Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T19:43:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianearchanjodesales.pdf: 1871876 bytes, checksum: 6bdeefe279a3c1e633ba1cbae84bdf3c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T11:28:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianearchanjodesales.pdf: 1871876 bytes, checksum: 6bdeefe279a3c1e633ba1cbae84bdf3c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T11:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianearchanjodesales.pdf: 1871876 bytes, checksum: 6bdeefe279a3c1e633ba1cbae84bdf3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-23 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Buscando identificar os mecanismos formadores das assembleias de formigas em campo rupestre, este estudo foi dividido em três partes. A primeira investigou a habilidade das espécies em descobrir recursos alimentares e a influência dos comportamentos na sua permanência nos mesmos. Iscas atrativas foram oferecidas em uma área de campo rupestre no Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, MG. Foram realizados 60 registros, referentes a 10 iscas/quadrante, totalizando 40 horas de filmagem. Das nove espécies mais freqüentes Pheidole obscurithorax, Pheidole radoszkowskii, Pheidole sp.6 e Crematogaster sericea foram as que apresentaram maiores valores para habilidade de descoberta e tenderam a permanecer por mais tempo nas iscas; Camponotus crassus, Camponotus renggeri, Ectatomma edentatum, Camponotus genatus, Pachycondyla striata foram espécies com menores taxas de permanência, podendo ser consideradas como submissas devido à menor habilidade competitiva. Os comportamentos também influenciaram na permanência e variaram entre agonísticos e de coexistência em função da espécie e do contexto no qual ocorreu a interação. As duas espécies com maior habilidade em descobrir os recursos - C. sericea e P. obscurithorax - foram selecionadas para a segunda parte do estudo. Objetivando avaliar mecanismos competitivos em locais distantes e próximos aos seus ninhos, foi averiguada a influência da distância do recurso ao ninho na agressividade e abundância, bem como o status hierárquico durante o forrageamento. Foi estabelecido um plot de observação para cada ninho composto por oito iscas: quatro localizadas a 1,5m de distância dos ninhos e quatro a 0,5m. As iscas foram observadas uma por vez, totalizando 256 registros/espécie. Os comportamentos registrados foram ataque e avançar. Para ambas as espécies a distância do alimento ao ninho não influenciou na agressividade (Z= 1,44; p=0,07 C. sericea; Z= 1,44; p=0,07 P. obscurithorax); a abundância de P. obscurithorax foi maior nas iscas próximas ao seu ninho (F= 7,30; p<0,01), enquanto que para C. sericea não diferiu entre iscas próximas e distantes (F=2,19; p=0,14). Apesar de fortes competidoras, C. sericea e P. obscurithorax forragearam de acordo com seus status hierárquico, sendo a primeira territorialista e a segunda agressiva não territorialista. Na terceira parte foram investigados os padrões comportamentais de agressividade entre colônias de C. sericea e P. obscurithorax localizadas próximas (2,40m) e distantes (15,60m) entre si baseado na Hipótese do Inimigo Querido. Foram capturados 50 indivíduos/colônia para execução de encontros diádicos. Foram realizados 10 encontros/tratamento: controle, interespecífico próximo e interespecífico distante. Os comportamentos observados foram: inspeção, toque de antena, auto-grooming, viii evitar, avançar, abertura de mandíbula, morder, curvar o gáster e luta. Para cada ato foi atribuído um valor, utilizado no cálculo do índice de agressão. Verificou-se maior agressividade de C. sericea quando confrontadas com P. obscurithorax provenientes da colônia próxima (t=-4,935; p<0,001). Em contraste, não houve diferença significativa na agressividade exibida entre operárias de P. obscurithorax e C. sericea provenientes da colônia distante (t=0,617; p=0,995). A agressividade de C. sericea direcionada aos seus vizinhos atesta que, além de haver o reconhecimento entre diferentes espécies, P. obscurithorax pode ser considerada uma forte competidora, não sendo aplicável a hipótese do inimigo querido a estas espécies. / In order to identify the mechanisms that form the ant assemblages in the rupestrian, this study was divided into three parts. In the first was investigated the species ability to find food resources and the behaviors influence of their permanence in the same resources. Baits were offered in a rupestrian area in Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, MG. Were made 60 records, on a 10 baits/quadrant, totaling 40 hours of recording. Of the nine most common species Pheidole obscurithorax, Pheidole radoszkowskii, Pheidole sp.6 and Crematogaster sericea showed highest values for discovery ability and tended to stay longer in the baits. Camponotus crassus, Camponotus renggeri, Ectatomma edentatum, Camponotus genatus, Pachycondyla striata were species with lower permanence rates, may be considered as submissive species due to lower competitive