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Cette étude porte sur l’élaboration de polymères greffés à base de poly(éthylène alcool vinylique) (EVOH) et de la polycaprolactone (PCL). La réaction de greffage a lieu par la réaction d’alcoolyse entre les groupements ester de la polycaprolactone et les groupements alcools le long des chaînes d’EVOH. L’étude catalytique et cinétique par des études GC/MS très détaillées, facilitées par l’utilisation de réactions modèles avec le 1-dodécyl benzoate et le 2-dodécanol, montre la possibilité de la synthèse par extrusion réactive. L’activité catalytique de 1.5.7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene pour la réaction d’alcoolyse sans solvant et pas extrusion réactive a été confirmé. Les conditions de l’extrusion permettant un taux de greffage optimal ont été déterminées et l’effet déterminant de la température a été confirmé. Le taux de greffage peut être obtenu par des analyses 1H-RMN. Ces résultats combinés à la microscopie électronique à balayage et en transmission ont permis de déterminer les caractéristiques optimales des polymères employés afin de former des mélanges nanostructurés. Les mêmes conditions de synthèse appliqués à d’autres matériaux comme le polyméthacrylate de méthyle, acide polylactique et poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalérate) ont permis l’élaboration des copolymères greffés pour des applications biomédicales / This study focuses on the development of graft polymers based on poly (ethylene vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) and polycaprolactone (PCL). The grafting reaction takes place by the alcoholysis reaction between ester groups of the polycaprolactone and alcohol groups along the chains of EVOH. The catalytic and kinetic studies by GC / MS highly detailed, facilitated by the use of model reactions with 1-dodecyl benzoate and 2-dodecanol, shows the possibility of synthesis by reactive extrusion. The catalytic activity of triazabicyclo-1.5.7 [4.4.0] dec-5-ene for the alcoholysis reaction without solvent and by reactive extrusion has been confirmed. The extrusion conditions for optimum rate of grafting were determined and the effect of temperature has been confirmed. The rate of grafting can be obtained by 1H-NMR analysis. These results combined with scanning electron microscopy and transmission, have determined the optimum characteristics of polymers to form nanostructured blends. The same synthesis conditions applied to other materials such as polymethylmethacrylate, polylactic acid and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) allowed the preparation of graft copolymers for biomedical applications

C-H functionalisation reactions aim for the selective cleavage of C-H bonds, and formation of a new carbon or heteroatom bond, often with the use of a transition metal catalyst. These reactions offer potential for functionalisation of hydrocarbons in fewer steps than conventional methods, and with high atom efficiency. They are therefore a subject of intense research in organic synthesis. Carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions are particularly sought after, and useful in the efficient synthesis of many biologically significant groups such as oxazolidinone rings, 1,2 or 1,3 amino alcohols and amino acid analogues. An efficient, cheap and robust method for C-H amination would also be adaptable to varied syntheses of important large molecules. The necessity for complex and efficient transformations with a minimal number of steps means that heteroatom ring closures are also attractive and widely used reactions in such large molecule syntheses. The nitroso group is a highly reactive species which is normally generated in situ by oxidation of a hydroxylamine, for carbon-nitrogen bond forming reactions including the nitroso Heteroatomic Diels Alder reaction, nitroso ene reaction, and nitroso aldol reaction. Nitroso group reactions often show high stereo- and regioselectivity, and have formed key components of the syntheses of important biological molecules. Enantioselectivive protocols for the nitroso-ene reaction and, to a lesser extent, the nitroso HDA reaction, are poorly developed, however, and the range of available intramolecular nitroso reactions is limited. We aimed to establish efficient single-step intermolecular C-H amination reactions, to give 1,2 and 1,3 heteroatom functionalised molecules, and to develop the capacity for enantioselective induction in this reaction, if possible. Having synthesised a model set of unsaturated hydroxycarbamates, we identified a suitable system for nitroso generation, using a catalytic metal and stoichiometric oxidant. This resulted in in situ generation of cyclised product, with the olefin functionality intact. This cyclisation was then optimised and used to obtain a range of new heterocycles. The possibility of enantioselective induction via chiral catalysts was explored, as well as catalytic systems to increase the stereoselectivity of the reaction. In summary, a cheap, novel and reliable method was developed for formation of oxazolidinone rings from unsaturated hydroxycarbamates using an original intramolecular nitroso ene reaction, and a range of unsaturated heterocycles were synthesised in fairly good yields. Distereoselectivity of the nitroso ene cyclisations was optimised. However, to-date, we were unable to develop an enantioselective varient of the reaction. Several related aminations, as well as transformations of N-hydroxyoxazolidinone products, were also attempted during the project.

