中國大陸自「改革開放」以來，在經濟體制和結構上有著急遽的轉變，同時，海峽兩岸的經貿互動與依存程度也愈來愈高。因此，能有效分析中國大陸經濟情勢的政策模型，對於台灣與中國大陸的政策制定者與政策研究分析者而言皆十分重要。可計算一般均衡（Computable General Equilibrium，CGE）模型由於在數據需求的較大彈性及模型結構上的特性，成為中國大陸現今重要的經濟政策模型之一，本研究的目的在於考察、分析中國大陸可計算一般均衡（CGE）模型的研發背景、發展歷程、建模過程、主要政策應用方向及研究結果。 　　本研究的內容及流程如后：（1）依「歷史研究」、「調查研究」來歸納、分析中國大陸經濟學研究的發展歷程，以及中國大陸可計算一般均衡（CGE）模型的發展歷程；（2）接著依「文獻研究」來分析、分類本研究所蒐集的中國大陸可計算一般均衡（CGE）模型實證文獻（1978年－1998年）；（3）接著依「理論研究」來歸納、分析出可計算一般均衡（CGE）模型的發展、基本結構、數據基礎與建模（Modeling）；（4）以「可計算一般均衡」（CGE）方法，先依據最新的「1995年度中國投入產出表」，編制出兩張：「中國大陸1995年社會會計矩陣」、「中國大陸1995年金融社會會計矩陣」為模型數據基礎，然後應用中國大陸所研發的兩個可計算一般均衡（CGE）模型（「中國大陸經濟-環境可計算一般均衡模型」、「中國大陸金融可計算一般均衡模型」）的主要結構和方程式，以說明中國大陸可計算一般均衡（CGE）模型的建模過程和政策應用方向及模擬結果。 　　本研究的研究結果如后：（1）中國大陸經濟學研究的發展、實際經濟情況變化和政策制定需要，導致中國大陸可計算一般均衡（CGE）模型在「改革開放」後的發展可分為「啟蒙研發」和「政策應用」兩個階段；（2）將中國大陸可計算一般均衡（CGE）模型實證文獻（1978年－1998年）有系統地分類出「貿易政策問題」、「能源和環境政策問題」、「財政和稅收問題」、「經濟改革和發展策略問題」、「外來衝擊問題」、「貨幣金融問題」、「社會保險問題」等七類實證文獻；（3）應用兩個中國大陸研發的可計算一般均衡（CGE）模型，來說明建模（Modeling）與數據編制的過程，並延續、拓展相關的政策模擬研究，分析了環境政策（「綠色導向能源政策」，Green-Oriented Energy Policy：2000年－2015年）與匯率政策（「管理浮動匯率政策」，Managed Floating Exchange Rate Policy：1998年）對中國大陸經濟體的影響。 謝 詞 ii 中文提要 iv 英文提要 vi 中文目次 viii 英文目次 ix 表 次 x 圖 次 xi 1. 緒 論 1 1.1 研究動機 1 1.2 研究目的 3 1.3 研究流程與內容 4 2. 文獻探討 5 2.1 中國大陸經濟學研究的發展歷程 5 2.2 中國大陸可計算一般均衡模型的發展 11 2.3 中國大陸可計算一般均衡模型實證文獻回顧 20 3. 可計算一般均衡模型的發展、基本結構、數據基礎與建模 32 3.1 可計算一般均衡模型的概念與發展 32 3.2 可計算一般均衡模型的一般性基本結構 36 3.3 可計算一般均衡模型的數據基礎與校準 40 3.4 可計算一般均衡模型的計算機求解與建模過程 42 4. 中國大陸可計算一般模型之應用（1）─中國大陸經濟-環境可計算一般均衡模型 45 4.1 模型的基本結構 45 4.2 模型方程式 49 4.3 模型的數據基礎與校準 57 4.4 政策應用-中國大陸宏觀調控下環境政策之一般均衡分析 61 5. 中國大陸可計算一般模型之應用（II）─中國大陸金融可計算一般均衡模型 69 5.1 模型的基本結構 69 5.2 模型方程式 71 5.3 模型的數據基礎與校準 73 5.4 政策應用-中國大陸匯率政策之一般均衡分析 78 6. 結 論 83 6.1 本研究主要貢獻 83 6.2 研究限制與建議 84 6.3 後續研究建議 85 參考文獻 86 附錄1. 94 附錄2. 103 / Both the system and structure of Chinese economy have been changed rapidly since the launch of "economic reform and opening to the outside" in Mainland China, and the economic interaction and trade interdependence between Taiwan and Mainland China are intenser and closer. Effective policy analysis models for Chinese economy is very important to the policy makers and policy analysis researcher both in Taiwan and Mainland China. The Computable General Equilibrium （CGE） model has become one of the most important economic policy analysis model because of its characteristic of higher flexibility on benchmark data and structure. The purpose of this study is to review, investigate and analyze the developmental background, developmental progress, modeling procedure, policy simulations and research results. 　　The brief contents and procedure of this study consist of （1） reviewing on the development of economic research in mainland China and CGE modeling for Chinese economy, （2） reviewing on the literature of CGE models for Chinese economy used on Policy Analysis（1978－1998）, （3） reviewing on the development, basic structure, benchmark data and modeling of CGE model, （4） constructing two Chinese Social Accounting Matrix （SAM） tables developed from the most recent 1995 Chinese Input-Output table to be the benchmark data of two CGE models, the "Chinese Economic-Environmental CGE model" and the "Chinese Financial CGE model", which are developed from Chinese government and researchers, and we revise them in this study,（5） applying those two models to show and illustrate the modeling procedure and results of policy simulations of CGE models for Chinese economy. 　　In conclusion and contribution, it is composed of three parts. （1） The development of CGE model in Mainland China can be divided into two ages, "The Beginning"（1978－1991） and "The Take-off"（1992－）, which results from the development of economic research in Mainland China, the rapidly changed economic system and structure of Chinese economy, and government's urgent demands for policy-analysis tools. （2） The literature of CGE models for Chinese economy used on policy analysis from 1978 to 1998 can be classified into seven groups－ trade policy, energy and environmental policies, public finance and tax reform policies, economic reform and development strategy, external shocks, monetary and financial policies, and social insurance policy. （3） We apply those two CGE models for Chinese economy to analyze the economic and environmental impacts of environmental policy－ " Green-Oriented Energy Policy"（2000－2015） and the economic impacts of the " Managed Floating Exchange Rate Policy"（1998）.