ability. The behavior also influenced the permanence and ranged between agonistic coexistence depending on the species and the context in which the interaction occurred. The two species with greater ability to find resources – P. obscurithorax and C. sericea – were selected for the second part of the study. In order to evaluate competitive mechanisms in places far and near to their nests, has been investigated the influence of distance from the resource until the nest in the aggression and abundance, and the hierarchical status during the foraging. We established an observation plot for each nest, composed by eight baits: four located 1.5m away from the nests and four 0.5m. The baits were observed one at a time, totaling 256 records/species. The behaviors recorded were attack and advance. For both species, the distance of the food to the nest had no effect on aggression (Z= 1,44; p=0,07 C. sericea; Z= 1,44; p=0,07 P. obscurithorax); the abundance of P obscurithorax was higher in the baits near its nest (F = 7.30, p <0.01), while for C. sericea did not differ between near and far baits (F=2,19; p=0,14). In spite of being strong competitors, C. sericea and P. obscurithorax foraged according to their hierarchical status, being the first territorialist and the second aggressive not territorialist. In the third part, we investigated the behavioral patterns of aggressiveness among C. sericea and P. obscurithorax colonies located near (2.40 m) and far (15.60 m) from each other based on the Dear Enemy Hypothesis. We captured 50 individuals/colony to perform dyadic encounters. Were conducted 10 meetings/treatment: control, near interspecific and far interspecific. The behaviors observed were: inspection, antenna touch, self-grooming, avoidance, forward, open jaw, bite, bend the gaster and fight. For each action was assigned a value, used to calculate the aggression rate. Was found more aggressiveness of C. sericea when confronted with P. obscurithorax from the nearby colony (t=-4,935; p<0,001). In contrast, there were no significant difference in x aggressiveness displayed between workers of P. obscurithorax and C. sericea from the far colony (t=0,617; p=0,995). The aggressiveness of C. sericea directed to their neighbors certifies that, in addition to the recognition between different species, P. obscurithorax also can be considered a strong competitor, then Dear Enemy Hypothesis cannot be applicable to these species.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Donald J. Mrozek / During the Cold War, the United States’ foreign policy relied heavily on its ability to project military power. More often than not, the central component of force projection rested on the United States military’s effectiveness in employing air power both by establishing air superiority and through accurate delivery of ordnance. As the primary service tasked with conducting aerial warfare, the United States Air Force (USAF) was expected to maintain this capability either to achieve deterrence or, when necessary, to military action. In January 1973, the USAF seemed incapable of performing the latter task due to the North Vietnamese Integrated Air Defense System’s (NV-IAD’s) effectiveness in Operation Rolling Thunder and its successor, Operation Linebacker. Eighteen years later, Air Force aircraft spearheaded the Coalition’s air attack on the Iraqi Integrated Air Defense System (I-IADS) in January 1991. Considered by many to be the most effective air defense system outside the Soviet Union’s, the I-IADS was expected to exact heavy casualties from the allied forces. Instead, in less than twenty days, the USAF’s dominance was so complete that politicians, analysts and military historians quickly proclaimed a “Revolution in Military Affairs” (RMA). The majority of the current historiography credits advances in precision-guided munitions (PGMs), airframes, and computer technology as the impetus for the RMA. Others have claimed that the USAF’s training methodology and construction of advanced training sites such as the Red Flag complex at Nellis Air Force Base were the primary drivers for the Air Force’s success. While acknowledging the role all of these factors played, this dissertation also demonstrates the key role played by the development of Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) doctrine from January 1973 through August 1991. In the aftermath of the American war in Vietnam, the Air Force considered defense suppression a tactical task that was secondary to the primary mission of putting ordnance on target. At the end of Desert Storm, proponents of the Air Force’s SEAD doctrine had convincing evidence that an enemy IADS was not just an ancillary weapons array, but functioned a critical national system just like manufacturing, government, or the people’s will. The process by which this viewpoint changed had effects on the development of the United States Air Force’s Cold War conventional capability in general, and the development of training methods, electronic warfare platforms, and modern airframes specifically.

