Johan A. Warden tog fram sin modell om motståndaren som ett system för att genom denna hitta dess svagheter. Modellen visade sig vara mycket användbar inom mellanstatliga konflikter och var mycket effektiv vid planerandet och genomförandet av USA:s offensiv mot Irak under inledningen av Gulfkriget. Men kopplat mot irreguljära konflikter har Wardens modell stött på mycket kritik då den anses spelat ut sin roll och därför inte längre kan anses applicerbar vid planerandet av luftoperationer inom denna typ av krigföring. Denna uppsats skall se om det är precisionsvapen och användandet av dessa som räddar kvar Warden inom planeringen av luftoperationer inom irreguljär krigföring. / John A. Warden developed the Five ring model and the enemy as a system. These models where used as a tool to find the enemies weak points. These models proved useful in a conventional conflict, and where very effective during the planning and execution of Operation Desert Storm. In recent times Wardens theories has been a subject of a debate, stating that they have played out there role as an effect of irregular warfare. This essay is going to try to see if it is precision-guided munitions that save Wardens theories in the fields of modern air-warfare planning in irregular warfare.

The use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) has become an increasingly common feature of contemporary armed conflict. Because of their autonomous contractual status, PMCs have presented governments with problems of accountability on several levels, including violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (IHL) standards. This thesis argues that PMCs should be considered to be non-state actors (NSAs), subject to international law from both an International Relations Theory and a Legal Theory perspective. This conclusion is linked to the issue of whether individual PMC employees can be treated as legitimate combatants according to IHL. State practice has not led to a clear understanding of the definition of combatant, a problem which has been compounded by a lack of government policy on the use of PMCs. Using Canadian experience as a case study, the thesis concludes that IHL suggests two options for regularizing the status of PMCs which would both strengthen accountability and uphold the rule of law.

The use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) has become an increasingly common feature of contemporary armed conflict. Because of their autonomous contractual status, PMCs have presented governments with problems of accountability on several levels, including violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (IHL) standards. This thesis argues that PMCs should be considered to be non-state actors (NSAs), subject to international law from both an International Relations Theory and a Legal Theory perspective. This conclusion is linked to the issue of whether individual PMC employees can be treated as legitimate combatants according to IHL. State practice has not led to a clear understanding of the definition of combatant, a problem which has been compounded by a lack of government policy on the use of PMCs. Using Canadian experience as a case study, the thesis concludes that IHL suggests two options for regularizing the status of PMCs which would both strengthen accountability and uphold the rule of law.

Ce mémoire offre un résumé de l’état de la recherche quant à la perception des Japonais et de l’ennemi japonais aux États-Unis avant et pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Il en ressort que la question plus spécifique du traitement réservé à l’ennemi japonais et à la responsabilité des actions de guerre perpétrées par celui-ci dans les journaux américains mérite d’être approfondie. L’analyse des articles publiés dans les trois mois suivant l’attaque japonaise de Pearl Harbour et précédant la fin officielle de la guerre dans trois grands périodiques américains de l’époque suggère que ceux-ci offrirent un traitement de l’ennemi japonais similaire à celui présent dans l’ensemble des autres média américains de l’époque, mais que ce traitement est généralement plus nuancé et éclaté dans les trois mois précédant la fin de la guerre. Certaines dissensions importantes peuvent y être constatée quant à la question de la responsabilité des actions de guerre japonaises entre les périodiques, ce qui suggère l’existence de points de vue, de valeurs et de perceptions différentes des Japonais aux États-Unis pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. / This master’s thesis offers a summary of the state of research on the perception of the Japanese enemy in the United States before and during World War II which reveals that the question of the American newspapers’ treatment of the Japanese enemy and of who is accountable for Japan’s actions during the war deserves more attention. An analysis of the articles published in three major American newspapers in the three months following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour and preceding the official end of the war suggests that the American newspapers presented the Japanese enemy in a light similar to that of the other media. However, this treatment of the Japanese and the Japanese enemy tended to be more nuanced and varied in the three months preceding the end of the war as important dissensions appeared between the newspapers about the accountability of Japan’s war actions, which suggests the existence of different values and perceptions of the Japanese people in general within the United States.