La Rehabilitación y modernización de la red vial Nacional, significa grandes inversiones del Estado Peruano ya que existen corredores viales en las diferentes regiones del Perú, en su mayoría carreteras no Pavimentadas de bajo volumen, para lo cual PROVIAS NACIONAL, es el organismo a cargo de la Administración y mantenimiento de las carreteras de la red vial nacional, dentro del Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones (MTC). PROVIAS NACIONAL a través de una de las modalidades de contratos como es la Conservación vial por niveles de servicio, cuyo objetivo es mantener las carreteras de bajo volumen, mediante la ejecución de mantenimientos rutinarios y Periódicos por un determinado tiempo, cumpliendo con los estándaresde calidad exigidos en el contrato. Se consideran según el manual de diseño de carreteras no pavimentadas de bajo volumen de tránsito; como carreteras de bajo volumen; aquellas cuyo INDICE MEDIO DIARIA(IMD) se encuentra en el rango de 1 a 200 vehículos por día, desde el punto de vista de la geometría; en tanto desde el punto de vista de la superficie de rodadura, se considera bajo volumen aquellas que tienen un EQUIVALENT AXLE LOAD (EAL en español equivalencia de carga por eje) de 1.6x105a 3.1x105ejes equivalentes. De acuerdo a la teoría de la administración, la Gestión vial; hoy en día aplica la metodología de intervención en carreteras; consideradas como un activo que debe ser analizado en el largo plazo del ciclo de vida de una carretera; para lo cual recurren a instrumentos de evaluación económica que permiten darles un enfoque de negocios; es decir; se debe buscar la rentabilidad desde la construcción hasta el mantenimiento rutinario y periódico durante el ciclo de vida.

Les composés organoborés constituent des outils remarquables en synthèse organique de par leur chimie très diversifiée. Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire abordent de nouveaux aspects de leur réactivité. Une méthode de synthèse rapide et efficace de 9-hydroxyfluorènes est décrite via une séquence tandem Suzuki/ aldolisation phénolique. Ce processus a été ensuite étendu aux 9-aminofluorènes en ajoutant simplement comme troisième partenaire diverses amines au milieu réactionnel. Des hypothèses mécanistiques sont proposées pour rationaliser ces résultats expérimentaux. Dans une deuxième partie, est présentée une étude articulée autour de la mise en œuvre de réactions ène sur des diènes borylés 1,3. Les produits ainsi obtenus sont ensuite utilisés comme intermédiaires clé de structures polycycliques plus complexes. Enfin, le troisième chapitre est consacré à une nouvelle voie d'accès aux pyrroles C-fusionnés à partir de diènes cycliques borylés, ces derniers étant préparés par hydroboration d'énynes, bora-Wittig ou métathèse. Une grande diversité structurale est alors accessible à partir de ces précurseurs d'accès aisé. / Organoboron compounds are remarkable tools in organic synthesis due to their very diversified chemistry. The work presented in this thesis addresses new aspects of their reactivity. A rapid and efficient synthesis of 9-hydroxyfluorenes is described via a tandem Suzuki/phenol aldolisation sequence. This process was then extended to 9-aminofluorenes by simply adding various amines to the reaction medium as the third partner. Mechanistic hypotheses are proposed to rationalize these experimental results. In a second part, was presented a study articulated around the implementation of ene reactions on borylated 1,3-dienes. The products thus obtained are then used as key intermediates of more complex polycyclic scaffolds. Finally, the third chapter is dedicated to a new access to C-fused pyrroles from borylated cyclic dienes, the latter being prepared by hydroboration of enynes, boron-Wittig or metathesis reactions. A great structural diversity is then accessible from these easily prepared precursors.

Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) are regarded as a promising alternative of traditional II-VI quantum dots in the field of bio-applications due to their photoluminescence and bio-compatibility. <br>Chapter 1 reviews various synthetic routes and applications of SiNPs. <br>Chapter 2 describes the mechanochemical synthesis of photoluminescent SiNPs with an organic ligand shell through reactive high energy ball milling (RHEBM). The morphology and size distribution of as-prepared SiNPs were determined by TEM. The bonding modes of the ligand shell including their mole fractions were investigated based on NMR and FTIR spectra of the as-prepared SiNPs.<br>Chapter 3 introduces the removal of the iron impurities, which were introduced into the SiNPs product from the milling media, stainless steel, by a physical method (GPC) and a chemical method (washing by HCl aqueous solution). The effect of the iron impurities to the optical properties of SiNPs is discussed.<br>Chapter 4 exhibits the surface functionalization of SiNPs with various functional groups through thiol-ene click reactions of vinyl-terminated SiNPs with various thiols. In addition, SiNP nanoclusters and DNA-conjugated SiNPs were prepared through thiol-ene click reactions of vinyl-terminated SiNPs with a tetrathiol-terminated crosslinker and a thiol-functionalized DNA, respectively<br>Chapter 5 is a miscellaneous chapter which includes the preparation of SiNPs through RHEBM of silicon wafers with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, and the effect of UV irradiation at 254 nm to the chemical structures and optical properties of SiNPs. / acase@tulane.edu

Cyanide-catalyzed aldimine coupling was employed to synthesize compounds with 1,2-ene-diamine and α-imine-amine structural motifs: 1,2,N,N'- tetraphenyletheylene-1,2-diamine (13) and (+/-)-2,3-di-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2- dihydroquinoxaline (17), respectively. Single crystal X-ray diffraction provided solidstate structures and density functional theory calculations were used to probe isomeric preferences within this and the related hydroxy-ketone/ene-diol system. The enediamine and imine-amine core structures were calculated to be essentially identical in energy. However, additional effects-such as π conjugation-in 13 render an enediamine structure that is slightly more stable than the imine-amine tautomer (14). In contrast, the intramolecular hydrogen bonding present in 17 significantly favors the imine-amine isomer over the ene-diamine tautomer (18). Aldimine coupling (AIC) is the nitrogen analogue of the benzoin condensation and has been applied to dialdimines, providing the first examples of cyclizations effected by cyanide-catalyzed AIC. Sodium cyanide promoted the facile, intramolecular cyclization of several dialdimines in N,N-dimethylformamide, methanol, or dichloromethane/water (phase-transfer conditions) yielding a variety of six-membered heterocycles. Under aerobic conditions, an oxidative cyclization occurs to provide the diimine heterocycle. Cyanide-catalyzed aldimine coupling was employed as a new synthetic method for oligomerization. Nine rigidly spaced dialdimines were oxidatively coupled under aerobic conditions to yield conjugated oligoketimines and polyketimines with unprecedented structure and molecular weight (DP = 2 - 23, ~700 -8200 g/mol). The α- diimine linkage was established based on IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and X-ray crystallographic characterization of the model oxidized dimer of N-benzylidene-(p-phenoxy)-aniline. Cyclic voltammetry indicates ptype electrical conductivity, suggesting they are promising candidates for plastic electronic devices. The cyanide-catalyzed benzoin condensation reaction of 4-substituted benzaldehydes followed by oxidation to the diketone, and the Schiff Base condensation of two equivalents of o-aminophenol provides 2,3-(4-X-phenyl)2-1,4-(2- hydroxyphenyl)2-1,4-diazabutadiene. The ligand is given the moniker X-dabphol. These ligands are readily metallated to form M-X-dabphol complexes. The copper complexes catalytically fix CO2 with propylene oxide to yield propylene carbonate. DFT studies along with a comparison with Hammet parameters help validate and elaborate on the catalytic cycle and the catalytic results obtained. The nickel complex is competent for olefin epoxidation. Synthesis, characterization, X-ray structure, DFT analysis, and catalytic activity of the parent nickel dabphol complex are reported.

This thesis is an investigation of ruthenium-catalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition reactions of a 3-aza-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene with unsymmetrical alkynes. Yields of up to 90% were obtained though regioselectivity was modest. Select cycloadducts could be separated and used to access a highly functionalized [3.2.0] bicyclic structure through reductive cleavage of the N-O bond. These ring-opened products displayed a chemical exchange phenomenon in 1D carbon NMR and required characterization by 2D NMR techniques. In addition, a haloalkynylation reaction was found to occur when 1-iodo-2-phenylethyne and the 3-aza-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene were submitted to the cycloaddition conditions. An effort was made to optimize the reaction between 1-iodo-2-phenylethyne and norbornadiene in favour of the addition product. / Government of Ontario, NSERC

