deregulated, leading to cell hyper-proliferation, enhanced cell survival and increased metastatic potential. Furthermore, endothelial expressed RTKs regulate tumor angiogenesis allowing for tumor growth and maintenance by promoting their vascularization. Epithelial malignancies such as squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), non-small cell lung (NSCLC) and malignant mesotheliomas have very limited treatment options when presenting as metastatic disease. RTKs, particularly the epidermal growth factor (EGFR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR) receptors, have been shown to play significant roles in the pathogenesis of these tumor types. Statins are potent inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, that are widely used as hypercholesterolemia treatments. The mevalonate pathway produces a variety of end products that are critical for many different cellular pathways, thus, targeting this pathway can affect multiple signalling pathways. Our laboratory has previously shown that lovastatin can induce tumor specific apoptosis especially in SCC and that 23% of recurrent SCC patients treated with lovastatin as a single agent showed disease stabilization in our Phase I clinical trial. Subsequently, our lab was able to demonstrate that lovastatin in combination with gefitinib, a potent inhibitor of the EGFR showed co-operative cytotoxicity when combined (Chapter 2). Furthermore, the pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic effects of these agents were found to be synergistic and to be manifested in several types of tumor cell lines including SCC, NSCLC and glioblastoma. I was able to expand upon these important findings and demonstrated that lovastatin, through its ability to disrupt the actin cytoskeleton, inhibited EGFR dimerization and activation (Chapter 3). This novel mechanism targeting this receptor has clinical implications as lovastatin treatment combined with gefitinib showed co-operative inhibitory effects on EGFR activation and downstream signalling. The RTK family of proteins share similar features with respect to activation, internalization and downstream signalling effectors. I further demonstrated that lovastatin can inhibit the VEGFR-2 in endothelial cells and mesotheliomas, where VEGF and its receptor are co-expressed driving their proliferation, and induces synergistic cytotoxicity in mesothelioma cells in combination with VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Chapter 4). These findings suggest that statins may augment the effects of a variety of RTK inhibitors in a similar fashion representing a novel combinational therapeutic approach in a wide repertoire of human cancers. More importantly, based on this work, we initiated a Phase I/II study evaluating high dose rosuvastatin and the EGFR inhibitor tarceva in SCC and NSCLC patients at our institute. This clinical evaluation will provide invaluable data that will play a role in developing this novel therapeutic strategy. Together, the work embodied in this thesis provides a model for the regulation of EGFR/VEGFR-2 activation and signalling by targeting the rho family of proteins that demonstrates a novel mechanism that can be exploited to refine current therapeutic paradigms.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2007. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-154). Also available online.

Ο αγγειακός ενδοθηλιακός παράγοντας (VEGF) επάγει την παραγωγή του μονοξειδίου του αζώτου(ΝΟ), το οποίο διαμεσολαβεί πολλές από τις αγγειογενετικές δράσεις του. Μολονότι, γνωρίζουμε ότι ο «υποδοχέας του ΝΟ» διαλυτή γουανυλική κυκλάση (sGC) συμμετέχει στην αγγειογένεση που επάγεται από τον VEGF, ελάχιστα είναι χαρακτηρισμένα τα καθοδικά μόρια- εκτελεστές μέσω των οποίων το cGMP που προέρχεται από την sGC κατευθύνει την αγγειογενετική απάντηση. Για να προσδιορίσουμε την συμμετοχή της PKG (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) στην αγγειογένεση που επάγεται από τον VEGF, χρησιμοποιήσαμε τα πεπτίδια DT2 και DT3, δύο επιλεκτικούς αναστολείς της PKGIα. Έχοντας την απάντηση αυτού του ερωτήματος ως στόχο, πραγματοποιήσαμε in vivo (CAM, μοντέλο