The use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) has become an increasingly common feature of contemporary armed conflict. Because of their autonomous contractual status, PMCs have presented governments with problems of accountability on several levels, including violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (IHL) standards. This thesis argues that PMCs should be considered to be non-state actors (NSAs), subject to international law from both an International Relations Theory and a Legal Theory perspective. This conclusion is linked to the issue of whether individual PMC employees can be treated as legitimate combatants according to IHL. State practice has not led to a clear understanding of the definition of combatant, a problem which has been compounded by a lack of government policy on the use of PMCs. Using Canadian experience as a case study, the thesis concludes that IHL suggests two options for regularizing the status of PMCs which would both strengthen accountability and uphold the rule of law.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1034963 bytes, checksum: 2f8ddfdc0ab599a1ee63766057899a95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-22 / Worldwide sugar cane plantations suffer the pest attack A major pest is the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). A striking feature of D. saccharalis is the penetration on the stalk, feeding on the tissues; affecting the developmet point, resulting in a condition known as "dead heart" due to the presence of the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum The plants can protect itself from herbivores attack by a combination of constitutive and/or inducible defenses that reduces the performance of herbivores, interrupting the spread of the damage. Accordingly, plants respond to feeding herbivorous arthropods producing a series of secondary metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are known to attract natural enemies. Natural enemies such as parasitoids, are able to exploit these volatiles to locate their prey, for exemple, using feeding chemical signals. Thus, behavioral studies are important for understanding the interactions that occur between organisms in a food Web. As the knowledge of the chemical compounds that mediate the location of plants infested with herbivores by natural enemies, to have a better understanding of insect-plant interaction influencing the third trophic level. Given this, in this study was investigated the responses of cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to volatile plant sugar cane rustic and current (Archi, White pararia and RB867515) unscathed and infested by D. saccharalis. In the chapter 1 was investigated the preferences of C. flavipes to the set of plants induced to herbivory and plants unharmed in laboratory and semi-field conditions. The results show that the parasitic wasp provides different responses, in the laboratory showed choice for infested specie and semi-infested field conditions show no preference, but present parasitism in the host. In the second chapter we identify the volatile compounds emitted by plants infested with D. Saccharalis and undamaged plants of sugarcane. To access this result was used for GC-MS for the identiñcation of compounds, showing that when compared uninjured plants with infested plants were found and identified a larger quantity of volatile components in the infested plants, especially on the species Archi and White pararia, the profile of volatile of the specie RB867515 is very similar between infested and unharmed sugar cane plants. The results obtained through the identification of these volatile compounds may explain the outputs obtained in the chapter 1, which may mediate the foraging behavior of C. flavipes. In general it can be concluded that this wasp showed parasitism, independently of the complex plant-herbivore, reducing infestation and damage by D. saccharalis in sugarcane plants. / Em todo o mundo plantações de cana de açúcar sofrem o ataque de pragas. Uma das principais pragas é a broca da cana Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), uma caraterística marcante de D. saccharalis é a penetração no colmo, onde se alimenta do tecido afetando o ponto de desenvolvimento, produzindo o chamado "coração morto" devido à presença do fungo Colletotrichum falcatum. As plantas se protegem contra o ataque dos herbívoros através da combinação de defensas constitutivas e/ou induzidas que reduzem o desempenho dos herbívoros, interrompendo a propagação do dano. Consequentemente, as plantas respondem à alimentação de herbívoros artrópodes produzindo uma série de compostos secundários, incluindo os compostos voláteis orgânicos (VOCs), os quais são conhecidos por atrair os inimigos naturais. Os inimigos naturais como parasitoides, são capazes de explorar esses voláteis para localizar seus hospedeiros, como por exemplo, usando os sinais químicos da alimentação. Dessa forma, estudos de comportamento para fontes de odores são importantes para o entendimento das interações que ocorrem entre os organismos em uma teia alimentar. Assim como o conhecimento dos compostos químicos que meiam a localização de plantas infestadas com herbívoros pelos inimigos naturais, para ter uma melhor compreensão da interação inseto-planta influenciando o terceiro nível trófico. Diante isto, este trabalho investigou as respostas de Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenóptera: Braconidae) aos voláteis de plantas de cana de açúcar rústicas e atual (Archi, White pararia e RB867515), ilesas e infestadas por D. saccharalis. No capítulo 1 foram investigadas as preferências de C. flavipes ao conjunto de plantas induzidas a herbivoria e plantas ilesas tanto em laboratório quanto em condições de semi-campo. Os resultados mostram que a vespa parasítica apresenta diferentes respostas, sendo que em laboratório mostra escolha por espécies infestadas quanto em semi-campo não mostra preferência, no entanto apresentando parasitismo no hospedeiro. No segundo capítulo identificamos os compostos voláteis emitidos por plantas infestadas com D. saccharalis e plantas ilesas de cana de açúcar. Para acessar a esse resultado foi utilizado o GC-MS para a identificação dos compostos, mostrando que quando comparamos plantas ilesas com plantas infestadas foram encontrados e identificados uma quantidade superior de compostos voláteis nas plantas infestadas, principalmente das espécies Archi e White pararia, já que o perfil de voláteis da espécie RB867515 é bastante similar quando ilesa e infestada. Os resultados obtidos através da identificação destes compostos voláteis podem explicar as respostas obtidas no capítulo 1, os quais podem mediar no comportamento de forrageamento de C. flavipes. Em linhas gerais, pode-se concluir que esta vespa apresenta parasitismo independente do complexo planta-herbívoro, reduzindo a infestação e o dano por parte de D. saccharalis em plantas de cana de açúcar.