The research described herein is aimed at exploring the thermo-mechanical properties of thiol-ene polymers in bulk form, investigating the ability of thiol-ene polymers to behave desirably as photolithographic media, and providing the first characterization of the mechanical properties of two-photon stereolithography-produced polymer structures. The thiol-ene polymerization reaction itself is well-characterized and described in the literature, but the thermomechanical properties of thiol-ene and thiol-ene/acrylate polymers still require more rigorous study. Understanding the behavior of thiol-ene networks is a crucial step towards their expanded use in bulk form, and particularly in specialized applications such as shape memory devices. Additionally, the thiol-ene polymerization reaction mechanism exhibits unique properties which make these polymers well suited to photolithography, overcoming the typical dichotomy of current materials which either exhibit excellent photolithographic behavior or have controllable properties. Finally, before two-photon stereolithography can create mechanisms and devices which can serve any mechanically functional role, the mechanical properties of the polymers they produce must be quantitatively characterized, which is complicated by the extremely small scale at which these structures are produced. As such, mechanical characterization to date has been strictly qualitative. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy revealed functional group conversion information and sol-fraction testing revealed the presence of unconverted monomer and impurities, while dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile testing revealed the thermomechanical responses of the systems. Nanoindentation was employed to characterize the mechanical properties of polymers produced by two-photon stereolithography. Optical and electron microscopy were exploited to provide quantitative and qualitative evaluations of thiol-ene/acrylate performance in small-scale polymerization regimes. The broad objective of the research was to explore thiol-ene polymer behavior both in bulk and at the small scale in an effort to supplement the material library currently used in these fields and to expand the design envelope available to researchers. The significance of the research is the advancement of a more complete and fundamental understanding of thiol-ene polymerization from kinetics to final properties, the quantitative establishment of the mechanical properties of materials created with two-photon stereolithography, and the comprehensive characterization of a supplementary class of photopatternable polymers with greater property tunability than is possible with currently used materials.

La métathèse d'oléfines est une des réactions les plus efficaces pour former des liaisons carbone-carbone et elle est maintenant utilisée pour synthétiser une large gamme de composés tels que des polymères, des produits issus de la pétrochimie, des produits pharmaceutiques ou des molécules naturelles. Une large gamme de groupes fonctionnels est tolérée comme des alcools, des amides, des carbamates et des sulfonamides. Cependant, des limites restent à surmonter comme la présence de N-hétéroaryles enrichis qui désactivent le catalyseur par coordination au centre métallique et/ou réagissent avec les intermédiaires. Nous décrivons dans ce manuscrit que le choix du substituant approprié d'une pyridine contenant une oléfine permet à la métathèse croisée d'avoir lieu et cette méthode a été appliquée à d'autres N-hétéroaryles.Outre les N-hétéroaryles, les composés fluorés sont largement utilisés en chimie médicinale, en agrochimie et dans le domaine des matériaux. Parmi ces composés fluorés, le groupement trifluorométhyle est le motif le plus utilisé. En effet, comparés à leurs analogues non fluorés, les composés possédant un groupement trifluorométhyle ont souvent de meilleures propriétés biologiques. C'est pourquoi il est intéressant de développer de nouvelles méthodes d'introduire ce groupement sur des molécules organiques, plus particulièrement des hétérocycles azotés. Dans ce but, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de trifluorométhylation d'ènes-carbamates cycliques pour accéder à des pipéridines, tétrhydropyridines et dihydropyridines trifluorométhylées. / Has now been applied to the synthesis of a wide range of compounds such as polymers, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and naturals compounds. A large range of functional groups are well tolerated including alcohols, amides, carbamates and sulfonamides. However, some limitations still have to be overcome Olefin metathesis has emerged has one of the most efficient carbon-carbon bond forming reaction and such as rich N-heteroaryles which are probably causing desactivation of the ruthenium catalyst by coordination of the metal center and/or reacting with the intermediates. We describe in this manuscript that a suitable choice of the 2-substituent olefinic substituted pyridine allows the cross-metathesis to occur and the method has been applied to others N-heteroaryles. Apart from N-heteroaryles, fluorinated compounds are widely used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials. Among the organofluorides, the trifluoromethyl group is the most important motif used. In fact, compared to their non-fluorinated counterpart, trifluoromethylated compounds often show enhanced biological properties. Thus, new ways to introduce trifluoromethyl group into organic molecules, especially nitrogen heterocycles, are of keen interest. In this aim, we have developed a new method to introduce the trifluoromethyl moiety onto various cyclic ene-carbamates to access trifluoromethylated piperidines, tetrahydropyridines and dihydropyridines.