του κερατοειδή του ματιού κουνελιού, τροποποιημένη δοκιμασία Miles assay) και in vitro (πολλαπλασιασμός και μετανάστευση ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων, εκβλάστηση σε δακτυλίους αορτής) μελέτες. Επιπλέον εκτιμήθηκε η ικανότητα του DT2 να παρεμβάλλεται στην μεταγωγή σήματος του VEGF. Επώαση CAM μεμβρανών με τους πεπτιδικούς αναστολείς της PKGIα είχε σαν αποτέλεσμα την μείωση του μήκους των αγγείων με δοσο-εξαρτώμενο τρόπο, με το DT3 να είναι πιο αποδοτικό από το DT2. Επιπρόσθετα παρατηρήσαμε, ότι το DT3 καταργεί την αγγεογενετική απάντηση που προέρχεται από τον VEGF στον κερατοειδή χιτώνα του ματιού κουνελιού. Η αναστολή της PKGI εμποδίζει επίσης την αγγειακή διαρροή που επάγεται από τον VEGF. In vitro, χορήγηση VEGF σε ενδοθηλιακά κύτταρα επάγει την φωσφορυλίωση της VASP στην Ser239 (επιλεκτικό υπόστρωμα για την PKGΙ) μέσω της ενεργοποίησης του VEGFR2 ενώ η συνχορήγηση του DT2 έχει σαν αποτέλεσμα μειωμένα επίπεδα φωσφορυλιωμένης VASP πρωτεΐνης αποδεικνύοντας ότι σε άθικτα κύτταρα διέγερση του VEGFR2 οδήγησε σε ενεργοποίηση της PKGI. Επιπλέον παρατηρήθηκε ότι επώαση των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων με DT2 ή DT3 αναστέλλει την διαμεσολαβούμενη από τις ΜΑΡΚ κινάσες ERK1/2 και p38 μετανάστευση, πολλαπλασιασμό και εκβλάστηση τους που επάγονται από τον VEGF. Εν κατακλείδι, παρέχουμε αποδείξεις ότι η PKGI είναι μέρος του μεταγωγικού μονοπατιού που διαμεσολαβεί τις αγγειογενετικές δράσεις του VEGF και ότι οι πεπτιδικοί αναστολείς της PKGI θα μπορούσαν να δοκιμαστούν σε ασθένειες που σχετίζονται με ενισχυμένη αγγειογένεση. / Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production, which mediates many of its angiogenic actions. However, the angiogenic pathways that operate downstream of NO following VEGF treatment are not well characterized. Herein, we used DT2 and DT3, two highly selective cGMP-dependent protein kinase I peptide inhibitors to determine the contribution of PKGI in VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis. Incubation of chicken chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) with PKG-I peptide inhibitors decreased vascular length in a dose-dependent manner, with DT-3 being more effective than DT2. Moreover, inhibition of PKG-I with DT3 abolished the angiogenic response elicited by VEGF in the rabbit eye cornea. PKG-I inhibition, also blocked VEGF-stimulated vascular leakage. In vitro, treatment of cells with VEGF stimulated phosphorylation of the PKG substrate VASP through VEGFR2 activation; the VEGF-stimulated VASP phosphorylation was reduced by DT2. Pre-treatment of cells with DT2 or DT3 inhibited VEGF-stimulated mitogen activated protein kinase cascades (ERK1/2 and p38), growth, migration and sprouting of endothelial cells. The above observations taken together identify PKGI as a downstream effector of VEGFR2 in EC and provide a rational basis for the use of PKG-I inhibitors in disease states characterized by excessive neovascularization

A retinopatia diabética (RD) é uma complicação microvascular do diabetes melito, sendo a principal causa de cegueira adquirida. Fatores angiogênicos como o vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) estão envolvidos na patogênese da RD. O VEGF-A é uma citocina potente e multifuncional que atua através dos receptores VEGFR-1 e VEGFR-2 expressados no endotélio vascular causando aumento da permeabilidade vascular e estímulo à neovascularização em processos fisiológicos e patológicos. A expressão do VEGFR-1 é acentuada por hipóxia e, apesar da afinidade, apresenta fraca resposta ao VEGF enquanto o VEGFR-2 é o principal mediador mitogênico, angiogênico e do aumento da permeabilidade vascular. Alguns polimorfismos do VEGF têm sido estudados na suscetibilidade e risco de progressão da RD. Importante associação entre o polimorfismo -634C/G e a presença de RD é relatada principalmente em relação ao alelo C. A homozigose CC estaria relacionada à RDP e níveis sérico e vítreo aumentados de VEGF sugerindo que a presença do alelo C seja um fator de risco independente para RD. Os conhecimentos sobre o VEGF levaram ao desenvolvimento de agentes anti-VEGF (pegaptanibe, ranibizumabe e bevacizumabe) com objetivo de inibir a neovascularização patológica. A terapia anti-VEGF é uma realidade cujos resultados são cada vez mais promissores na prática médica do tratamento da RD. / Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a DM microvascular complication, is the leading cause of blindness. Angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are involved in the pathogenesis of DR. VEGF-A is a potent, multifunctional cytokine that acts through the receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 expressed in the vascular endothelium and causing increased vascular permeability and neovascularization stimulation in both physiological and pathological processes. The expression of VEGFR-1 is upregulated by hypoxia and is less responsive to VEGF compared to VEGFR-2 which is the main mediator mitogenic, angiogenic, and increased vascular permeability. VEGF polymorphisms have been studied in DR susceptibility and progression. Significant association between the polymorphism -634C/G and the presence of DR is reported mainly in relation to allele C. The homozygous CC is associated to proliferative DR and to increased vitreous and serum levels of VEGF suggesting that the presence of the C allele is an independent risk factor for RD. The knowledgement of VEGF lead to the development of anti-VEGF drugs (pegaptanib, ranibizumab and bevacizumab) aiming to prevent pathological neovascularization. The anti-VEGF therapy is a reality in practice medical treatment of DR.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / INTRODUÇÃO: O papel da angiogênese como indicador prognóstico em câncer é estudado frequentemente e resultados demonstram correlação entre angiogênese e prognostico em neoplasias malignas. Em osteossarcoma poucos estudos foram realizados e permanecem controversos. OBJETIVO: avaliar a densidade de microvasos (MVD) e a expressão do VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) como marcadores de angiogenese e a sua correlação com fatores prognósticos. MATERIAL E METODO: blocos de parafina de 50 pacientes pré-quimioterapia ( 22 deles metastáticos ao diagnostico) com osteossarcoma central de alto grau tratados na nossa instituição foram estudados pela técnica de imuno-histoquimica para VEGF e densidade de microvasos determinada por CD 34 e CD 31. A expressão de ambos foi correlacionada com aspectos clinicopatologicos e fatores relacionados ao prognostico (metástases e óbito). As neoplasias foram consideradas positivas para VEGF quando mais que 64,7% (media) das células demonstravam positividade. MVD foi obtida em cada caso pela média de contagem de microvasos em 10 campos de grande aumento (400x) em cada biopsia. Foi considerada alta e baixa usando a media como ponto de corte. RESULTADOS: apesar da alta vascularização não houve significância estatística entre MVD e fatores prognósticos para CD 31 e CD 34. Em relação ao VEGF houve correlação entre VEGF melhor sobrevida global e livre de doença para o total de pacientes. Quando separamos os pacientes metastaticos ao diagnostico os que foram VEGF negativos tiveram melhor sobrevida global e livre de doença. CONCLUSÃO: osteossarcomas são neoplasias bem vascularizadas e a imunoexpressão de VEGF dá informações prognosticas importantes principalmente em pacientes metastaticos ao diagnostico. / INTRODUCTION: The role of angiogenesis as a prognostic indicator in cancer has been extensively studied in recent times with several studies demonstrating a positive correlation for various malignant tumours. However, the role of angiogenesis in osteosarcoma remains a topic of debate. AIM: evaluate the significance of intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) and the degree of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression as markers of angiogenesis and correlate with disease outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pretherapeutic paraffin- embedded biopsies from 50 patients diagnosed high grade central osteosarcoma at our institution with clinicopathological data were studied by immunohistochemical tecnique for VEGF and microvessel density (MVD) determined by CD 