Den amerikanske luftmaktsteoretikern John A Warden III har skrivit ett flertal artiklar och böcker om vad han anser är det bästa sättet att använda luftmakt. Warden förordar luftmaktens offensiva natur och eftersträvar ett snabbt, för egen del, fördelaktigt slut på en konflikt. Warden har bl.a. liknat fienden vid ett system, där han menar att strävan skall ligga i att slå ut fiendens ledarskikt vilket får tillföljd att dess vilja till strid upphör. I detta arbete ges en sammanfattning av, enligt författaren, centrala delar av Wardens teorier. Sammanfattningen mynnar ut i tre stycken parametrar som kommer att utgöra Wardens teorier i detta arbete. De tre parametrarna är "enemy as a system", "center of gravity" samt "parallell attack". Dessa parametrar ligger sedan till grund för en analys av Israels luftkampanjer i dess krig mot Hizbollah 2006, Operation Change of Direction samt dess krig mot Hamas 2008-09, Operation Cast Lead. Syftet med detta är att ta reda på om Israel använde sig av Wardens teorier under dessa båda operationer. Anledningen till valet av dessa två konflikter är att Israel bl.a. sin doktrin slagit fast att de aldrig har råd att förlora ett krig. Detta tvingar Israel att optimera sin taktisering. Slutsatsen blev att det tydligt går att se att Wardens teorier genomsyrade Operation Change of Direction. Det var enbart "parallell attack" som inte tydligt efterföljdes genom hela operationen. Under Operation Cast Lead däremot så följde Israel Wardens teorier i mycket mindre utsträckning. Det var enbart "center of gravity" som följdes genom hela den operationen.

This study investigates two questions about anti-predator behaviour of the red-backed shrike. 1) Is the red-backed shrike able to assess the differing dangers represented by various types or species of predators? 2) How does the red-backed shrike recognize the predator? We found, that the red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio) adjusts its anti-predator behaviour by assessing the potential threat to themselves from different predator species and by assessing the chance of a successful attack. Further, we found that the presence of general raptor salient features is absolutely necessary for proper categorisation of the intruder as a predator, whereas the natural species-specific colouration in itself is an insufficient cue.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreirafilho_pj_me_fca.pdf: 738586 bytes, checksum: 866f186ef0a9be94a392e155c2cf52e2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Empresa Privada / Os psilídeos são um grupo de pragas amplamente distribuídas, causando perdas consideráveis em sistemas agrícolas e florestais. A recente descoberta da ocorrência do psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), no Brasil tornou-se um problema de grande importância, por ser específico de Eucalyptus. O parasitóide Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) é indicado como principal agente no controle biológico desta praga. Portanto, para o monitoramento adequado de ambas espécies é necessário um método eficiente de amostragem. Devido a sua importância econômica, esse trabalho objetivou estudar as populações de G. brimblecombei e de P. bliteus em floresta de Eucalyptus camaldulensis por dois métodos de amostragem, utilizando armadilhas amarelas e coleta de folhas para determinação de sua distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, a relação com fatores meteorológicos (temperatura e precipitação), proporção sexual, e correlacionar os métodos de amostragem com ambas populações. A determinação da distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, proporção sexual e correlação dos métodos de amostragem (53 armadilhas amarelas e 53 ramos/avaliação) foi realizada em um talhão de 19 ha com E. camaldulensis em Luiz Antônio, SP, com 10 avaliações, entre janeiro e junho de 2005. Concluiu-se que as populações de ambas espécies apresentaram distribuição espacial agregada, possue correlação inversamente proporcional à temperatura, independente do método de amostragem; não foi constatado correlação entre ambas espécies e a precipitação pluviométrica, as armadilhas adesivas amarelas são viáveis como método de amostragem e a proporção sexual (macho : fêmea) foi baixa para populações de G. brimblecombei e alta para populações de P. bliteus, sendo coletados mais fêmeas que machos para ambas espécies, no período avaliado. / Psyllids are a widespread