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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Clean Development Mechanism : is it a tool to promote the use of renewable energy in South Africa?

Moosa, Nadia. January 2013 (has links)
Climate change, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and environmental pollution have all become buzzwords of our time. The awareness in recent years of the degradation of the planet by prioritising economic gain has allowed for open debate about the way the planet is being affected by development. However, there is wide consensus that development cannot be stopped or slowed down, but may be conducted in a sustainable way. The aim of this research is to investigate the role of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a tool to promote the use of renewable energy in South Africa. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997, which stipulated that developed nations of the world would take on emission reduction targets to reduce their GHG emissions by five percent below 1990 levels. These emissions will be evaluated by the CDM Executive Board at the end of 2012 and penalties are payable should countries not meet their stipulated targets. South Africa is defined as a country (under CDM) which is eligible for hosting CDM projects, and does not have emission reduction targets. This research aims to explore the barriers to the successful implementation of CDM projects in South Africa, with a particular focus on renewable energy projects. In order to address the research problem, the theory of ecological modernisation (Mol, 1995; Hajer, 1995; Christoff, 1996) is applied to analyse the policy decisions around renewable energy, thus highlighting areas that need attention in order to make significant changes in the climate change policy decisions prevailing at the time of the study. Ecological modernisation is a policy orientated discourse which describes environmental issues in a particular manner. In the developing country context of South Africa, a case of weak ecological modernisation has been established (Christoff, 1996; Scott and Oelofse, 2005; Blowers and Pain, 1999). This is in part due to the weak participatory approach which has been adopted by government. This study had found that South Africa has robust and progressive policies in terms of environmental management and renewable energy. However, the area in which it seems to be failing is implementation. The results of this study show that CDM is not popular in South Africa due to a host of reasons. Funding and lack of implementation of projects seem to be the key factors. Eskom’s relatively low electricity price still hinders the wide spread implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. This study concludes that CDM projects have not succeeded in South Africa due to the bureaucratic process that CDM projects need to undergo coupled with the two issues mentioned above (funding and relatively cheap electricity). This is completely different compared to its other developing country counterparts like India, China and Brazil. This study was conducted at a time when the Kyoto Protocol was nearing its end. Should the agreement not be extended, it would be a lost opportunity for South Africa in terms of gaining technology transfer from the developed world as well as much needed funding for climate change projects. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
2

Mapping interlinkages between energy projects and the SDGs : Implementing and evaluating the Sustainable Development Goals Impact Assessment Framework for Energy Projects / Kartläggning av kopplingar mellan energiprojekt och de globala målen : Implementering och utvärdering av the Sustainable Development Goals Impact Assessment Framework for Energy Projects

Myhrman Nilsson, Clara, Hansson, Jenny January 2020 (has links)
Ever since the middle of the 20th century there has been an increasing demand of energy. This increased energy consumption entails the need for new energy projects in both developed and developing countries. This thesis aims to map the impact an energy project has regarding the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is known that both small- and large-scale energy projects creates synergies and trade-offs with the SDGs and its relating targets. By implementing the framework “Sustainable Development Goals Impact Assessment Framework for Energy Projects” (SDG-IAE), this study will investigate the possible synergies and tradeoffs of four different energy projects located in Uganda, Kenya, Denmark, and Sweden. SDG-IAE qualitatively assess each energy project with a questionnaire. To conduct the questionnaire the authors held remote interviews with stakeholders involved in each of the projects. The framework’s result for the four projects differ for each project but also have both synergies and trade-offs that are in common. The result also clearly demonstrates the difference in introducing an energy project in a developed contra a developing country, as the developing countries generate more synergies that are relevant for the project and its location. However, the result also demonstrates trade-offs that are relevant to the projects regardless its location. By implementing SDG-IAE the authors reckon areas of improvement mainly regarding the phrasing and definitions of the questions in the framework’s questionnaire. Lastly, this thesis emphasizes the importance of assessing energy projects from a perspective of the SDGs and too continue develop SDG-IAE, because of its crucial role in attaining a sustainable development and to meet Agenda 2030. / Sedan mitten av 1900-talet har efterfrågan på energi stigit. Denna ökade efterfrågan medför ett behov av nya energiprojekt i både låg- och höginkomstländer. Detta kandidatarbete syftar till att kartlägga vilken påverkan ett energiprojekt har på FN:s Globala Mål då både småskaliga och storskaliga energiprojekt skapar synergier och avvägningar med målen samt dess delmål. Arbetet utreder vilka synergier och avvägningar fyra olika energiprojekt har som är placerade i Uganda, Kenya, Danmark och Sverige, genom att implementera verktyget “Sustainable Development Goals Impact Assessment Framework for Energy Projects” (SDG-IAE). Verktyget bedömer projekten kvalitativt genom ett frågeformulär. Författarna har besvarat formuläret genom att hålla intervjuer med olika intressenter involverade i respektive projekt. Verktygets resultat varierar för samtliga projekt men visar också synergier och avvägningar som projekten har gemensamt. Resultatet visar också tydligt skillnaden mellan att utföra ett energiprojekt i ett låginkomstland jämfört med i ett höginkomstland då låginkomstländernas synergier ofta är mer relevanta för projekten och dess placering i världen. Dock visar också resultatet avvägningar som är relevanta för alla projekt oavsett dess placering. Efter implementeringen av SDG-IAE ser författarna potentiella utvecklingsområden för verktyget, framförallt gällande frågeformulärets formulering och definitioner av dess frågor. Till sist vill arbetet betona hur viktigt det är att bedöma energiprojekt utifrån de Globala Målen och fortsätta utveckla SDG-IAE då det spelar en avgörande roll för att uppnå en hållbar utveckling och Agenda 2030.
3