34and CD 31expression. VEGF expression and MVD were correlated with clinicopathological factors and patient outcome in terms of metastasis and death. The degree of angiogenesis was assessed, as determined by the microvessel density (MVD). Tumors were considered VEGF positive if immunoexpression was positive in greater than 64,7% ( mean) of the tumor cells. MVD was obtained by microvessels counting 10 high power fields (X400 field) in each biopsy sample. The mean MVD of the entire group was predetermined to classify patients into two groups with high and low MVD.RESULTS: Despite the moderate to high vascularity, there was no significant difference between the MVD and disease outcome factors for both CD 31and CD 34. In terms of VEGF expression, patients with metastases at diagnosis VEGF negative had better overall survival and disease-free survival .CONCLUSION: We were able to demonstrate that osteosarcoma is a relatively vascular tumor and VEGF expression provides prognostic information in osteosarcoma; however, the degree of MVD does not provide prognostic information. Angiogenesis has a potential target for anti-angiogenic therapies. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Introdução: A Organização Mundial da Saúde estimou para o ano de 2008 aproximadamente 1.38 milhões de casos novos de câncer de mama no mundo e 458 mil mortes. A maioria dos casos (56%) e das mortes (64%), ocorrendo em países economicamente desenvolvidos. Apesar dos avanços e do diagnostico precoce, um número significativo de mulheres com tumores da mama operáveis apresentando evolução desfavorável vêm à sucumbir devido ao surgimento de doença metastática. Uma melhor compreensão da heterogeneidade do tumor e das características microambientais subjacentes, bem como dos mecanismos e as consequências das suas interações é essencial para melhorar o direcionamento das terapias existentes e desenvolver novos agentes terapêuticos para o câncer. Objetivos: Descrever as características clínicas, anatomopatológicas e imuno-histoquímicas de um grupo de pacientes com câncer de mama operável, e estudar o impacto destas características no estadiamento da doença, sobrevivência livre de recorrência e sobrevivência global. Além disto, analisar as potenciais correlações existentes entre estas características. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva de base hospitalar envolvendo 86 mulheres com câncer primário de mama, submetidas a tratamento entre julho de 1999 e dezembro de 2004, no Serviço de Mastologia do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre. Dados clinicopatológicos e imuno-histoquimicos (RE, RP, HER2, Ki67 e p53) foram coletados dos registros hospitalares. Expressão do VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 e TIMP-2 foram analisadas através de imuno-histoquimica. Variáveis contínuas foram analisadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, ou pelo teste não paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney e H de Kruskal-Wallis, quando comparadas com variáveis categóricas. Variáveis categóricas foram analisadas pelo teste 2 de Pearson. Estimativas da probabilidade de sobrevivência foram obtidas pelo estimador não paramétrico de Kaplan-Meier e pelo semiparamétrico modelo de regressão de Cox. Comparação entre as curvas de sobrevivência foi realizada pelo teste estatístico de log-rank. O IC foi calculado em 95% e valores p< 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: A sobrevivência livre de recorrência em 5 e 10 anos foi de 82,2% e 68%, e a global foi de 90,2% e 82,9%, respectivamente. Número de linfonodos positivos (p= 0,00; p= 0,03), diâmetro tumoral (p= 0,01; p= 0,01) e estádio (p= 0,00; p= 0,02) são fatores de risco isolado para recorrência e óbito, respectivamente. Superexpressão de HER2 é um fator de risco isolado para recorrência (p= 0,04). Existe uma correlação positiva significativa entre: VEGF e MMP-9 (rs: 0,246; p= 0,023); TIMP-2 e MMP-2 (rs: 0,358; p= 0,001). Também foram encontradas associações significativas entre as variáveis: a) VEGF e receptor de progesterona positivo (p= 0,045); b) TIMP-2 e idade ≥ 50 anos (p= 0,002), e diâmetro ≤ 