The thesis offers semiotic analysis of the World War II poster. It examines the fundamental rhetorical and visual examples based on specific ideological context. The thesis presents the representative war posters of the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States of America and Nazi Germany. Selected samples of the Czechoslovak posters are also included.

(English): The aim of the thesis is to analyse the discourse of exclusion of the Czech communism and the discoursive attempts to ban the communist party. It shall shed more light on its sources of thought as found in the Czech dissident movement, as well as on the conditions it has risen from after the Velvet revolution. We intend to point out that the two main concepts of the dissident thought are essential for the birth of the discourse - one is shaping it, while the other opposes. The influence of non-political discourses - such as legal or political discourse on the subject - are also given serious attention. Using the Critical Discourse Analysis toolbox of methods, we hope to enhance our knowledge about contradictory images of the Czech past that shape contradictory images of the communism as well.

The goal of this paper will be to show in three single case studies the basic characteristics of nazi propaganda on the teritory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Firstly, picturing of the enemy, both outside enemy (coverage of the war, bombing of civilians) and enemy within (primary jewish question). Because picture of the enemy was the key to the nazi propaganda itself. Than I continue with the study of the longterm, ideological efforts and goals nazi propaganda had in the protectorate. Here, the main target was czech youth and reinterpretation of the czech history itself. In the last case study i'm observing short term efforts nazis had. These efforts were driven primarily by the necesity of war production and need to use full potential of the strong czech industry. All these cases are then summarized and my goal it to show their effectivity on their respective fields of influence. (industrial production, creation of combat troops, voluntary membership in the collaboration organizations, etc.)

Ces dernières années, l’insécurité alimentaire et la pauvreté de la population djiboutienne en particulier rurale ne cessent d’accroitre à cause de la croissance démographique et l’élévation des prix des denrées alimentaires mondiales. De ce fait, le gouvernement djiboutien s’est orienté vers le développement de l’agriculture durable par le biais de la phoeniciculture. Cette dernière s’adapte bien aux conditions pédoclimatiques difficiles de la République de Djibouti. Des introductions massives de palmier dattier ont eu lieu pour restaurer les anciennes palmeraies traditionnelles (polycultures et en étage) et la création ou l’extension des nouvelles palmeraies, orientées vers la monoculture. Cependant, le pays connait des contraintes importantes dans le domaine phytosanitaire : l’absence d’infrastructure, l’insuffisance de savoir-faire et l’inexistence d’études sur les ravageurs de cette culture. Dans un but ultime de protéger et d’augmenter les rendements phoenicicoles djiboutiens, ce présent travail évalue la susceptibilité des palmeraies aux insectes ravageurs et aux ennemis naturels. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une comparaison de l’entomofaune des deux modèles de palmeraies, traditionnelle et nouvelle, a été réalisée à l’aide de pièges composés placés sous la couronne du palmier dattier. L’expérience a été menée du 20 juin au 2 septembre 2018, dans six vergers repartis sur trois sites. Les prélèvements dans ces palmeraies ont montré l’existence d’une diversité d’insectes d’une part, et d’autre, ils ont révélé la présence et l’abondance de ravageurs spécialistes dans les palmeraies monoculturales. Il est ajouté que les ennemis naturels ont été observés en abondance dans les palmeraies traditionnelles mais leur diversité spécifique n’a pas démontré de patron. Enfin, cette étude contribue à la connaissance de la diversité des insectes et l’existence des ravageurs dans les palmeraies djiboutiennes. Ces ravageurs peuvent avoir des impacts sur le rendement suivant le modèle d’habitat de palmeraie, d’où l’intérêt d’élaborer de moyens de lutte adéquats. / In recent years, food insecurity and poverty, especially among the rural populations of Djibouti, have been increasing due to population growth and rising world food prices. As a result, the government of Djibouti seeks to develop sustainable agriculture through date farming. The cultivation of date palms adapts well to the difficult pedoclimatic conditions of the Republic of Djibouti. Massive introductions of date palm have taken place in recent years to restore the older traditional