Project evaluation in the energy sector: The case of wind farm development / Projektutvärdering inom energisektorn: Utveckling av vindkraftsprojekt

Rahm Juhlin, Johanna, Åkerström, Sandra January 2019 (has links)
Wind is a fast growing energy resource and the demand for clean energy is increasing with growing interests from media, governmental institutions and the public (EWEA, 2004). The increased interest towards the wind energy market has led to a more competitive environment where it is crucial for a project developer to select projects most likely to succeed, in terms of profitability, among alternatives on the market. To enable such selection, an evaluation process is often applied. Furthermore, traditional evaluation processes are often performed at completion of a project where an early indication of a project’s potential profitability is often missing (Samset & Christensen, 2015). At the early phase of a wind energy project the multiple factors influencing the project’s outcome are often conflicting and contain high level of uncertainty and the evaluation process becomes complex (Kumar et al., 2017). In addition, these factors are difficult to quantify and to determine their relative weight of importance (Çolak & Kaya, 2017). This thesis aims to problematise the early project phase by contributing with a practical tool for evaluating wind energy projects at this phase. In addition, the thesis aims to contribute with an identification and monetarily quantification of the important factors to assess when doing so. The thesis is conducted as a case study at a company developing wind energy projects in Sweden. Due to the multiple factors that influencing a project’s outcome, MCDM (multi-criteria decisionmaking) analysis is used as the research process to create the tool. Findings from this study show that key factors that are possible to quantify at an early phase are conditions for civil works, grid conditions, wind resource and electricity price area. In general, their relative importance, measured in relative increase of IRR, is wind resource, electricity price area, grid conditions and civil works in the descending order. This study has four contributions, three theoretical and one practical. Firstly, the study confirms MCDM as a suitable analysis to use, when creating an evaluation model for wind energy projects. Secondly, the study confirms most of the important factors mentioned in the literature to assess when evaluating a wind energy project. However, this study contributes with insights that only conditions for civil works, grid conditions, wind resource and electricity price area can be quantified for the purpose of creating an evaluation tool at an early phase. Thirdly, previous studies have focused less on determining the relative weight of importance of the relevant key factors and this study contributes by quantifying and determining which of these key factors that are of relevance in an evaluation. Lastly, this study contributes practically by creating an evaluation tool suggested to be used by the case company to compare different projects on the market and form investment decisions based on financial data. Furthermore, the tool facilitates an equal evaluation process for all projects, thus leading to a more standardised decision-making process where the case company can focus their resources on the projects most likely to succeed. / Vind är en snabbväxande energiresurs där efterfrågan efter grön energi ökar från media, statliga myndigheter och allmänheten. Det ständigt ökande intresset av vindenergi har lett till en allt mer konkurrenskraftig marknad där det är viktigt för en projektutvecklare att välja de projekt som är mest troliga att bli lönsamma bland de tillgängliga projekten på marknaden. Dessa urval sker oftast genom en projektutvärderingsprocess. Dock sker merparten av de traditionella projektutvärderingarna i slutet av ett projekt där en tidig indikation rörande ett projektet lönsamhet oftast saknas (Samset & Christensen, 2015). Anledningen till detta är att vindkraftsprojekt består av flera motsägande faktorer med en hög osäkerhet som påverkar ett projekts resultat, vilket leder till en komplex utvärderingsprocess i ett tidigt skede (Kumar et al., 2017). Dessutom är dessa faktorer svåra att kvantifiera vilket gör det svårt att vidare bestämma deras relation i förhållande till varandra (Çolak & Kaya, 2017). Detta examensarbete ämnar därför till att problematisera den komplexa utvärderingsprocessen i ett tidigt skedde genom att skapa ett praktiskt verktyg för en simplifierad utvärderingsprocess av vindkraftsprojekt. Detta examensarbete är utformat som en fallstudie på ett företag i Sverige som utvecklar vindkraftsprojekt. På grund av antalet faktorer som påverkar projektens lönsamhet används MCDM-analys som forskningsprocess för att skapa verktyget. Resultat från denna studie visar att de nyckelfaktorer som är möjliga att kvantifiera i det tidiga skede är: infrastruktur, nätanslutning, vindresurs och elprisområde. Resultaten visar även att faktorernas påverkan, mätt i relativ ökning av IRR, är i fallande ordning: vindresurs, elprisområde, nätanslutning och infrastruktur och att dessa, i fallande ordning, är relevanta att utvärdera. Denna studie har totalt fyra bidrag, varav tre teoretiska och ett praktiskt bidrag. Det första bidraget är en konfirmation av att MCDM är en lämplig analysmetod vid skapandet av utvärderingsverktyget. Det andra bidraget är en konfirmation av de faktorer som nämns i litteraturen som viktiga vid en utvärderingsprocess i ett tidigt skede. Dock är endast faktorerna infrastruktur, nätanslutning, vindresurs och elprisområde möjliga att kvantifiera i detta skede. Det tredje bidraget är kunskap gällande faktorernas förhållande till varandra och vilka som är relevanta att utvärdera. Det praktiska bidraget är utvärderingsverktyget där företaget rekommenderas att använda det för att jämföra olika projekt på marknaden och fatta välinformerade beslut baserat på finansiell data. Dessutom bidrar verktyget med en likvärdig utvärderingsprocess för alla projekt vilket leder till en mer standardiserad beslutsprocess där företaget kan fokusera sina resurser på de projekt som är mest troliga att bli lönsamma.

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