group of pests, causing severe damage on agricultural and forestry systems. The recent discovery about occurrence of red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in Brazil is nowadays a great problem in Eucalyptus forests, mainly in E. camaldulensis. The psyllid specific parasitic wasp Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is this pest main biological control agent. Thus, the adequate monitoring of both species by a efficient sampling method would facilitate a future decision making. Due to its economic importance, this study aimed to evaluate G. brimblecombei and P. bliteus populations in Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation by two sampling methods, using yellow traps and foliage samples to determinate their spatial distribution, population fluctuation with weather interactions (temperature and rainfall) and sexual rate and to correlate sampling methods with both populations. The study of the populational fluctuation, the sexual rate, the spatial distribution and correlation sampling methods (53 traps sampled and 53 branches sampled per sampling dates) was carried out on E. camaldulensis plantations in a 19 ha area in Luiz Antônio municipality (SP, Brazil), between January and June, 2005 (10 sampling dates). This research indicated that population of both species noticed special aggregated distribution, inversely proportional correlation subject to temperature. However between sampling methods, there was no correlation between both species with the rainfall, yellow stick traps were useful as sampling methods, sexual rate (male:female) is low to G. brimblecombei populations and high to P. bliteus populations, have been collected more female than male to both species in the evaluated period.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsabelliCM_DISSERT.pdf: 1085220 bytes, checksum: 3e4aaeea15703fb5defff68874553b0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Food access, territory or reproductive partner can generate conflicts between individuals in many species with occurrence of aggressive behaviors. However some species respond less aggressively to intrusion by neighbors than non-neighbors in its territory to minimize the costs of continuous fight. This difference in aggression is called Dear Enemy Effect described in various vertebrates and invertebrates. To investigate if this phenomenon occurs in Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenopetra, Formicidae) three colonies, two neighbors and one non-neighbor, were captured in its natural environment then transfered to the laboratory where we did experimental confrontation intra and inter colonies involving one pair of workers. We compared the behavioral frequency exhibited by each worker, the intensity and duration of the confrontation between a neighbor and a non-neighbor referring the place where they were collected. Our results revealed that Dear Enemy Effect does not apply to D. quadriceps due aggressive response is more intense and longest toward neighbor than non-neighbor, probably due intra specific competition, ecological factors and characteristic of the species / O acesso a fonte de alimentos, territ?rio ou parceiros reprodutivos pode gerar conflitos de interesses entre indiv?duos em v?rias esp?cies de animais. Entretanto, v?rios animais respondem menos agressivamente ? entrada de seus vizinhos do que a entrada de n?ovizinhos em seus territ?rios, como forma de minimizar os custos de uma agress?o cont?nua. Essa diferen?a na resposta agressiva ? conhecida por Efeito Inimigo ?ntimo, descrito em v?rias esp?cies de vertebrados e invertebrados. Para investigar se este fen?meno ocorre em Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), tr?s col?nias, sendo duas vizinhas e uma distante, foram coletadas em seu ambiente natural e transferidas para o laborat?rio onde foram conduzidos confrontos experimentais intra e entre col?nias, envolvendo um par de oper?rias. Comparamos a frequ?ncia comportamental exibida por cada oper?ria envolvida nos confrontos, assim como a intensidade e a dura??o dos confrontos entre col?nias vizinhas e distantes com refer?ncia do local de coleta. Nossos resultados revelam que o Efeito Inimigo ?ntimo n?o ? aplic?vel ? D. quadriceps, pois resposta agressiva ? mais intensa e duradoura entre oper?rias vizinhas do que entre distantes, provavelmente devido ? competi??o intraespec?fica, fatores ecol?gicos e caracter?sticas da esp?cie.