Rooted deep in Germany's past is its modern socio-political grounding for environmental respect and sustainability. This translates into individual and collective action and extends equally to the economic and policy realm as it does to educational institutions. This thesis evaluates research conducted in Germany with a view to what best approaches are transferable to the United States liberal arts setting. Furthermore, exemplary American models of institutional sustainability and environmental education are explored and combined with those from abroad to produce a blueprint and action plan fitting for the American college and university.

Na busca por novas opções para a constituição da matriz energética brasileira, os Sistemas Fotovoltaicos Conectados à Rede Elétrica (SFVCR) configuram-se como uma alternativa para os centros urbanos, pois permitem a geração de energia de modo distribuído, ou seja, no próprio local onde esta será consumida e, permitem também, com que o excedente de energia produzido seja injetado na rede elétrica. Diante da perspectiva de instalar o SFVCR, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de elaborar um estudo específico, detalhado e atualizado sobre o potencial de geração de energia na cidade de Curitiba. Neste trabalho apresenta-se o estudo de caso de seis sistemas fotovoltaicos instalados em Curitiba, os quais tiveram seus Índices de Mérito – Produtividade, Taxa de Desempenho e Fator de Capacidade - avaliados, a partir dos dados de geração de energia elétrica destes sistemas, e dos dados de irradiação obtidos do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). O estudo revelou que, até abril de 2017, o estado do Paraná possuía 810 SFVCR em operação, correspondendo a um total de 5MW e, a cidade de Curitiba 170 SFVCR – 865 kW em operação, sendo que 80% dos sistemas estão instalados em residências. Outro fato interessante é que 98% desses sistemas usam módulos com tecnologia de silício policristalino, 75% aplicam inversores monofásicos e, 95% desses inversores não possuem transformadores, pois dessa forma as perdas no processo de conversão são menores, além desses equipamentos serem mais compactos e possuírem tecnologia mais avançada do que os inversores com transformador. Constatou-se que a principal tendência do mercado de energia fotovoltaica é empregar inversores sem transformador. Além disso, os estudos realizados revelaram que a escolha do inversor e o modo de instalação dos painéis fotovoltaicos são fatores determinantes para maximizar o desempenho do sistema fotovoltaico. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostram a importante contribuição que os SFVCR podem trazer na geração de energia de modo distribuído e dessa forma, podem colaborar para a elaboração de políticas públicas com o intuito de incentivar projetos e pesquisas na área de energia fotovoltaica, visando à disseminação do uso dessa fonte renovável no país. / In the search for new options for the establishment of the energy matrix of Brazil, the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (SFVCR) are configured as an alternative to urban centers, because they allow the power generation at distributed mode, that is, generate energy at the place where it will be consumed and inject the surplus energy into the network. Faced with the prospect of installing Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System, the objective of this research is to characterize this type of photovoltaic system and also, analyze the results in terms of productivity parameters, such as Yield, Performance Ratio and Capacity Factor of six grid-connected systems that are installed in Curitiba. The radiation data used to calcute those parameters has been acquired from Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). This paper highlight that the Parana state has 810 SFVCR (until April 2017) in operation, which stands for 5MW and Curitiba has 170 SFVCR, 865 kW in operation, and 80% of them are installed in residences. In addition, 98% of those systems use multicrystalline modules, 75% use single phase inverters and 95% of these use inverters transformerless, because the losses in the conversion process are reduced and the equipments are more compact and have more technology than the inverters with transformer. So, the main trend of photovoltaic energy market is to use transformerless inverters. The results obtained shows that the inverters’choice and the installation mode of the photovoltaic modules are important factors to maximize the photovoltaic system’s performance. In the end, the results demonstrates that the SFVCR contribute to distributed power generation and should be use in the elaboration of public policies with the purpose of encouraging projects and research in the photovoltaic energy’s area, aiming the dissemination of this renewable source of energy in Brazil.