palm groves (polycultures) and to create and/or extend new palm groves oriented towards monoculture. However, the country faces major phytosanitary challenges: poor infrastructure, insufficient knowledge, a lack of research on the pests of this crop. With the ultimate aim of protecting and increasing Djibouti's date yields, this present work seeks to assess the susceptibility of palm groves to insect pests. To achieve this objective, a comparison of the insect fauna of the two types of palm groves was carried out using composite traps placed within the crown of the date palm. The experiment was carried out from 20 June to 2 September 2018, in six orchards on three sites. The samples documented the existence and diversity of insects in these palm groves, as well as the presence and abundance of specialist date palm pests in monocultural palm groves. Natural enemies were also particularly abundant in the traditional palm groves, but species-level diversity did not show any correlations with the type of palm grove. This study contributes to the knowledge of insect diversity and potential pest species in the palm groves of Djibouti. These pests can have an important impact on date yields depending on the type of palm grove and this study thus underlines the need to develop adequate means of pest control.

<p>Biological invasions are an important issue of global change and an increased understanding of invasion processes is of crucial importance for both conservation managers and international trade. In this thesis, I have studied the invasion of the brown seaweed <i>Fucus evanescens</i>, to investigate the fate and effect of a perennial, habitat-forming seaweed introduced to a coastal ecosystem. A long-term study of the spread of <i>F. evanescens</i> in Öresund (southern Sweden) showed that the species was able to expand its range quickly during the first 20 years after the introduction, but that the expansion has been slow during the subsequent 30 years. Both in Öresund and in Skagerrak, the species is largely restricted to sites where native fucoids are scarce. Laboratory experiments showed that the restricted spread of <i>F. evanescens</i> cannot be explained by the investigated abiotic factors (wave exposure and salinity), although salinity restricts the species from spreading into the Baltic Sea. Neither did I find evidence for that herbivores or epibiota provide biotic resistance to the invader. On the contrary, <i>F. evanescens</i> was less consumed by native herbivores, both compared to the native fucoids and to <i>F. evanescens</i> populations in its native range, and little overgrown by epiphytes. Instead, the restricted spread may be due to competition from native seaweeds, probably by pre-occupation of space, and the establishment has probably been facilitated by disturbance. </p><p>The studies provided little support for a general enemy release in introduced seaweeds. The low herbivore consumption of <i>F. evanescens</i> in Sweden could not be explained by release from specialist herbivores. Instead, high levels of chemical anti-herbivore defence metabolites (phlorotannins) could explain the pattern of herbivore preference for different fucoids. Likewise, the low epibiotic colonisation of <i>F. evanescens </i>plants could be explained by high resistance to epibiotic survival. This shows that colonisation of invading seaweeds by native herbivores and epibionts depends on properties of the invading species. The large differences between fucoid species in their quality as food and habitat for epibionts and herbivores imply that invasions of such habitat-forming species may have a considerable effect on a number of other species in shallow coastal areas. However, since <i>F. evanescens</i> did not exclude other fucoids in its new range, its effect on the recipient biota is probably small.</p>

Dans le contexte politique (réduction 50% de l’utilisation des pesticides à échéance de 2018 -Plan Ecophyto) et social actuel (mise en place de modes de production plus respectueux pour l'environnement), la sévérité des dommages causés par le puceron cendré du pommier, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera : Aphididae), surtout en agriculture biologique, rend nécessaire la mise au point de solutions alternatives s’appuyant sur le rôle des ennemis naturels. Nous avons donc essayé d’apporter des éléments nouveaux sur la connaissance des relations entre le puceron cendré et ses ennemis naturels et sur les conditions à même de favoriser leur action. Des suivis hebdomadaires des arthropodes présents sur les rameaux infestés par D. plantaginea, ont mis en évidence l’effet négatif des auxiliaires sur les populations de D. plantaginea, sans pour autant atteindre une véritable régulation à même d’éviter les dégâts économiques. Nous