2,0 cm (p= 0,016); c) TIMP-1 e menarca ≤ 12 anos (p= 0,038); d) Maior diâmetro e alto grau histológico (2: 19,3; p= 0,004), invasão vascular (2: 12,6; p= 0,006), status do linfonodo axilar (2: 8,6; p= 0,035), número de linfonodos metastáticos (2: 7,2; p= 0,028), e recidiva a distancia (2: 4,0; p= 0,046); e) Invasão vascular e status do linfonodo axilar, e número de linfonodos metastáticos, ambos com 2: 24,7; p= 0,000. Conclusões: O número de linfonodos positivos, diâmetro tumoral, e estádio foram identificados como fatores de risco isolado para a ocorrência de recidiva e óbito. A superexpressão de HER2 é fator de risco isolado para a ocorrência de recidiva da doença. Novas pesquisas devem ser realizadas, com padronização de procedimento e um maior número de casos para melhor caracterização da doença. / Background: The World Health Organization estimated approximately 1.38 million new breast cancer cases and 458,000 deaths worldwide for 2008. Most of these (56% of new cases and 64% of deaths) occur in economically developed countries. In Brazil, approximately 52,000 new cases are predicted for 2013. Better understand the heterogeneity of the tumor and microenvironmental characteristics around you, as well as the mechanisms and consequences of their interactions is essential to improve the targeting of existing therapies and develop new therapeutic agents for cancer. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, anatomopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of a group of patients with operable breast cancer, and investigate the impact of these characteristics on disease staging, disease-free survival and overall survival. In addition, the potential correlations between these characteristics were analyzed. Methods: This is a hospital-based retrospective cohort study of 86 women with primary breast cancer, subjected to surgical and adjuvant treatment between July 1999 and December 2004. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical (ER, PR, HER2, Ki67 e p53) data were collected from hospital records. The expression of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was analyzed using the immunohistochemical technique. Continuous variables were assessed with Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, or the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis H tests. Pearson’s 2 test was employed to asses categorical variables. The possibility of survival was estimated using the non-parametric Kaplan-Meier estimator and the semiparametric Cox regression model. Survival curves were compared using the statistical log-rank test. CI was calculated at 95% and p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Disease-free survival at 5 and 10 years was 82.2% and 68%, and overall survival 90.2% and 82.9%, respectively. Number of positive lymph nodes (p= 0.00; p= 0.03), tumor diameter (p= 0.01; p= 0.01) and stage (p= 0.00; p= 0.02) were isolated risk factors for relapse and death, respectively. HER2 overexpression was an isolated risk factor for relapse (p= 0.04). There was a significant positive correlation between: VEGF and MMP-9 (rs: 0.246; p= 0.023) and TIMP-2 and MMP-2 (rs: 0.358; p= 0.001). Significant associations were also recorded between the following variables: a) VEGF and progesterone receptor-positive status (p= 0.045); TIMP-2 and age ≥ 50 years (p= 0.002) and diameter ≤ 2.0 cm (p= 0.016); c) TIMP-1 and menarche ≤ 12 years (p= 0.038); d) greater diameter and high histologic grade (2: 19.3; p= 0.004), vascular invasion (2: 12.6; p= 0.006), axillary lymph node status (2: 8.6; p= 0.035), number of metastatic lymph nodes (2: 7.2; p= 0.028) and distant relapse (2: 4.0; p= 0.046); e) vascular invasion and axillary lymph node status and number of metastatic lymph nodes, both with 2: 24.7 and p= 0.000. Conclusion: Number of positive lymph nodes, tumor diameter, and stage were identified as isolated risk factors for relapse and death. HER2 overexpression is an isolated risk factor for the occurrence of relapse. Further studies are needed, with standardization of the procedure and a larger number of cases, for better characterization of the disease.