avons également montré l’action favorisante des fourmis sur la dynamique du puceron cendré et négative sur celle des auxiliaires. Nous avons pu identifier trois groupes d’auxiliaires dominants avec une arrivée séquentielle marquée : les syrphes, dont l’installation coïncide avec le début de l’infestation de D. plantaginea, puis les coccinelles et les forficules qui arrivent plus tardivement. Pour que les auxiliaires jouent un rôle plus important contre D. plantaginea, il faut d’autres pratiques permettant d’abaisser significativement le nombre de traitements pesticides. Une innovation très récente permet la réduction drastique des traitements insecticides : les filets Alt’Carpo. Malgré son influence négative sur l’abondance et la richesse du cortège des auxiliaires présents dans les colonies de D. plantaginea, surtout les coccinelles, cette technique freine le développement des populations de D. plantaginea à l’échelle du rameau ou de l’arbre lorsque les filets sont fermés après la floraison (en conformité avec les préconisations contre le carpocapse). Cependant, la réduction des populations de D. plantaginea sous les filets requiert la présence d’au moins un stade actif d’auxiliaire par rameau, ce qui interroge sur la réalité de la régulation de ce ravageur par le simple usage des filets. Sur la base de leur précocité, pour Episyrphus balteatus De Geer (Diptera : Syrphidae) et de leur abondance dans les colonies de D. plantaginea, pour Forficula auricularia Linnaeus (Dermaptera : Forficulidae) et E. balteatus, ces deux espèces apparaissent comme de bons candidats pour la régulation de D. plantaginea. Nos études en conditions contrôlées ont démontré leur potentiel régulateur sur D. plantaginea, en particulier aux stades les plus âgés. L’efficacité optimale intervient à 20°C pour les deux prédateurs, pour lesquels nous n’observons par ailleurs pas d’interaction négative lorsqu’ils sont associés en présence de fortes densités de D. plantaginea. Sur la base de ces résultats de laboratoire nous avons analysé les possibilités de lâchers printaniers de ces deux prédateurs sur de jeunes colonies de D. plantaginea. Dans nos conditions expérimentales en vergers de pommiers, des lâchers précoces de larves du 3ème stade de F. auricularia n’ont pas permis de limiter les populations de D. plantaginea, confirmant la difficulté des lâchers de prédateurs en cultures de plein champ. De la même manière, des lâchers précoces d’E. balteatus pourtant réalisés sous filets Alt’Carpo restent sans effet sur l’infestation par D. plantaginea. Cette thèse, en s’appuyant sur des essais en conditions contrôlées, semi contrôlées et de plein champ, constitue une étape dans un processus d’élaboration d’un modèle dynamique du développement de D. plantaginea à l’échelle du rameau, prenant en compte le rôle des fourmis et des auxiliaires et l’influence des pratiques de protection (par exemple, les filets Alt’Carpo et les lâchers d’auxiliaires). Elle confirme, si besoin en était, la complexité des phénomènes de régulation, des pucerons en particulier, et la nécessité d’études complémentaires pour définir les conditions d’application de la lutte biologique contre D. plantaginea / In the current political and social context (reduced use of pesticides), there is a need for the development of alternative solutions to control the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera : Aphididae), especially in organic farming. One of these alternatives is the increased and improved use of natural enemies against this pest. In this thesis, we provided some elements of responses regarding this problem in term of research study and technical application. Based on weekly observations of arthropods in marked shoots infested by D. plantaginea, we demonstrated the negative effects of the natural enemies on the development of D. plantaginea but this effect was unsufficient to provide an effective regulation avoiding economic damages. We also showed the possible and positive influence of ant presence on the infestation dynamics and thei rnegative effect on natural enemies. Among the natural enemy groups, three were the most abundant and appeared in a temporary sequence : syrphids arrived first, at the beginning of the infestation,followed by coccinellids and earwigs that arrived later.To enhance the role of the natural enemies against D. plantaginea, we also need other practices that enable to reduce significantly the number of pesticide applied. This is the case of a very recent innovation : the Alt'Carpo nets. Despite its negative influence on the abundance and richness of the natural enemies, especially the coccinellids, present in the colonies of D. plantaginea, there was a negative influence of these nets on the development of D. plantaginea populations (both at the shootand tree levels) especially when the nets were closed in mid-April (coinciding with classical netting trees for controlling populations of codling moth). We additionally showed that the highest reductionin D. plantaginea population was observed in the presence of at least one active natural enemy in the marked shoot. This gives support to the combination of these methods of control, one biological and the other physical, to regulate D. plantaginea populations. Based on their precocity for Episyrphus balteatus De Geer (Diptera : Syrphidae) and their abundance for both Forficula auricularia Linnaeus (Dermaptera : Forficulidae) and E.balteatus observed under field conditions, the syrphids and earwigs appear as good candidates for controlling the D. plantaginea populations. We first demonstrated under laboratory conditions using detached plantain leaves in Petri dishes conditions the potency of these two predators, especially a tolder stages, against D plantaginea. The optimal predation occurred at 20°C for both predators. Using young apple trees, we further studied the possible interactions between these predators and showed a small and positive interaction when the D. plantaginea density was not limiting. But at low densities of aphids, the results suggested a possible negative interaction (a sign of intraguild predation) between these two predators. These results from laboratory studies have led us to study the augmentative release of these two predators, under field conditions, in early spring for controlling D. plantaginea populations. The releases of F. auricularia (third instar nymph) did not result in lower D. plantaginea populations. This confirmed the difficulty of successful releases of natural enemies under theconditions of open orchards, and demonstrated the need for improving or creating conditions that canpromote the success of the released natural enemies. However, despite closed conditions, the early release of E. balteatus under Alt'Carpo nets was also not efficient against D. plantaginea.This thesis, through several studies under different conditions (controlled, semi-field and field), represented an important first step that should ideally lead to the development of a dynamic model of the development of D. plantaginea at the shoot level, taking into account the presence of ants and therole of natural enemies and the influence of some agricultural practices (for example Alt'Carpo nets and natural enemy releases). Further studies are also needed to validate our results (effects of Alt'Carpo nets) and to optimise the releases of natural enemies

Ce mémoire offre un résumé de l’état de la recherche quant à la perception des Japonais et de l’ennemi japonais aux États-Unis avant et pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Il en ressort que la question plus spécifique du traitement réservé à l’ennemi japonais et à la responsabilité des actions de guerre perpétrées par celui-ci dans les journaux américains mérite d’être approfondie. L’analyse des articles publiés dans les trois mois suivant l’attaque japonaise de Pearl Harbour et précédant la fin officielle de la guerre dans trois grands périodiques américains de l’époque suggère que ceux-ci offrirent un traitement de l’ennemi japonais similaire à celui présent dans l’ensemble des autres média américains de l’époque, mais que ce traitement est généralement plus nuancé et éclaté dans les trois mois précédant la fin de la guerre. Certaines dissensions importantes peuvent y être constatée quant à la question de la responsabilité des actions de guerre japonaises entre les périodiques, ce qui suggère l’existence de points de vue, de valeurs et de perceptions différentes des Japonais aux États-Unis pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. / This master’s thesis offers a summary of the state of research on the perception of the Japanese enemy in the United States before and during World War II which reveals that the question of the American newspapers’ treatment of the Japanese enemy and of who is accountable for Japan’s actions during the war deserves more attention. An analysis of the articles published in three major American newspapers in the three months following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour and preceding the official end of the war suggests that the American newspapers presented the Japanese enemy in a light similar to that of the other media. However, this treatment of the Japanese and the Japanese enemy tended to be more nuanced and varied in the three months preceding the end of the war as important dissensions appeared between the newspapers about the accountability of Japan’s war actions, which suggests the existence of different values and perceptions of the Japanese people in general within the United States.

A cisão do eu é um tema literário. Há mesmo uma literatura do eu cindido. Ele aparece em todas as literaturas do mundo e á parte do tema mais amplo do duplo, que também aparece em toda literatura e em todo gênero literário. Mas o eu cindido, ou a cisão subjetiva do eu, é um assunto peculiar à Lírica, por causa do seu caráter subjetivo, ao contrário do duplo em outros gêneros literários, como o Drama e a Narrativa, que apresentam um caráter objetivo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo da cisão subjetiva na lírica portuguesa para demonstrar que a cisão do eu poético na lírica portuguesa é um tema presente na literatura portuguesa do século XVI e do século XX. Nosso método de trabalho incluiu uma pesquisa para fixar um corpus poético dos dois séculos, uma comparação entre eles, e a leitura de obras críticas e filosóficas relacionadas a este tema para tentar esboçar uma conclusão. Nosso corpus poético inclui poemas de Jorge Manrique, Francisco de Sá de Miranda, Bernardim Ribeiro, Luís Vaz de Camões (no século XVI); e de Mário de Sá-Carneiro, Fernando Pessoa, Alexandre ONeill, Maria Teresa Horta (no século XX). Nossas obras filosóficas consultadas mais importantes foram Discurso sobre a dignidade do homem, de Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola; Elogio da loucura, de Erasmo de Roterdam; Manuscritos econômico-filosóficos, de Karl Marx; e O ser e o nada, de Jean-Paul Sartre. Concluímos que a lírica portuguesa do século XX retoma o tema da cisão subjetiva do eu em vários poemas escritos por muitos dos mais importantes poetas do século, mas com uma concepção moderna de Literatura. / The divided self is literary theme. There is really a literature of the second self. It appears in all literatures around the world, and it is a part of the larger theme of the double, which also appears in all literature and in all literary genus. But the divided self, or the subjective scission of the self, is a peculiar topic of the lyric poetry, because of its subjective character, on the contrary of the double in others literary genus, as the drama or the narrative, which presents an objective character. This work means to make a study on the divided self in Portuguese lyric poetry, to demonstrate that this theme, which appears in sixteenth centurys Portuguese literature, also appears in twentieth centurys Portuguese literature. Our method of work included a research to set a corpus of poems of the both centuries, a confrontation between them, and the reading of philosophical and critical works concerning on this theme, to try to draw a conclusion. Our poetic corpus includes poems from Jorge Manrique, Francisco de Sá de Miranda, Bernardim Ribeiro, Luís Vaz de Camões (in the sixteenth century); and from Mário de Sá-Carneiro, Fernando Pessoa, Alexandre ONeill, Maria Teresa Horta (in the twentieth century). And our most important philosophical works were Giovanni Pico Della Mirandolas Oratio de hominis Dignitate, Erasmo de Roterdams Elogio da Loucura, Karl Marxs Manuscritos econômicofilosóficos, and Jean-Paul Sartres O ser e o nada. We concluded that the twentieth Portuguese lyric poetry retakes the theme of the subjective scission of the self in several poems written by many of the most important poets of the century, but as a modern conception of literature.